Themes of Geography

“PLACE”

Group 4 Members:

Florie Mae Arisala

Ma. Shella Cabanero
Jocelyn Jubahib
Ana Miones
Hannah Ella Marie Pagoto
Charllot Jane Solloso
April Joyce Lecena
 PLACE

Place describes how areas are alike and different, also known as the character of an
area. The theme of place considers characteristics that make one location different
from all other locations on Earth. Geographers describe a place by two kinds of
characteristics: physical and human.

There are two ways to describe a place

 Physical Characteristics
 Human Characteristics

The Physical Characteristics of a place make up its natural environment and

include:
Bodies of water, Landforms, Climate, Soils, Natural Vegetation, and Animal Life.

1. Bodies of water
Is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface. The term
most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water
such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to
be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where
water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water.

 Ocean or Karagatan, is a body of water that makes up much of the earth’s

hydrosphere. This is one of the widest and largest bodies of water in the world.
Huge sea vessels can travel here. There are five oceans in the world:
 Pacific Ocean- the ocean closest to the Philippines. This is also the largest
ocean
 Atlantic Ocean
 Southern Ocean
 Indian Ocean
 Arctic Ocean

 River or Ilog is a natural waterway is usually formed by water derived from either
precipitation or glacial melt-water and flows from higher ground to lower ground.
Its water is typically enclosed in a channel, composed of a stream bed between
banks.
Notable rivers in the Philippines include are:
 Agusan River – the third largest river in the Philippines, Located in the
northeast of Mindanao)
 Marikina River – is the largest tributary of Pasig River with headwaters in the
Sierra Madre in the province of Rizal. Located in the eastern portion of Metro
Manila.
 Pasig River - this river used to be a significant transport route and source of
water in Manila during the Spanish era.
 Cagayan River - also known as Rio Grande de Cagayan, is the country’s
longest and largest river. Located in the Cagayan Valley.
 Agno River - also known as the Pangasinan River, this traverses the
provinces of Benguet and Pangasinan.
  Palawan Underground River

Pasig River Rio Grande de Cagayan Agusan River

Palawan Underground River Marikina River Agno River

 Gulf or Golpo is an inlet of a lake or ocean that stretches so that it is bounded by

land on three sides, similar to but with a narrower opening than a bay. Famous
gulfs in the country are the Leyte Gulf and Lingayen Gulf.
 Lingayen Gulf – is a large gulf in northwest of Luzon.
 Leyte Gulf – is located in the eastern Visayas, the Leyte Gulf is a portion of
the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean, and is surrounded by two islands:
Samar in the north and Leyte in the west.

Lingayen Gulf Leyte Gulf

 Lake or Lawa is a body of water, typically freshwater, surrounded by land.

Most lakes in the Philippines are correlated to volcanic and tectonic activities, and a
number of smaller lakes fill the crates of dormant or extinct volcanoes.
 Laguna de Bay – is the largest lake and is famous for its heart-shaped.
 Lanao Lake – is a large ancient lake in Lanao del Sur, this body of water is
the second largest lake in the country and the largest in Mindanao.
 Taal Lake – is a freshwater volcanic Crater Lake in Batangas, which occupies
the Taal Volcano. It is the third largest lake in the Philippines.

Laguna de Bay Lanao Lake Taal Lake

 Waterfall or Talon is a river or other body of water’s steep vertical drop over a
rocky ledge into a plunge pool below.

 Maria Cristina Falls - is a waterfall of the Agus River in the Northern

Mindanao region of the Philippines. It is sometimes called the "twin falls" as
the flow is separated by a rock at the brink of the waterfall. This majestic fall
is the “primary power” source across Mindanao.

 Pagsanjan Falls - The three-drop waterfall is reached by a river trip on a

dugout canoe, known locally as "Shooting the Rapids", originating from the
municipality of Pagsanjan.

 Tinago Falls - Tinago is a Filipino term meaning "hidden", the falls being
hidden in a deep ravine. Its basin features a stunning blue-green pool of cold
water. perfect for swimming

 Tinuy-an Falls - is a white water curtain that flows in three levels (with a
fourth tier hidden from view) and is said to be the widest waterfall in the
Philippines.

