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/ 32
EXPERIMENT NO: 2 Kiker
MELDE’S EXPERIMENT - DETERMINATION OF
FREQUENCY OF ANELECTRICALLY /
MAINTAINED TUNING FORK
Te determine the frequency of a vibrator or a tuning fork using Melde’s apparatus.
———
APPARATUS
Electrically maintained vibrator or tuning fork, light smooth pulley fixed to a stand, sewlog
Alo, toread, cardboard pan, weight box, two pointers mounted vertically on wooden plank’.
meter scale, storage cell, rheostat, plug key and connecting wires. Zi
DESCRIPTION
In this experiment, tie vibrations, of the fork should be maiatsined for some time to enn
certain adjustments to be made, For this purpose, an electrically maintained tuning fork 8
employed. An electromagnet is introduced between the prongs bf The tuning fork as shown
below withoat touching the prongs. To,one of the prongs is attached a thin brass plate wil
a platinum contact riveted on it, By means of an adjustable platinum tipped screw, (',
contact can be established with the thin brass plate, The electrical connections are mad »s
shown io the above Fig.a. The plug is inserted inthe key and the screw, C, is tut unl] }8
“tips just in contact withthe bras strip, Then current flows through the circuit energizitg
the electromagnet ad there by pulling both the prongs in wards. Immediately thecircult &
troken at C, the clestromagnet loses its magnetism and the prongs flyback to {heir originit
sition, Consequently contact is once again established at C, and the circuit being closel,
the process repeats itself as before, Thus the process continues on account of the antonuike
make ~ and —break of the circuit and maintains the prongs of the tuning fork in vibration.
\
~ | Jone of the prongs is provided with amall screw by means of which one end of a lg
sewing thread is attached lc the prong. The other end kept st @ distance of 2 to 5 metus
fom the fork. A light card board pan i etched to the other endl of th thread and by (o Yo
sther end of the thend, loading this pan with ama weights, the lnsion applied 10 Ih,
sting can be altered, * Fig. (0)
‘The tuning fork can be arranged in its stand as in the above Fig, (a) or (b). In Fig. (a) the
siting is along the length of the prong. ‘The vibrations of the prong are at right angles to the
; Wagh of te sing and ies eel ansene vibaoas, nF. () to fk
ange so thatthe vibrations ofthe prong ae parle! tothe length of th sing and these
swe called longitudinal vibrations,
PRINCE
necessary by slightly alleing the length of the sting
see dian thoi ty wig cn be mado Brak nto loop Wl
nodes. These are due to the station vibrations set up as a result of the super
roth roseaie varmaris etm OC
y of the transverse vibrations of sing suet bya /
adjusting the tension and, if ferrula’
where
P= linear density (or mass/anit ten sth) of the string in grn/em,
1=The length of the Single loop, (in om.)
— T= Tension (Mn)g
: M=Weight applied, m=Weight of the pan and
8= Acceleration due to gravity, 980 cm/sec?
For the longitudinal vibrations of the prong with Tespect tothe string (Figb), the frequency
‘na’ of the longitudinal vibrations ofa string stretched by a tension of T dynes is given by
2 *) HE Re v :
PROCEDURE -
The apparatus is aranged as in Fig (a), keeping the length of the sting between 2 tos
metres. The positions of the pulley and the stand holding the forc are adjusted so thatthe
sting is horizontal and paralle] to the prong. ‘The electric circuit is closed and the theostat ia
adjusted till the fork vibrates steadily. ‘The load in the pan is adjusted and if necessary the
length of the string is altered by shifting the fork until the string breaks into a convenieht
number of loops with well-defined nodes and maximum amplitude at the antinodes, tha
vibrations of the string being in the vertical plane. The two pointers are kept at two wall
defined nodes, and the number of loops (x) is counted between the two pointers. Tha
current is switched off and the distance (4) between the two pointers is measured, Hence
the length of a single loop, 1 (=d/x) is obtained.
