BUSINESS

MATHEMATICS
1st QUARTER, S.Y. 2023 - 2024

COMPILED AND EDITED BY:

MR. RONSARD-NOVEM N. TIMAN, MBA

Faculty, Senior High School
Notre Dame of Cotabato
 In this lesson, the students
will be able to: Week 2: Lesson 1.1: Fractions
1, define fractions,
2. identify types of a fraction,
ACTIVATE: In a cafeteria or any fast-food chain, we
can tell how the amount of serving of food we need. It
3. express fractions in lowest
can be half-serve or it can be whole serve. We can
term,
relate this scenario to fractions because we can tell.
4. change improper fractions
what part of it we need.
to mixed number and vice
versa.
Consider a survey on favorite lunch meals of one hundred male and female.
students. The results were tabulated as follows.

RICE MEALS PASTA SANDWICHES BISCUITS TOTAL

MALE 28 8 10 2 48
FEMALE 20 12 13 7 58
TOTAL 48 20 23 9 100

From the table above, we can see that 48 out 100 students prefer rice meals, 20 out of 100
prefer pasta, 23 out of 100 prefer sandwiches, and 9 out of 100 prefer biscuits. On the other
hand, we can also see that, out of 100 students, there are 48 males and 52 females. We can
conveniently write these numerical representations as follows: students who prefer
48
rice meals: 48 out 100 = 100,
20
students who prefer pasta: 20 out 100 = ,
100
23
students who prefer sandwiches: 23 out 100 = ,
100
9
students who prefer biscuits: 9 out 100 = ,
100
48
number of male students: 48 out 100 = , and
100
52
number of male students: 52 out 100 = .
100

48 20 23 9 52
These numbers , , , , and are called fractions.
100 100 100 100 100
DISCUSION / INPUT

𝑎
A fraction is a part of a whole written in a form 𝑏 . The variable a above the fraction bar is
called the numerator. It tells how many parts of the whole are being considered. On the
other hand, the variable b below the bar is called denominator. It indicates into how many
equal parts a whole is divided.

For instance, in the figure on the right, a whole is divided.

Into 4 equal parts and 3 of the are being considered.
The 3 shade parts of the figure can be represented. 3 → 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
3 =
by fraction , which is read as “three-fourths” or 4 → 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
4
“Three over four”.
Some fractions are equivalent. For example, in the figure below, you can see that the
1 2 4
fractions , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are equivalent.
2 4 8

1/2 2/4 4/8

== =
1
Observe that among the three fractions, has the least numerator and denominator. Thus, we
2
1 2 1
can say that is in the lowest term and it is the simplest form of , and . A fraction is
2 4 2
expressed in simplest form if the greatest common factor (GCF) of its term is 1. In the faction
1/2, the GCF of its terms (1 and 2) is 1; hence, it is already in simplest form.
Example 1 >>> Expressing Fractions in Simplest Form

Reduce the following fractions in lowest form.

8 16 14
a. 10 c. e.
28 21
15 30 27
b. 18 d. f. 45
55

Solutions:
To reduce a fraction in lowest term or to express in simplest form, divide both the
8
numerator and denominator by their GCF. For instance, in the fraction , divide the terms by 2,
10
which is the GCF of 8 and 10, as shown below.

8 8 ÷2 4
a. 10 = =
10÷2 5
Now reduce the remaining fractions by performing the same step.

15 15 ÷3 5
a. = = 14 14 ÷7 2
18 18÷3 6 e. = =
21 21÷7 3
16 16 ÷ 4 4
b. = = 27 27 ÷9 3
28 28÷ 4 7
f. 45 = =
45÷9 5
30 30 ÷5 6
c. = =
55 55÷5 11

TAKE NOTE!!!
Types of Fractions
Three Types of Fractions
1. Proper Fractions - a fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator.
1 3 7 11 4
ex. , , , ,
2 5 8 15 15
2. Improper Fractions - a fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to its
Denominator.
3 7 12 15 5
ex. , , , ,5
2 3 5 3
3. Mixed Number - expressed by a whole number and a proper fraction together.
1 4 1 1 3
ex. 1 2 , 2 5 , 4 8 , 3 5 , 6 5

Two Classifications of Fractions

1. Similar Fractions – these are fractions that have the same denominator.
1 4 7 2 11
ex. , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9

2. Dissimilar Fractions – these are fractions that have different denominator.

2 4 7 6 2
ex. , , , ,
3 5 8 7 15
Example 2 >>> Converting Fractions

42
1. Change to a mixed number.
3
42
Solution: 42 ÷ 3 = 14 → = 14
3

7
2. Change to a mixed number.
3
7 1
Solution: 7 ÷ 3 = 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1 → = 23
3
Note: To change improper fraction to mixed number, divide the numerator by the
denominator, write down the whole number answer, write down the remainder to
numerator and copy the denominator.

