Column Analogy Method ‘w/unit length ¥i iting Ai B L- Chapter Outline 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Introduction The Column Analogy Sign Conventions Stresses in a Column Application to Beams Application to Symmetric Frames Application to Closed Frames Application to Unsymmetric Frames Stiffness and Carryover Factors of Beams with Variable Cross-section Summary Multiple Choice Questions Exercises Review QuestionsChaptet Column Analogy Method Chapter Outline 44 42 43 44 45 46 a7 48 49 Introduction The Column Analogy Sign Conventions Stresses in a Column Application to Beams Application to Symmetric Frames Application to Closed Frames Application to Unsymmetric Frames Stiffness and Carryover Factors of Beams with Variable Cross-section ‘Summary Multiple Choice Questions Exercises Review Questions132. Structural Analysis—Il 4.1 INTRODUCTION The Column Analogy method was introduced by Prof- Hardy Cross of Cae, ou ent inth year 1932. He identified identical relations between momen's eee remetrais ot beams .* eccentrically loaded columns and suggested the use of this analogy for S a This method is suitable forthe analysis of indeterminate Beams es ees wit not exceeding three. Itis extensively used in the analys' of beams, ors in beams With me, vote and is ideally suited for computing the stifness and COm/>Ye™, nhiene- cross-section. The analysis of closed frames has also become easier by 42 THE COLUMN ANALOGY rjunit I rf wi jength W; @ +e -ve () © Figure 4.1(a): A typical fixed beam. (b) M,-diagram. (c) End moment diagram. Consider the fixed beam shown in Figure 4.1(a) subjected to some given loading. The bend ‘moment diagram is split info free moment (M,) diagram (j.e., moment diagram in ® © ie Jerenminate structure) and end moment (Mj) diagram as shown in Figure 4.1(b) and 4.1(c). Thi ‘at any point, bending moment Mis given by M=M,~ M Now, from Moment area theorems: 1. Change in slope between A and B is zero. M ie, ‘Sum of (4) diagram between A and B is zero. t M, —M, 7 ie, Area of ET diagram = 0 Ms) 4, MY 4 Area of (=, } diagram = Area of { 777 | diagram (42) 2. Deflection of B from tangent at A is zero. M ie, Moment (4) diagram between A and B about B = 0.Column Analogy Method 133 M, fe. Moment of (4 agra about B M = Moment of diagram about B M, In other words, centroid of (4 ) diagram coincides with the centroid of (# ) iar 43) (a) LLL # (6) © Figure 4.2(a): Load diagram. (b) Column. (c) Pressure diagram. 1) ate : : M, Now, consider a short column of { - Junits with subject to loading represented by | = diagrams as shown in Figure 4.2. The pressure developed under the column is also shown in the figure. Figure 4.3 shows the isometric view of the column with the load and pressure developed. EL, Figure 4.3: Isometric view of column. /134 Structural Analysis In this, it may be observed that, for equilibrium: 1. Total load on the column = Total upward pressure” : a 2. The centroid of the downward load must coincide with the centroid of the upward press, (4 The conditions given by Eqns. (4.4) and (4.5) are analogous to conditions specified for f beam by Eqns. (4.2) and (4.3.) Hence, this analogy can be used advantageously for the ana M, s EI loading and find the pressure developed which is represented in Mj-diagram. Then, frp, Eqn. (4.1) Final Moment, M=M,-M, of fixed beam, ic, instead of analysing fixed beam, we can analyse the column subjected to 4.3 SIGN CONVENTIONS The following sign conventions are used: 1. Free moment M, is positive if it causes tension at bottom side. 2. Positive