1E°M” gm is the load applied to the pan of mass ‘"" BM. the tension, Tis given by
‘T= (Mim)g, dynes,
where g = acceleration due to gravity atthe place io in epedied by noeasing the Joad M 50 that each time the mune o¢ aa
pa ty one, The process is continued until Sto 6 different values are obtained f ly
Jeg and resus are ablated at shown i Tae 1. me
Heat the fork is amanged such that the string is perpendicular to the prong (Fig, 6) and
experiment is conducted for different tensions and the results are tabulated as ioe
“Tyble 2. Finally, the mass (m, gm) of the card-board pan is found correct {0 2 cent s
The linear density of the string (m) correct to milligram is determined by finding aa
ruass (W) of known length (S) ofthe sting and then dividing W.by S. ,
TATIONS
L Maseof thé pan torrect to's contigram m .= gm.
| 2, Linear density ofthe tread » =000Smvem.
_ ‘Table 1. For transverse arrangement eee No.of
loops (n)
Length of
loops (S em)
L=8ind
_
each loop
Draw both graphs for iansvese and longttial berween fF andy Newion’s Risigs are formed in the following manner. Any ray coming from the sodium ° :
amps and getting reflected by the mirror ‘G'.on the lens system, suffers a partial reflection
at ‘a’ (The boundary between the Jens ‘L’ and air film between ‘P’ and (‘L”). The refracted
tay after traversing the air film suffers another reflection at ‘b’ (The boundary between the
tir film and the glass plate ‘P*).’ Further the reflected rays interfere giving rise to a dark or
bright point depending on the path difference involved. Due to the continuously varying
thickness of the air film formed between ‘L,’ and“P” and also because of the symmetry- of
the film from the center, the interference pattern formed looks like the ring system ih Fig.
®.
* Fig (0).
Ze vie of te Rain ph nie pte site
diameters of the rings formed by the following relation, :
nap
wae
4Mm—n) . 4
where, 4 = Wavelength of the given sodium light,
R = Radius of curvature for the side of the conyex Jens which fe in contact wah
the ‘glass plate,
Da and Dy = Diameters of the ‘m' th 4 "th dark rings respectively.
Be ee ers ence
‘ ¥
{.
SM PNA Nnsewnams ne enrtcoprenn te ex
Ame RUS OR PANETT
fs pROCEDURE
rea wk want ta micrometer of the traveling microscope. Set the *para,
er to obtain the Ring ye. (Hin As the rings are formed in,
rie sa glass plate, the Microscope should be focused exactly iggy
Bre before trying tp get @ leat ring System, by placing a marked pape, in
verwent the Jens and th glass plate and focusing the Mictoscope on the Mark. The Paper
“4 after the focusing is done). Make final adjustinent to get.a clear view of the Ting
‘The ring system should have a central dark spot. If there is no dark spot at the center,
remove the lense gently from the top of the glass plate, clean it and replace it to get the
ccomect form. Focus microseope.on the central dark spot, counting the central spot as zera,
nove the microscope by means of tangential screw until the vertical cross wire passes
‘Deyond 20° dark ring. (cay 21'*ring). “Then move microscope back until the crosswire {x
tanpantial to the 20" dark ring: Note the seaditig of the microscope: Next move thr
‘microscope in the same direction aid set the vertical créss wire tangential to 13%, 16
ce 2 dackringx and ute the comesponding readings of microscope.
Mig sissy in tse dito, a the vertical crosewire is'Set up tangential tothe
PP scene 18%, 208 dat tings on other side.of thi ring system and corresponding
es ea
" 5
ne Dumber of ring on the x-axis and the Corresponding square of s
diameter on y-axis is q Straight line passing through origin. Using D?, 2
from Braph, calculate R, using the above formula
‘Mand n values
\
\
\ ‘: Maen e aati acin eh acct
sy givenby £ 0% 3
' nNA= Sing :
OMIT)
where n= order of the ’Spédtrify
N=No. oflines per em, which can be obtained from the value given on the grating
aurk= Wavelength of spectral:line of mereury spectrum.
