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EDUCTION-logic Lecture

Eduction is the process of deriving a new proposition from a given proposition while maintaining the same meaning. There are two types of eduction: obversion and conversion. Obversion changes the quality and predicate of a proposition without changing the subject or quantity. Conversion transposes the subject and predicate. Simple conversion applies to I and E propositions, retaining quality and quantity. Accidental conversion of A propositions changes the quantity to particular to avoid altering meaning. O propositions cannot be converted without changing meaning.

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19 views

EDUCTION-logic Lecture

Eduction is the process of deriving a new proposition from a given proposition while maintaining the same meaning. There are two types of eduction: obversion and conversion. Obversion changes the quality and predicate of a proposition without changing the subject or quantity. Conversion transposes the subject and predicate. Simple conversion applies to I and E propositions, retaining quality and quantity. Accidental conversion of A propositions changes the quantity to particular to avoid altering meaning. O propositions cannot be converted without changing meaning.

Uploaded by

Jael Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EDUCTION

Eduction comes from the Latin word educere, which means “to draw forth” or “to
extract”. It is the process of immediate inference whereby from any given proposition,
we derive another proposition with the same meaning but of different quantity or quality,
or both quantity or quality.

TYPES OF EDUCTION

A. OBVERSION (Obv.)
This is the process of forming the equivalent proposition by changing the quality
and the predicate of the given proposition, without changing the quantity and the
meaning of the given proposition. The given proposition is called obvertend, while the
new proposition that underwent the process of obversion is called the obverse.
Obversion is the applicable to all propositions, i.e., to A, E, I, and O propositions.
The said propositions will undergo the following steps:
a. Change the quality of the given proposition; the
b. Change the predicate into its contradictory or into its immediate opposed contrary
terms; and
c. Retain the subject as well as the quantity of the given proposition.
Hence,
OBVERTEND OBVERSE
All S are P. (A-proposition) No S are non-P. (E-proposition)
No S are P. (E-proposition) All S are non-P. (A-proposition)
Some S are P. (I-proposition) Not all S are non-P. (O-proposition)
Not all S are P. (O-proposition) Some S are no-P. (I-Proposition)

For Example

Because all philosophers are searchers for knowledge,


Therefore, no philosophers are non-searchers for knowledge.

No political candidates in the coming presidential elections are capable of


running the country.
In this case, all candidates in the coming presidential election are incapable of
running the country.

B. CONVERSION (Conv.)
This is the process of forming the equivalent propositions by transposing the
subject and the predicate; making the subject its predicate, and the predicate its
subject. The given proposition is called the convertend, while the new proposition that
underwent the process of conversion is called the converse. There are two types of
conversion:
a. Simple Conversion (S. conv) - this is the process of conversion that is
applicable only to I and E propositions. In this type of conversion, both the I and
E propositions will undedergo the following steps:
1. Transpose the subject and predicate; then
2. Retain the quality and the quantity of the given proposition.
CONVERTED CONVERSE
Some S are P. (I-proposition) Some P are S. (I-proposition)
No S are P. (E-proposition) No P are S. (E-proposition)

For example,
Since no dog is a cat,
It follows that no cat is a dog.

If some Filipinos are hospitable people,


Then some hospitable people are Filipinos.

b. Accidental Conversion (Acc. Conv.) - this is the process of conversion that


is applicable only to A-propositions. In accidental conversion, the A-propositions will not
be able to have a full conversion inasmuch as there will be a change in meaning. For
example,
All mangoes are sweet fruits.
Therefore, all sweet fruits are mangoes.

The example shows that an A-proposition, if changed into a full conversion, will
arrive at a new propositions where the said new proposition will have a new meaning,
different from the given proposition. In order to convert an A-proposition without
changing the meaning of the given proposition, the following steps must be considered:
a. Transpose the subject and the predicate
b. Change the quantity of the given universal proposition into particular; then,
c. Retain the affirmative quality.

Hence,

CONVERTED CONVERSE
All S are P. Some P are S.
(A-proposition) (I-proposition)

For example,

All mangoes are sweet fruits.


Therefore, some sweet fruits are mangoes.

Note: An O-proposition does not have a conversion since no matter how we transpose
the subject and the predication of an O-proposition, there will always be a change in
meaning.

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