M, is applied as downward load. 3. Upward pressure on the bottom of the column (compressive stress) is positive. Hence, \y is positive if it causes tension at the top. 4, Moment at any point is M= M,~ Mj, Hence, positive moment causes tension at the bottom 4.4 STRESSES IN A COLUMN Stress in a column is obviously equal to the pressure from the bottom. Figure 4.4 shows a column subjected to eccentric load P, with eccentricities e, and ey, with respect to centroidal x-y axes. Let P be the stress developed at any point, x and y being the co-ordinates of that point. y 4 f Figure 4.4: Column subjected to eccentric load P. The stress developed at point (x, y) can be expressed as, P=axtbyte where a, b and c are constants, Now, P= {pda M, = | pydA M, = J pxdA ol)oo Column Analogy Method 135 Substituting p from Eqn. (i) in (ii), we get, P= faxdA+ { bydA + | edd My, = Janda + | by2dd + faa iii) = Jara + fbryeld + fxd Since, the axes considered are centroidal axes, Jxda = fydd=0; fyat= 1, Jedd = 1, and fxydd=1y, ss Ra! My = aly + bly = aly, + blyy Solving Eqn. (ii) for a, ; CEQ ToC, c= _ Mylex = Maly Inly ~ Ung) a p= Maly = Maly Taree p= “Gea ercweses Sas seta tt ange sit sg wherei 436 Structural Analysis—ll My a “ 2, }ea(th), m aaa es a PF) coresents axial stress, | M |x represents stress due to moment x, ‘ae 1s (+) M where the term ( axis, and the term (“4_),, represents stress due to bending moment about x-axis. It may, d EJ) noted that My = peg (Aig M, = Peyy (444 4.5 APPLICATION TO BEAMS In these problems, there may be eccentricity with respect to y-axis only. Hence, M, = 0 i 1 Hence, draw an analogous column which has width = => Find 4 = Area of analogous column yy = Moment of inertia of analogous column about y-y axis P= Area of M, diagram ey = Eccentricity of load with respect to C.G. of analogous column M, = Pe, Then determine stresses at salient points and the find final moment (M). ie, M=M,- M, Example 4.1 Using column analogy method, find the end moments developed in a fixed bes subjected to a uniformly distributed load w per unit length throughout the span. wlunit length L Figure 4.5(a): Fixed beam. Solution Let AB be a fixed beam of span L [Figure 4.5(a)], Taking simply supported beams as basic determinate beam, free moment (M,) diagram ® symmetric parabola with maximum ordinate equal to a 1s shown in Figure 4.5() wh 3 Figure 4.5(b): M,-diagram.Column Analogy Method 137 M., Figure 4.5(c) shows analogous column with (#) load and pressure from footing. P= Load on anlogous column we M, SET -awe (tH) am - 2, (v2) _ AV 3 8 12EI (c) (LLL ones atind nd comnt scones (11 EEE E ET EEE are at mid-span of the beam, Hence, e,, =Eccentricity with centroidal M, 0 Figure 4.5(c): (4) diagram OMe Hes = (qd) Analogous column with pressure . My = We, =0 ae axis 1 A =Area of analogous column = () L M,=p=—+0 Se Lae EL, 12EI =u 12 Final moment at 4, 2 2 M, — M,=0-— S = Ss ie., tension at top. and at B SOS lia D Tp? fee tension at top. Example 4.2 Using column analogy method, determine the end moment in a fixed beam of span L, subjected to a concentrated load W at distance a from the end A. Solution The beam is as shown in Figure 4.6(a). Let EJ be the flexural rigidity. Figure 4.6(a): Typical fixed beam with unsymmetric concentrated load.438 Structural Analysis—Il (© Figure 4.6(b): M,-diagram. (c) Analogous column. tthe fee eae 2 : Wab ‘moment (1M,) diagram is a triangle with maximum ordinate under the load and its value = ~~ 1 M, The width of analogous column is ($) as shown in Figure 4.6(c). This figure shows