ANUGRAHA MANDHIR CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL AFFILATION NO: 1930520 54/3 APPANAICKENPATTI ROAD, KALANGAL VILLLAGE, SULUR, COIMBATORE ~ 641 402 PROJECT WORK IN CHEMISTRY (043) TOPIC NAME IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE Al SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE HINATION (AISS BATCH 2023 — 2024 NAME OF THE STUDENT = CLASS CBSE ROLL .NO TEACHER INCHARGEACKNOWLEDG ENT l express my special thanks to my school management for the constant support extended in the completion of my project. | extend my sincere gratitude towards Mr, Sreenivasan K the principal of ANUGRAHA MANDHIR CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL providing all the facilities for carrying out this project successfully. I take this opportunity to express my hearty thanks to my chemistry teacher Mrs. Sai Priya S, for her most sincere co-operation, constant guidance and valuable suggestion throughout my project. I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions to complete my project. PLACE: Sulur DATE: (Signature of the student)CERTIFICATE PROJECT WO This is to certify that project entitled = __is the work done by of class XII under the supervision of Mrs. Sai Pi S, and submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirement for AISSCE (2023 — 2024). Submitted for the partial Examination held at Anugraha Mandhir CBSE Senior Secondary School, on _ INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPALDECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled in submitted to Department of Chemistry in Academic Year 2023 — 2024. The information incorporated in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge.Content Certificate Acknowledgement Ae eau Introduction principle Materials required melee OX aaMels ele Conclusion BibliographyAim / objectife Study thechange in E.m.fofa Danielcell Due to various factors such as Change in concentration, temperature AndAreaof electrodes.Introduction: ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS: An electrochemical cell is a device by which electric current energy is generated at the cost of chemical energy due to chemical action taking place in the cell. They are of two types, 1. Primary cells 2. Secondary cells PRIMARY CELLS: It is a cell in which electrical energy is produced due to chemical energy. The chemical reaction in the cell is irreversible E.g: Daniel cell, Voltaic cell, Leclanche cell SECONDARY CELLS: It is a cell in which the electrical energy is first stored up as a chemical energy and when the outside circuit is closed to draw the current from the cell the stored chemical energy is reconverted into electrical energy. The chemical reactions are irreversible in this cell.The secondary cells are also called storage cell or accumulators. E.g: Lead acid accumulator, Edison cell Here we are going to discuss about the change in emf of the Daniel cell which is a primary cell, with respect to concentration and temperature.E.M.F [ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE] Electromotive force, also called emf, is the voltage developed by an: source of electrical energy such as battery or dynamo. EMF of cell means, when current flows through two points a potential difference generated by a cell draws no current is called EMF. Inside a source of EMF that is open-circuited, the conservative electrostatic field created by separation of charge exactly cancels the forces producing the EMF. Thus, the emf has the same value but opposite sign as the integral of the electric field aligned with an internal path between two terminals A and B of a source of emf in open circuit condition.JArinciple DANIEL CELL: The Daniel cell is a typed electrochemical ceil invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniel. A British chemist and meteorologist and cons sled of a copper pot tilled with a copper sulfate solution. In which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode. He was searching for a way to eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem found in the voltaic pile and his solution was to use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first Zinc sulfate may be substituted for the sulfuric acid. The Daniel cell was a great improvement over the existing technology used in the early days of battery development later variant of the Daniel cell called the gravity cell or crowfoot was invented in the 1860s by a Frenchman named Callaud and became a popular choice for electrical telegraphy.The Daniel cell is also the historical basis for the contemporary definition of the volt which is the unit of electromotive force in the International System of Units. The definitions of electrical units that were proposed at the 1881 International Conference of Electricians were designed so that the electromotive force of the Daniel cell would be about 1.0 volts. With contemporary definitions. the standard potential of the Daniel cell at 25'C is actually 110 V In the Daniel cell copper and zine electrodes are immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate and zinc sulfate respectively. At the anode. Zinc is oxidized per the following half reaction. Zn(s) * 2n2¢(aq) * 2e- (Standard electrode potential =O. 7618 V | At the unlock. copper is reduced per the following react on. Cu2+1aq) + 2e- Cuts.(Standard electrode potential .0,340 V1 The total reaction being Zn9Qs) + Cu2+(aq) * Zn2. (ag) * Cu(s)..( Open circuit voltage 1.1018 V)FEATURES OF DANIELCELL: * Zinc rod at which oxidation occurs is called the anode while the copper rod at which the reduction takes place is called cathode. ¢ The half-cell reaction occurring at anode is called oxidation -half cell reaction while the occurring at cathode is called reduction. * = The two half-cell reactions always take place simultaneously i.e.... Half-cell reaction cannot take place immediately. * Since electrons are produced at zinc electrode. It is rich in electrons and pulls these electrons into the external circuit and hence acts as negative pole. The copper electrode on the other hand is deficient in electrons and thus pulls the electrons from the external circuit and act as positive pole. e The electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole in the external circuit. However, conventionally the current is said to flowin opposite direction i.e. from positive pole to negative pole in the external circuit.e The concentration of copper sulphate solution decreases with passage of time as the cell operates, Consequently the current fall with passage of time. Materials Required: TWO BEAKERS a ‘COPPER ROD ZINC RODCOPPER SULPHATE ZINC SULPHATE Jarocedure: Zinc Sulfate SolutionSalt Bridge: It consists of a tube filled with semi-solid paste obtained by adding gelative or agar to the solution of strong electrolyte such as NS. NH4NO3 KNO3 etc. which does not change chemically during that process. Function of salt bridge. * To complete the electrical circuit by allowing the solution to Low from one solution to another- Without mixing the two solutions. * To maintain electrical neutrality of solution in two half cells. Procedure :1. Take two and pour the required chemicals in respective beaker and mark them for identification. 2. Take two square to slide in and connecting wire to their screw. 3. Connect negative of the voltmeter to the anode and it’s positive to cathode. 4. Take filter paper long enough to dip into both the solution. Dip the paper on KNo3 solution and put it as a salt bridge. 5, Put on the electrode voltmeter set up, Note the reading quickly and the put of the electrode voltmeter set up. 6. For measuring variation with temperature, with change in area of electrode use the different size of electrode and then do step 5 again. 7. For measuring variation with temperature heat the solution and then do step 5 again.8. For measuring variations with change in concentration of electrolyte .Use the electrolytes of different molarity and then do step 5 again @MbserGation: Variation with Concentration: >» Fixed Temperature = 28°C Molarity Molarity - Voltmeter Reading of of (V) CuSO4(M) ZnSO4(M) aaVariation in Temperature: > Constant Molarity = 0.1M | Temperature | Temperature | Voltage of CuSO4(c°) of ZnSO4 (c°) (V) 30 30 1.078 70 70 1.098 100 Variation in Area: >» No changes in change in EMF.@onclusion: 1) Decrease in concentration increase in EMF of the cell. 2) Increase in Temperature, increase in EMF. 3) Change in area does not have any change in EMF.Bibliography: > Websites: > WWW/Slideshare.com > www.academia.edu > Help from Teachers: e Mrs. S.Uma