CLINICAL SKILLS: EXPLANATION OF PROCEDURES AND GAINING CONSENT

In your OSCE, you may be asked to explain a procedure and gain consent for it. You may
even be provided with a consent form for the patient to sign after your discussion. It is vital
to remember that any doctor taking consent for a procedure should have sufficient
knowledge of the proposed procedure and the risks involved before they can consent a
patient for it. Below are some common procedures that are discussed in OSCE stations,
along with a structure about how to explain it to a patient:

 Liver biopsy
 Endoscopy
 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
 Colonoscopy
 Bronchoscopy

For all of these possible stations, simple and clear drawings can be really helpful in trying to
explain complicated procedures to patients, and shows that you have a good understanding
of the procedure to both the patient and the examiner.

 Wash hands, introduce self, ask patient's name and ask permission to discuss
procedure with them
 Ensure you are both seated on a level
 Try to approach the consultation at a steady pace to ensure that the patient has
time to clarify or ask questions
 "Chunk and Check" - whenever giving patients information, make sure that you
stop often between segments of information and check that the patient has
understood

Liver biopsy:
 Do you know why you have come in today?
 What do you understand about this procedure?
 Explain the reason for the procedure:
o E.g.: may aid diagnosis of liver disease
o Can give prognostic information about a disease
o Establishes severity of disease
 Pre-procedure:
o You will usually have a blood test done shortly before the biopsy to check
how well your blood will clot.
o We will not be able to do the procedure until the results of this test are given
to us
 The procedure itself:
o Takes 10 minutes
o Local anaesthetic into the right upper quadrant, so you will be awake
o US guided
o You must take a deep breath in and hold for 10 seconds

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 o Needle then inserted and a piece of liver is removed
o This will then be tested in our lab
 Post-procedure:
o You will have to lie flat for 6 hours after the procedure
o Can go home after this if observations are normal
o Blood pressure and pulse will be taken half to one hourly through this period
 Complications: important to mention a few of these to a patient before they can
consent to a procedure.
o Common:
 RUQ or shoulder tip pain
 Localised bruising
o Uncommon:
 Haemorrhage
 Severe abdominal pain
 Perforation
 Infection
o These may require admission and possible surgery

Endoscopy:
 Do you know why you have come in today?
 What do you understand about the procedure?
 Reason for the procedure:
o E.g.: to investigate dyspepsia
o Identify cause of bleeding, anaemia, etc.
 Pre-procedure:
o Make sure you have fasted for past 6 hours of all but water
o Make sure you have got someone to take you home if you would like sedation
 Procedure:
o Sedation if needed, or LA sprayed at the back of the throat
o You lie on your side on a couch
o Fibre-optic tube 1 cm in diametre passed down the oesophagus, into the
stomach and duodenum
o Enables doctor to look at these regions for anything abnormal on a screen
o Doctor may take a sample of tissue, a biopsy. This will be sent of for various
tests.
o The doctor may also be able to remove anything that looks unusual, e.g.: a
polyp
o The procedure should last around 15 minutes
 Complications:
o Common:
 Sore throat
o Uncommon:
 Tears - small or large. If large they may require surgery
 Perforation leading to pneumomediastinum
 Mediastinitis - requires antibiotics

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):

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  What do you understand about the procedure?
 Explain the reasons for the procedure
o E.g.: investigation/treatment of gall stones
o Investigation cause of jaundice
 Pre-procedure:
o Make sure you have fasted for past 6 hours of all but water
o Make sure you have got someone to take you home if you would like sedation
 Procedure:
o Sedation or local anaesthetic sprayed to back of throat
o Fibre-optic tube 1 cm in diametre passed through the mouth, through the
stomach and into the first part of the small bowel and through the ampulla
vater
o Dye is injected through the papilla back up into the bile and pancreatic ducts
(a 'retrograde' injection). This is done via a plastic tube in a side channel of
the endoscope.
o X-ray pictures are then taken.
o If a gall stone is found, a small cut will be made in the sphincter of oddi.
Then a wire basket cage will be passed up around the stone and removed.
The doctor may have to make several attempts at this
o If unsuccessful, this may require another attempt or an operation
o If the x-rays show a narrowing or blockage in the bile duct, the doctor can
put a stent inside to open it wide. A stent is a small wire-mesh or plastic tube.
This then allows bile to drain into the duodenum in the normal way. You will
not be aware of a stent which can remain permanently in place.
 Complications:
o Common:
 Sore throat
o Uncommon:
 Bleeding
 Infection
 Perforation
 Pancreatitis
 Cholangitis

Colonoscopy
 Do you understand why you have come in today?
 What do you understand about the procedure?
 Explain the reason for the procedure:
o E.g.: change in bowel habit, blood or mucous in stool, unexplained anaemia
 Before the procedure:
o Warn patient they will need bowel preparation?
o Check if patient has someone who can take them home if they would like
sedation
 The procedure itself:
o It will take 15 minutes
o Sedation iv used
o You will lie on your side on a bed
o A fibre-optic tube 1 cm in diametre is passed through the anus and into the
large bowel

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 o Gas will be used to inflate the bowel. This may feel a little uncomfortable.
o The doctor will be able to see the bowel on a screen
o He or she may then be able to diagnose any changes seen in the bowel
o A biospy may be taken for further testing
o Anything abnormal may be removed at the time, e.g.: a polyp
 Complications:
o Common:
 Abdominal discomfort
 Memory loss from sedation
 PR bleeding
o Uncommon:
 Perforation - small or large. Large may require surgery, small may be
treated with antibiotics
 A defunctioning colostomy may be required if there is peritoneal
soilage
 Infection

Bronchoscopy:
 Do you know why you have come in today?
 What do you understand about the procedure?
 Explain reasons for procedure:
o E.g.: haemoptysis, suspected cancer, persistent cough
 Pre-procedure:
o Tell patient they should fast for the preceding few hours
o Tell patient they should have someone to take them home if they want
sedation
 Procedure:
o Lasts around 30 minutes
o You may be connected to monitor to check your heart rate and blood
pressure during the procedure. A device called a pulse oximeter may also be
put on a finger. This does not hurt. It checks the oxygen content of the blood
and will indicate if you need extra oxygen during the bronchoscopy.
o Local anaesthetic sprayed or a sedative given
o A fibre optic tube around 1 cm in diametre is passed through your nose, into
your throat and into your wind pipe
o It is then passed through your upper airways
o The doctor can see what this looks like via a video screen
o Bronchoscopes have a side channel down which a thin 'grabbing' instrument
can pass. This can be used to take a small sample (biopsy) from the inside
lining of a bronchi, or to remove small objects from the airways (such as an
inhaled peanut).
 Complications:
o Common:
 Sore throat
o Uncommon:
 Chest infection
 Haemoptysis
 Lung collapse

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To close the consultation:
 Ask the patient if they have any further questions (and give a reasonable time to
allow for this)
 Provide the patient with a leaflet and give them the option to come back if they have
any further questions or want to discuss something further
 Ensure that you offer reassurance that the team will be working their hardest to
make the procedure safe and comfortable

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