Joad and also pressure from the footing. : Properties of the Columns 1 san Taking the simply supported beam as the basic determinate structure, we find thal 1 9/5 pkey (| by 2 (ae 12EI Load Particulars M, Total load = Area (# i of |} diagram p= 1 pais Wad, 2° < TER eerC.G. of the load is at XG Eccentricity, Bee Gl e Sy Column Analogy Method 139 iT omen Total load x ey Wab 1 TS a ae 2a) Wab 12EI (L-2a) acal a (ali) rete -o+(F) T2EI ob yeeele Hab) Dene ID140 Structural Analysis—l es (2) Monn -(ie]G) L Since, bending causes tension at end B and x = a ae Wab (webce=2a))(L) 2L v 2 Wet ree Coe] 2c Thus, fixed end moments at 4 and B are, Wab? My = Moa ~ Ma = = War Mg = Msp - My = - “© cL Note: Negative sign indicates tension at the top. Example 4.3 Determine the end moments in the beam shown in Figure 4.7(a), 40. kN 60 kN 4y { { £ patented ome] ‘ 8m Figure 4.7(a): Given beam. Solution Let the basic determinate structure be the simply supported beam (Refer Figure 4.7(b)) 40kN COkN Ry Ry! Figure 4.7(b): Basic determinate beam, 40 x 6) + (60 R= x9 (60%9) = 525 KN Ry = (40 + 60) — 52.5 = 47.5 kn Therefore, free moment under 40 KN load = 52.5 x 2 = 105 kNm and free moment under 60 kN load =47.5 x3 = 142.5 kNm M, -diagram is as shown in Figure 4,7(c),Column Analogy Method 144 Analogous column is as shown in Figure 4.7(d). @ Figure 4.7(c): M,-diagram. (d) Analogous column. Properties of Analogous Column Properties of Load Diagram P= Area of load diagram Ay + Ap + Ay + Ag, as shown in Figure 4.7(d).. ee (il 105 105 a 14 = (gx2x J+(ox MS) [Ea (HES ts 105, 315 , 56.25 , 213.75 _ 690 [ETE ar ces ET4142. Structural Analysis—II Taking moment of area about A, we get, 75 (= (8) B09) SB) Far) xg = 3.986 m 4 -3.986 = 0.0145 m 899 0.0145 EL e = 10. It causes compression at 4 and tension at B- 690 EL EL Ma = Pa = (ex #1).(10x ae x4) = 87.19 kNm Mp = Pw = = 0, Hf El 8 Therefore, final moment My = Mga ~ My = Msg - Mp = Example 44 A ined am fp 6m cis a poi a of 120 KN at 2m fr hee Figure 4.1 Solution ‘The simply supported beam is taken as the basic d (M) diagram is as shown in Figure 4.8(6), in which the aaa _ 120x2%4 _ cent The analogous column and (#) Figure 4.8(6): M,-diagram.Column Analogy Method 143 Figure 4,8(c): Analogous column. Properties of the Columns 1 4 Area of the column 4 = (B)+ aX) = EI 2EL EI Distance of C.G. of analogous column from end 4, H[extxo+(4xLxa)] (a) El val , aN (al ly = yl lag XPX2 +(x 205-1?) + S 12.333 EI Properties of Load Diagram Total load, Pp (Sxaxt@)+ (Snax 2 EF) \2 Distance of C.G. of load Xg from end A (gx 2xt@nd)s[(Lxs) x (244)] 2 El 3 2 El 3) 2 (@) = El = 2.333 m sy =e — XG = 2.5 -2.333 = 0.167 m It creates compression at A and tension at 3. 320 53.333 = Ply = =X 01667 = = 320 x2), (228 xl Ma = Pia= (ee 4 El 12333 25m x#)+(Exaa-25))] My ) x 2.5=90.81 kNm444 Structural Analysis—l! 53.333 El 997 x (6 — 2.5 6 . )-( Fier 2333 «J 86 by Mp = Pin ~ Mey = 0 and Msp = 9 Be. = -90.! im Masioanent at 0 = Me, Mia OF Cus Bc =, Final moment at B = Msp — Mo ~ a Example 4.5 Determine the end moments developed in the beam shown in Figure 4.9(a Ww ; B EI EI EL oe 7 L EG Figure 4.9(a): Given below. as the basic determianate beam, Mg diagram is Solution If the simply supported beam is taken a symmetric triangle with maximum ordinate = 4° L Cemtroid of load is at xo = = (from either ends) wh 4 Figure 4.9(b): M,-diagram. M, “The analogous column is as shown in Figure 4.9(c). In this diagram (4) i also shown. Due L to symmetry, centroid of the beam is also at () from either end. te—Li4 et — 12 {+o} 1/4 a © Figure 