O= Angle of diffraction (2 0 is the difference of telescope readings onthe right and
left of direct reading, for that particular spectral line), ‘
PROCEDURE... : isin:
Before the spectrometer is used for measurements, the following adjustments are to be
made, E : 2 eee
ag ie
Pn
* Gee ayl pice! inti Lit he ross wires are distinétly seen. Don't distur the
5 ‘potitigh ofthe tye fides any shore, :
2) Direct the telescope towards a distant Object (like a tree or an sen
the telescope by operating the focusing Screw (rack and pinion) ustil se - e
the distant object is clearly seen wiOUL any parallax error. By ths os mt
cross ivire will lie it tho focal ple"® OF the objective lens of the © es
"adjustment once made; should not be stared tit the eompletion ©
i
Loe OME slit of the collimator with the sn@CCUrY Vapour lary, Keep the telescope in line With
the collimator-and adjust the collimator unt ye defined image of the slit is Sean
through the telescope, The slit must be verticay and narrow,
4) Adjust the prism table to be perfectly hotizontal yy
three leveling screws of the prism table, Before det
the diffraction angles
Of spectral lines, the grating is to be adjusted fop Normal incidence,
ith the help of spirit level arte
etmining
ADJUSTMENT OF THE GRATING FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE
t Clamp the telescope when the image of the slit,
See the image of the slit directly
coincidence with the yertical crosswire, Read care
made as narrow 8s possible, is iy
fully the position of the telescope by
is reading is the direct Trading. Foy
Zero.
ofthe main sale coincides with the EXPERIMENT NO.5
STEWART AND GER’S EXPERIMENT
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT iT _ ae
"4
__To study the variation. of the intensity of the magnetic field along the axis of a curtunl
carrying circular coil by using Stewart and Gee"s Apparatus.
‘APPARATUS ee Ne
Storage cell, Rheostat (10 ohms), Ammeter (I amp), Commutator, Plug key, connestehyg
‘wires, tread, vemier calipers, meter Scale and deflection magnetometer.
of wire is given by the expression.
k= wr Ale %
bere Fis the Intensity of the Magnetitficld
N=No of tums in he Curent carying coil
j = Current in Amperes
a = Radius ofthe croular col
x =the distance of the point on the axis of the coil from the center,
2
The direction of the ficld F is along the axis Pempendi cy
i ? ilar to the plane of the coil. Wi
: ‘, f fet
a oA e i) adjusted to be ae the field acts in a ie
ae ay oe aa ee ibe oll 4 ioragetis Field H, as shows [ym [ho
figure. s ying ¢oil and Earths magnetk stivld EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Procedure.
“he eel conacons ae mae sara he The plane ofthe cicular col is
set in the magnetic meridian, ‘The auhmeter and Rheostt are kept ata lage distance from
the magnetometer so as to avoid the influence of the magnetic field set up by the current
flowing in the Rheostat, on the magnetometer: The magnetometer is placed at the center of
coil (@-reading on the horizontal scale). The base of the magnetometer is rotated carefully
Se ee
reads 0-0".
‘Thea, the electrical citeuit is completed by closing the key K. The Rheostat is adjusted until
the deflection in the magnetometer is about 70°— 70°, The magnetometer is gently tapped.
to release the needle from any possible stick up and the readings of the two ends of the
pointer are noted. Then the direction of the curent in the cirenlar col is reversed by inter
the plug keys in the holes of the commutator and the ‘reading is again noted
a tapping the dial of the magnetometer before taking the reading). If the difference
between the readings is more than 1° - 2”, it indicates that the plane of the coil is not
exactly set in the magnetic meridian, In such 4 Case, the.plane of the coil is again adjusted.
to be in the magnetic meridian and the reaingS Of the ends of the pointer when a current is
sent direct and reversed through the coil *¢ Noted, This procedure is repeated until the
difference between the readings is 1° or 1ess-
magnetometer is carefully moved through
Bes Sento: The soca of 3?
ing the current at that same value, the
Of 2 cm on the horizontal scale
{fom the center ofthe coil is noted and.
Maguciometc ts fed fe
ae ator and the ceadings of ue oat OF the etd ofthe Pointer are noted, let then beg
‘Then Op the Mean of the °F deflections 4, 05, 65 and 8, is computed, Ts
and 64. is further moved thrOUgh Another 2 cm distance ang the same procedu,
te
Like that, sets of readings - taken for at least 6 distance.on East side of the
afooil Similarly 6 sets of Readings for the same dist
ee of the coil re recorded. ‘The.teadings may be tabula,
teh.
o F