3
3. Change 2 to an improper fraction.
4
3 11
Solution: 2 𝑥 4 + 3 = 11 → 2 =
4 4
Note: To change mixed number to improper fractions, multiply the whole number to the
denominator and add the numerator. Write the sum to the denominator and copy
the denominator.

2
4. Change 4 to an improper fraction.
3
2 14
Solution: 4 𝑥 3 + 2 = 14 → 4 =
3 3

Adding Fractions

Add the given fractions. Reduce your answer to lowest term.

Subtracting Fractions

Subtract the given fractions, reduce your answers in lowest terms.

Problem Solving in Adding and Subtracting Fractions

Solve each of the following problem.

1. It took Juliana 6 hours on the first day, 5 hours the second day, and 3 hours the third day
in typing the term paper in Business Mathematics. How long did Juliana work, as a
fraction of a 24 – hour day?
Solution: 7
6 5 3 14 7 ∴ It took hrs of working in a day.
➢ + 24 + 24 = 24 𝑜𝑟 12
24 12

5 2
2. Marie is to be given grams of a medication after breakfast, grams after lunch, and
7 7
grams before she goes to bed. How many grams of medication will she receive in total a
day?
Solution:
5 2 1 8 1 1
➢ + + = 𝑜𝑟 1 ∴ Marie will receive 1 grams of
7 7 7 7 7 7
medication in total a day.

1 1
3. Robert carries 5 4 kilograms of rive and 3 3 kilograms of fish. How many kilograms of
items did he carry in all?
Solution: ∴ Robert carries a total of
1 1 3+4 7 7
➢ 5 +3 =8 𝑜𝑟 8 12 8 12 kilograms of rive and fish.
4 3 12

11 1
4. You have 6 12 meter of a fabric. You need 2 2 meter for a placemat. How many meters of
fabric was left?
Solution: 5 1
11 1 11−6 5 ∴4 meter was left after cutting 2
➢ 6 −2 =4 𝑜𝑟 4 12 2
12 2 12 12 meters of fabric for a placemat.

7
5. Alvin cut four strips from a 4-inch piece of metal. Each strip has a width inch. How
8
much metal was left after the cuts?
Solution:
➢ Total metal for the strips: 1
7 7 1 ∴ Alvin has inch of metal left after
4 𝑥 8 = 2 𝑜𝑟 3 2 2
1 1 cutting the 4-inch piece of metal.
➢ Metal left: 4 − 3 2 = 2
 1 1 1
6. Mrs. De Mesa bought 6 3 kg of meat. She used 2 4 kg for afritada, 2 8 kg for menudo and
the rest for adobo. How many kilograms of meat did she used for adobo?
Solution:
First, we add the kilograms of meat used for afritada and menudo:
1 1 2+1 3
➢ 2 +2 =4 𝑜𝑟 4
4 8 8 8
1
Then, we subtract the sum to 63 to get the kilograms of meat used for adobo:
1 3 19 35 152−105 47
➢ 6 −4 = − = = 24 or 1 23
24
3 8 3 8 24
23
∴ Mrs. De Mesa used 1 kilogram of
24
meat for her adobo.

Multiplying Fractions
4 2 3 11 16 1 5
a. × b. × 2 c. × d. 3 × 1
5 3 4 2 7 2 7
Dividing Fractions

Multiply the given fractions. Reduce your answers in simplest forms.

4 2 3 11 16 1 5
a. ÷ b. ÷ 2 c. ÷ d. 3 ÷ 1
5 3 4 2 7 2 7

Answer and Solutions

To divide fractions, we have three steps:
Multiplication of Fractions
1. invert (reciprocate) the divisor 𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒅
2. multiply the numerators and denominators ÷ =
3. simplify the fraction if necessary 𝒃 𝒅 𝒃𝒄
Where b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0.

a. When dividing proper fractions, we can right away follow the three steps.

4 2
➢ ÷3
5
4 3 4𝑥3 12 1
➢ ×2 = = 𝑜𝑟 1 5
5 5𝑥2 10

b. When dividing a fraction with a whole number, rewrite first the whole number as an
improper fraction using a denominator of 1, as shown below. Then do division.

3 4 2
➢ ÷2= ÷1
4 5
3 1 3
➢
4
× 2
= 8

c. When multiplying improper fractions, we can right away follow the three steps in
multiplying fractions.

11 16 11 𝑥 7 77 13
➢ ÷ = = 𝑜𝑟 2 32
2 7 2 𝑥 16 32

d. When multiplying a mixed number, just convert first the mixed number to improper
fractions, then do multiplication.

1 5 7 13 7𝑥7 49 23
➢ 3 ÷ 1 = ÷ = 2 𝑥 13 = 26 𝑜𝑟 1 26
2 7 2 7