4.9(c): (44) diagram, Analogous column.Column Analogy Method 145 C.G of load coincides with C.G. of column. ey = 0 w= 0 Hence, no stresses due to moment. P = Area of load diagram = Ay + Apt Ay + Ay (4 L-WL ) (2 sx=—— |+( 2° 4 16E1)"\ 8Er Wet 1 2 gap 05 +44240.5]= (a)we A= Area of column 1 L 1 L 1 L 3.25 are ee ( ee a) (axa) +(e) - xk Ae x4A(EL 3\ 7 (a) | a throughout the same. = 7 1 es = = 0-|—|wr=-|— Er MAS MGn = MK @) (3) Ca)” 48 Example 4.6 Determine the bending moment at fixed end in the propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 4.10(a). 7 My = Msy ~ My = o-(2)m. Figure 4.10(a): Propped cantilever beam. | Solution The simply supported beam is taken as the basic determinate structure. Hence, the Ms WL diagram is a symmetric triangle with maximum ordinate = ~~ as shown in Figure 4.10(b). | a |146 Structural i ® Wh. AED XG i clio i; -#—% (es eee © Figure 4.10(b): M,-diagram. (c) Analogous column. ‘At the hinge there is no resistance to rotation (stiffness) and hence, flexural rigit Therefore, width of the analogous column at the hinge is infinitely large and at it is equal to 1. Therefore, area of analogous column = Its C.G. passes through hinge B. B ‘9 Ser ; a wine Load P = Area of |Z, | diagram 1 WL = =xLx|—— 2 (2) 4 we d ~ BET a D Eccentricity, ey = L -£= My = Pey =Column Analogy Method 147 6 APPLICATION TO SYMMETRIC. FRAMES these problems, /,y = 0. Hence, for finding stress in analogous column, Eqn. 4.7, ie, P (My My Pia = Ai ares x+ ipa Y, may be used. by hex In such problems both My and M,, exist. Hence, eccentricity with respect to both x and y 8 is to be determined. The method is illustrated with the examples below. iple 4.7 Analyse the frame shown in Figure 4.11(a) by column analogy method and draw fing moment diagram. ition Selecting the frame with hinged end at 4 and roller end at D as basic determinate e, the free moment diagram is a triangle in beam with maximum ordinate under the load 120x6x2 its value = —*~°*"=180 km 120) 2m—> B c 1 ee ee Figure 4.11(a): Given frame.148 Structural Analysis—l! Analogous column and Mx. Giagram are as shown in Figure 4.110). g 180 EL 83.25 83.25 60.75 60.75 2 41.25 24.25 © Figure 4.11(b): Analogous column. (c) Bending moment diagram. Analogous Column Properties 1 1 1 16 sa = (pea) (ext) (Ena) ts ae EI EI EL EI symmetric axis is the principal axis y-y. To locate centroidal axis x-x, the moment of area about beam BC is taken and is divided by the total area to get yc. 4 4 (Liaheosl teal ai (7 a ia Therefore, C.G. of the column is as shown in the Figure 4.11(6).Column Analogy Method 149 ly = Flexo) ose») 2} +(e") = at 1 2 1 a 170.667 = |{[—x4x4 a 3 _ 170. Tn (4. x4 ja] tee oer Properties of load Diagram 3 1 is very small quantity. Hence, terms like (4) are neglected. EL Total load, P= Ai pa ‘otal load, P= Area of | “py 1 Deer — L+ 8 CG of load from B = =*4=S+6 3 4.667 — 4 = 0.667 m, and it is towards C. 22 0,667 = 80 EL EL and causes compression in right half-portion. e,= 1m Myy = Pe 720 x1=-¢/ and causes compression above x-x portion. El 480 EI 720. EL ix x4]-| x x3 16) EI 170.667 EI 26.667 = 45.00-11.25-81=-47.25 kNm (223) Bs) (2) Mp = EI. 16 EI 170.667 El 26.667 = 45-11.25 +27= 60.75 kNm Mc = 45+11.25+27= 83.25 Nm Mj = 45+ 11.25-81 =~ 24.75 kNm M, Ma= Final Moments My = Mca ~My = 0~(- 475) = 47.5 kNm Mg = 0 ~ 60.75 = — 60.75 kNm Mg = 0 ~ 83.25 = -83.25 kNm Mp = 0 ~ (-24.75) = 24.75 kNm150 Structural Analysis—Il Bending Moment Diagram Keeping this sign convention, the on the compression side, so that the difi if the tension is inside, Hence, BMD is as shown Figure 4.11(c) Example 4.8 Determine the moments at B and C if the ends A and D are hinged jg % Example. 