Maria Christina Falls Pagsanjan Falls

Tinago Falls Tinuy-an Falls

2. Landforms
It is a natural feature of the solid surface of the earth.

Different Landforms that can be found in the Philippines

 Plain or Kapatagan
 It is a long flat and wide form of land.
 It is a landform that is easy to cultivate and develop
 It is good for farming, building residential, housing, and trading
 Transportation is easy in this kind of landform.

Example of Plain in the Philippines

Central Plain of the Philippines

 Largest Plain in the Philippines
 It is found in Central Luzon
 It is also known as the “Rice Granary of the Philippines”.
 It means they are the largest producers of rice in the Philippines.

 Valley or Lambak
 It is a lowland plain that is in between mountains.
 It is usually safe from typhoons and strong winds because the mountains
around it serve as protection.

Example of Valley in the Philippines

Cagayan Valley
 Found in the Cagayan Valley Region in Region 2
 Largest Valley in the Philippines
 Other valleys in the Country are found in the provinces of Baguio, Cotabato,
Agusan, Aklan, Antique, and Zamboanga. All of these places have valleys but
it is smaller than Cagayan Valley.

 Plateau or Talampas
 It is plain land on top of a mountain or an elevated area.
 The climate is cold and pleasant in this area. It is very nice to go here,
especially in summer.
 Families can go here for outings, seminars, and other religious activities.
Example of Plateau in the Philippines

Mountain Province Plateau

 It is a plain on top of a mountain.
 It is found in Mountain Province
 Other plateaus in the Philippines are in Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao in
Luzon, and in Bukidnon, and Lanao del Norte in Mindanao.

 Hill or Burol
 It is an elevated land whose height does not exceed 152 meters above sea
level.
 Hills are good places for planting fruit trees and vegetables, and grazing of
animals.

Example of Hill in the Philippines

Chocolate Hills
 Found in Bohol Province
 About 1260 hills

 Mountain or Bundok
 It is an elevated landform.
 Mountains are important in the lives of the people.
 Forests, rare plants, and animal species are found in the mountains.
 Minerals like gold, silver, nickel, bronze, chromite, and iron are mined under
the mountains.

Examples of Mountain in the Philippines

Mt. Apo
 Also known as Apo Sandawa.
 It is the highest mountain (peak) and volcano (active) in the Philippines.
  It is located between Davao City and Davao del Sur in the Davao Region, and
Cotabato in Soccsksargen. It is one of the country's most popular
hiking/climbing destinations.


Mt. Dulang-dulang
 It is the 2nd highest mountain in the Philippines.
 It is found in Bukidnon

Mt. Pulag
 It is the highest mountain in Luzon
 It is found in Benguet
 A lot of people like to hike Mt. Pulag.
 Famous for its “sea of clouds”.

 Mountain Range or Bulubundukin

 It is a row of mountains
 It is a series of mountains. There are a lot of mountains that are connected to
one another.

Examples of Mountain Range in the Philippines

Sierra Madre
 Longest Mountain range in the Philippines

Cordillera Mountain Range

 Located in the Eastern part of Metro Manila
 Caraballo Mountains
 Found at the Cross Central Luzon

 Volcano or Bulkan
 It is a landform like a mountain.
 It has opening called a crater where hot rocks, mud, and lahar are thrown out
and flow to the Earth’s surface when it erupts.

Examples of Volcanos in the Philippines

Mayon Volcano
 Most active volcano in the Philippines
 Known for it perfect cone shape
 Found in Albay

Taal Volcano
 One of the smallest volcanoes in the world.
 Found in Batangas

Mt. Pinatubo
 Found in Zambales
 Peninsula or Tangway
 It is protruding land along the shores.
 It is a piece of land that is almost surrounded by water but is connected to the
mainland on one side.

Examples of Peninsula in the Philippines

Zamboanga Peninsula
 Found in Mindanao

Bataan Peninsula
 Found in Luzon

Bicol Peninsula
 Found in Luzon

 Island or Pulo
 It is a land that is completely surrounded by water.
 It is an area of land smaller than a continent.
 An island may occur in the ocean, seas, lakes, and rivers

Examples of Island in the Philippines

The 3 main islands of the Philippines

Luzon Visayas Mindanao

3. Climate
 The climate in the Philippines is tropical which is ideal for various outdoor
activities like beach-bumming and mountain climbing. Depending on the
topography and location in the country, the climate is classified further into
five types:

 Tropical Rainforest
Tropical rainforest is characterized as hot, very humid, and wet. Normally,
there is no dry season in a tropical rainforest climate, and even if there is, it is
very short. Heavy rainfall is therefore expected throughout the year. Provinces
with tropical rainforest climate are those located near the equator.
Also known as equatorial climate usually but not always found along the
equator.

