AE2103 Kinematics and Dynamics

Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration

Week 4
Ref: Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, R.C. Hibbeler, 14th Ed. Chapter 13
L. Gunawan, Ridanto E. Poetro
Aerospace Engineering - FMAE ITB
2022
 Kinetics of a Particle
Week Objectives Study Material
1 To state Newton’s Second Law of Motion Hibbeler Sect
and to define mass and weight. 13.1- 13.3
2 To analyze the accelerated motion of a Hibbeler Sect
particle using the equation of motion 13.4-13.6
with different coordinate systems.
2.1 Newton’s Second Law
Kinetics: A branch of dynamics that deals with the relationship between the change in
motion of a body and the forces that cause this change.

Basis: Newton’s second law:

 when an unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the direction
of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force.

Direction of 𝑎 direction of 𝐹
𝑭 𝒂 Magnitude of 𝑎 magnitude of 𝐹
𝑚
𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂
m : the constant of proportionality = the mass
of the particle (scalar)
2.1.1 Validity of Newton’s Second Law

Equation of motion:

Einstein’s theory of relativity:

The equation of motion fails to predict the exact behavior of a particle, especially when the
particle’s speed approaches the speed of light (0.3 G m/s).

Schrödinger’s theory of quantum mechanics:

Conclusions drawn from using this equation are also invalid when particles are the size of an
atom and move close to one another.

For the most part, however, these requirements regarding particle speed and size are not
encountered in engineering problems, so their effects will not be considered in course.
2.1.2 Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

Earth 9.9x10-8 N
FBD of one ball
Attraction force by the other ball

2 steel balls on earth surface, each with a 10 cm

diameter, placed closely with one another 37.9 N Attraction force by the earth

• Attraction force between particles on earth surface can be neglected.

• Attraction force by the earth to a particle with mass 𝑚 can be expressed as:
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑊=𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔; 𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟 𝑟
• For most engineering calculations g is measured at a point on the surface of the earth at sea level, and
at a latitude of 45°:
𝑔 = 9.81 m/s
2.1.3 Weight in SI and FPS system

In the SI system the mass of the body is In the FPS system the weight of the body
specified in kilograms, and the weight must is specified in pounds, and the mass must
be calculated using: be calculated using:
𝑊(N) = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚(slug) = 𝑊/𝑔
𝑔 = 9.81 m/s 𝑔 = 32.2 ft/s
2.2 The Equation of Motion
In general, more than one force acts on a particle, and hence the equation of motion may
be written as:

A particle (with mass 𝑚) is subjected to Graphical representation of the EoM. The FBD is
the action of two forces, 𝑭 and 𝑭 which the forces in the left hand side of the EoM, and the
results in an acceleration . kinetic diagram is the mass multiplied with
acceleration in right hand side of EoM.
2.2.1 Inertial Frame of Reference
EoM:
𝒂 should be measured wrt:
- a fixed reference frame, or
- a translating reference with a constant velocity
(zero acceleration)
𝒂 measured in xyz = 𝒂 measured in x′y′z′.
the frame of reference is known as a Newtonian
or inertial reference frame.

Motions of rockets and satellites is studied by considering the inertial reference frame as fixed
to the stars,
Dynamics problems concerned with motions on/near earth surface may be solved by using an
inertial frame assumed fixed to the earth.
The earth both rotates about its own axis and revolves about the sun. However, the
accelerations created by these rotations are relatively small and can be neglected for most
applications.
2.2.2 Acceleration and Inertial Force

Colonel John Stapp (a former US air force flight surgeon) repeatedly rode a
rocket-propelled sled to assess the greatest deceleration a human could
survive.

• http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192580
Acceleration and inertial force

Start Forward acceleration to v = 678 Rearward acceleration a = 22 g

kph
F F

N2 N2
N2
N1
N1 N1
a forward acceleration tends to push a rearward acceleration tends to push a
a person back in his/her seat person away from his/her seat

Acceleration and inertial force represent a same phenomenon. Inertial force is not an external force.

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/gallery/2010/ nov/04/hardest-scientists)
Newton’s Law Some books use D’Alembert method in
acceleration is drawn obtaining EoM:
explicitly in the FBD Acceleration is represented as inertial force
in the FBD

acceleration inertial force

a ma
F F

N2 N2

N1 N1
 Draw acceleration or inertial force

If acceleration is used, then EoM is

derived using Newton’s 2nd Law”

ma
F
a
If inertial force is used, then EoM is
derived using D’Alembert method”
N2

N1

Do not draw inertia force and acceleration in a FBD

 T T

Normal acceleration

W W
𝑚𝒂
Inertial force
Newton’s Law: = centrifugal force

D’Alembert Principle
2.3 Equation of Motion for a System of Particles
A rigid body treated as a system of particles

𝑭 : resultant of all external forces acting on ith particle

𝒇 : resultant of all forces exerted on the ith particle by
other particles
EoM of ith particle:
Equation of Motion for a System of Particles
EoM of all particles:

Since internal forces between any two particles

occur in equal but opposite collinear pairs, then:

The cg of particles (G) can be obtained by using

with 2nd time derivative:

EoM of all particles can be simplified as:

The sum of the external forces acting on the system

of particles = the total mass of the particles x the
acceleration of its center of mass G
2.4 Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates

In Rectangular coordinates, force and acceleration

can be expressed in , , and directions. Hence:

Consequently:
2.5 Equations of Motion: Normal and Tangential Coordinates

EoM:

In Normal and Tangential coordinates, force

and acceleration can be expressed in , ,
and directions. Hence:

𝒕 𝒏 𝒃 𝒕 𝒏

Consequently:
2.6 Equations of Motion: Cylindrical Coordinates

EoM:

In Cylindrical coordinates, force and acceleration can

be expressed in , , and directions. Hence:

∑ 𝒓 ∑ ∑ 𝒓

Consequently:
Example 1

Determine: All forces acting on the crate

Weight, P, Normal force, friction force
Determine motion
The crate slides over the horizontal surface
Acceleration: in horizontal direction, magnitude to be found
Equations of Motion
EoM in graphical form

EoM

Information:
FBD:
𝑚: 50 kg,
𝑾, 𝑷 are known
𝑃: 400 N, ∡ 30°
Direction of 𝑵 , 𝑭 are known, but Solution:
𝜇 : 0.3
their magnitude are not.
Kinetic Diagram:
𝑣 0 =0 𝑁 = 290.5 N
Direction of 𝒂 is known but its
𝑣 3 =? 𝑎 = 5.185 m/s
magnitude is not.
• Kinematics

Force P is constant during motion, hence a is also

constant
Kinematic equation of a particle with constant
acceleration and zero initial condition can be used
to find velocity at t = 3s.
• Example 2
 Equations of Motion

• FBD + Kinetic Diagram