4.7. 120 kN aia ip Figure 4.12(a): Given frame. Solution The frame and analogous columns are shown in Figure 4.12. As hinges do not offer any resistance to rotation, stiffness and hence, E/'is zero at hinges A and D. Hence, the width of analogous column 1 f Fy becomes infinite at 4 and D. <. Area of analogous column = = : Hence, centroid of the analogous column lies on the line joining AD. Due to symmetry, centroi is on y-y axis as shown in Figure 4.12(b) Figure 4.12(b): Analogous column. Thus, = Area of analogous column = e Iy t= ia | 1 42 _170.667 2) =x —x4? |+8x—x4? = try [3 EI rere EI720 é i Load, Pro 480 720 2880 _ 80 iy =X 4=—— TEL AMER 0 BF h 720 1) (8 1 ) (a EL ) Mp = |= Xz |-|—*=*4 |+| = * x4 ( 2 ( ET ©=)” Ver =" El 170.667 67.50 kNm 0+ 0+ (28 EL EI 170.667 Mg = 0 ~ 67.50 = -67.50 kNm Mc = 0 ~ 67.50 = -67.50 kNm Bending moment diagram (BMD) is as shown in Figure 4.12(c). x 4) =67.50kNm Figure 4.12(c): Bending moment diagram. Example 4.9 Analyse the frame shown in Figure 4.13(a) by column analogy method. 120 kN B c 31 1.5 mi 40K ar ar 3m) D i HT 2 m—et}=—_——. 4 me} Figure 4.13(a): Given frame. Solution The basic determinate structure selected is shown in the Figure 4.13(6) and the free moment diagram is shown in Figure 4.13(c). The analogous column is shown in Figure 4.13(d) M) « * and is loaded with (4) diagram as shown in Figure 4.13(e). The equivalent concentrated loads are noted as shown in Figure 4.13(f), to avoid repetitive calculations.152 Structural Analysis—t1 40 kN—=| 0) ' 361 me x G ah , 261 (o)Column Analogy Method 153 4 = 1 8, 980 1S GET REL A } n Figure 4.13(b): Basic determinate structure. (c) Analogous column. (d) M,-diagram. ff (| Me siagram (f) Equivalent concentrated loads. It may be noted that, since, compression is inside the cantilever-basic determinate-frame, it is ‘2 negative load. Hence, load is shown acting upward on the column. Properties of Analogous Column 1 1 63 Area, 4 = |——x4. ares pe ee sx2]+[537*6] EL Symmetric axis is a centroidal axis. Let centroidal axis parallel to beam be at a distance y. from beam. Then, (S = [axssxtSxa]+0 EI 2EI 2 1.5577 m amt) ")] = | (4x xas?}+(x45¢2.25-1.55779 } 2 In IG mee )* ae ** y 1 | 14.603 2 Cason) oes [sexe Y ET 1 2 ] [ 46.5 45K 2 x2 /4) —— (sa a Wes El of Load Diagram Hl El El Ef 80 540 | e ] ae = (2.25-1.5577) |+| — 3.5-1: Mg [Sass] [2c ) |+| gy @5-15877) 424,033, EI154 Structural Analysis—ii ze [#(-3)] [540 x3]+{90%3] BI 3 2076.667 EL Further calculations are shown in Table 4.1 Table 4.1: Final moment calculations B My |, | (Mx 2.) 2 (eae) ae 4 360 109.23, 13398 8543 328.64 3136 B 240 10923 133.98 4523 -197.98 4202 G 0 109.23 13398 4523 0.98, 69.98 D 0 109.23 133.98 85.43 60.68 ss wail 4.7 APPLICATION TO CLOSED FRAMES To get the basic determinate structure of a closed frame, a cut may be made in any one ofthe members and fixing one end and allowing free end condition for the other end. Then, the analysis steps follow, similar to the analysis of a frame, The procedure is illustrated in the following example, Example 4.10 Analyse the closed rectangular frame shown in Figure 4.14(a) by column analogy method. 120 kN 6m——__3, Figure 4.14(a): Closed rectangular frame. Solution Let a cut be made in member CD to get basic determinate structure as shown it Figure 4.14(6). Free moment diagram (M,-diagram) is as shown in Figure 4,14(c). The analogo® column is shown in Figure 4.14(d) and load on it (#) is shown in Figure 4.14(e). To avoid repetitit® calculation of load terms, equivalent concentrated loads are calculated and are shown in Figure 4.14) These loads are shown upward since, M, is creating compression on the inner side.Column Analogy Method 155 120 kN { 240 240 40 kKN-} 7 360, a ie 360 O) © ' 120 SEL 1 als Use 2EI 1 3EL @ ET © Te i 80 es 80 fgg yf FECL Figure 4.14(b): Basic determinate structure. (c) M,-diagram. (d) Analogous column. (e) (14) diagram. (f) Equivalent loads. *roperties of Analogous Columns eas ae an l(a 6}+(six45)]-8 The symmetric axes are the centroidal axes. ies al (ian (4. 5+ + (5; 6025")]156 Structural Analysis—Il _ 27.8437 ew EL 1 A) P(t ~2\(xas <@)# - (ar 4 ss El Properties of Load Diagram 80 +540 +90 +360 _ 1070 lee EL El 0 80 pal) 04 125 + FP 225 2.25+=—x My. = ~ py * El El 80/, 2)], [540 90 360 eee) ee = =x! 4, -[BC 2) [5 x3]+[ 2x3] [P<] 2436.667 El The further calculations are shown in Table 4.2 ‘Table 4.2: Final moment calculations M, P fo Me A 360 125.88 139.24 60.00 325.12 31.88 B 240 -12588 | 13924 60.00 205.12 3488 Cc 0 125.88 13924 0.00 7336 7336 D 0 125.88 13924 60.00 46.64 4654 4.8 APPLICATION TO UNSYMMETRIC FRAMES, If the geometry of the frame is not symmetric, the princi : , the principal axes are not ily. Hence, convenient axes 1-y may be taken and Jy, Jy and I, dstenained, Then te tae oh jue used to find the stresses in the analogous column, which are the end moment valves in the Example 4.11 Analyse th pets ‘ atl lyse the unsymmetric frame shown in Figure 4.15(a) by column andl0s!Column Analogy Method 157 Figure 4.15(a): Unsymmetric frame. Solution Basic determinate structure selected is shown in Figure 4.15(b) and M, diagram on it is shown in Figure 4.15(c). Analogous column is shown in Figure 4.15(d) and load on it (4) is shown in Figure 4.15(e). B iC 80 kl Test fe a 1s74m mi ~———_ 4m ave] | D EIEN 480 A (6) © se er EI | x G x a sie 240 ory TSE EI *@ © Figure 4.15(b): Basic determinate structure. (c) M,-diagram. (d) Analogous column. ( (*) Load on analogous column. Properties of Analogous Column 1 Ty x4) 9.667 Area, a- (sexs +(5* *(ise158 Structural Analysis—Il Let the centroid be at a distance x, from 4B and y. from BC, Then, 9.667 a tet ‘) ( EI x= (Gx4%2)+(a a x_ = 1.931 m cor) 2 ( 4x2) “Er ne (sXe a} (a Pe 1 Solr ee = (12 “DET EI Ye = 1.483 m x 4 x (2 - 1.483)" +(3* 4.483 ise] EI ) 28.969 EL a hy = (sexx oan?) + (aqxte-19307) tg )4( ex ae -1939? (age }+(Gxse 19317] 1 ty = (sax 6x (-1.931)(- +148} + (a xta—t9s0e2+140] 1 lice =i! x13) (s « 4(2-1.931) ae6345t | 27.529 (28.969 x 27.954) | ET 6345? __] _ 26.564 (28.969 x 27.954) | EYColumn Analogy Method 159 Properties of Load Diagram Load, ra (4 = 1.483) = 1812.24 Elm carries compression on the upper side — 1.931 = EI carries compression on right hand side portion. i Nee (2) 1390.32 [ 720 1390.32 Ee” 6.345, ad 978.978 x & a ET (27.954 ET EI Ley a) (33) (222) Mi= M, -| = Be eset a x ite El 28.969 EL _ 1507.72 EL Tena My)\ 4 (Mx), , f T, ra The calculation is shown in Table 4.3. Table 4.3: Final moment calculations ah, My Points M, Ty Tr? M M A 480 11.16 24739 393.03 8697 B 0 11.16 812 64.42 6442 c 0 7625 812 2.99 82.99 D 0 1625 =13785 =136.08 13602 WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SEC The stiffness k at A of span AB has been defined as the moment to be applied at A in order to Totate the tangent A by one radian, when the end B is fixed. The carryover factor from A to B has been defined as the ratio of the moment developed at B to the moment applied at A under the above condition.