 Tropical Monsoon
Tropical monsoon is characterized by more rainfall, or less pronounced dry
season. This type of climate comes between tropical rainforest climate and
tropical savanna climate.
Also known as tropical wet climate, experiences abundant rainfall like that of
the tropical rainforest climate.

 Tropical Savanna
In contrast to tropical monsoon, tropical savanna has a dry season and gets
less rainfall. Dry season can become severe.
Also known as tropical wet and dry climate, these climate have a pronounced
dry season.
 Humid Subtropical
Humid subtropical climate is characterized by hot and humid summers, and
cold to mild winters. Provinces with this type of climate are typically located at
or near coastal areas.
Is a zone of subtropical climate characterized by hot, usually humid summers
and mild to cool.

 Oceanic
Oceanic climate has cool summers and cool but not cold winters. It rarely
experiences dry season as rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year,
however they may get constant storms which cause cloudy or overcast
conditions.

4. Soils
 The portion of the earth's surface consisting of disintegrated rock and humus.
 Any place or condition providing the opportunity for growth or development.
 The ground as producing vegetation or as cultivated for its crops.
 Soil can be categorized into sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk and loam types of soil
based on the dominating size of the particles within a soil.

Types of Soil:

 Sandy soil-

Sandy Soil is light, warm, dry and tends to be acidic and low in nutrients.
Sandy soils are often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand
and little clay (clay weighs more than sand).
These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with. They are
quicker to warm up in spring than clay soils but tend to dry out in summer and
suffer from low nutrients that are washed away by rain.
The addition of organic matter can help give plants an additional boost of
nutrients by improving the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil.

 Clay Soil-
 Clay Soil is a heavy soil type that benefits from high nutrients. Clay soils
remain wet and cold in winter and dry out in summer.
These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and because of the spaces
found between clay particles, clay soils hold a high amount of water.
Because these soils drain slowly and take longer to warm up in summer,
combined with drying out and cracking in summer, they can often test
gardeners.

 Silt Soil-

Silt Soil is a light and moisture retentive soil type with a high fertility rating.
As silt soils compromise of medium sized particles they are well drained and
hold moisture well.
As the particles are fine, they can be easily compacted and are prone to
washing away with rain.
By adding organic matter, the silt particles can be bound into more stable
clumps.

 Peat Soil-
 Peat soil is high in organic matter and retains a large amount of moisture.
This type of soil is very rarely found in a garden and often imported into a
garden to provide an optimum soil base for planting.

 Chalk Soil-

Chalk soil can be either light or heavy but always highly alkaline due to the
calcium carbonate (lime) within its structure.
As these soils are alkaline they will not support the growth of ericaceous
plants that require acidic soils to grow.
If a chalky soil shows signs of visible white lumps then they can’t be acidified
and gardeners should be resigned to only choose plants that prefer an
alkaline soil.

 Loam Soil-

Loam soil is a mixture of sand, silt and clay that are combined to avoid the
negative effects of each type.
 These soils are fertile, easy to work with and provide good drainage.
Depending on their predominant composition they can be either sandy or
clay loam.
As the soils are a perfect balance of soil particles, they are considered to
be a gardener’s best friend, but still benefit from topping up with additional
organic matter.

5. Natural Vegetation
 The vegetation of the Philippines is very rich and diverse.

 There are 3,000 kinds of trees that are found in the country include:
Lumber, Yakal, Tindalo, and Kamagong
 These kind of trees are found in the forests in Cordilleras, Quezon, Palawan,
Agusan, Bukidon, Davao, Cotabato, and Lanao.

Yakal Tindalo Kamagong

 There are 5,000 kinds of flowering plants.
 1,000 varieties of ferns, and 8,000 species of known orchids, 800 of which
are found in our forests.
 There is a large flower growing in the forests of Mindanao.It is called

Rafflesia – it is called to be the largest flower in the world.

Waling-waling (vanda senderiana) – a rare kind of orchid. It is regarded as

the “Queen of the Philippine Orchid”.

Some examples of flowers that are commonly grow in the Philippines are:
Sampaguita, Rosal, Gumamela, Santan, and Ilang-ilang
 Some examples of plants that can only survive and live in a tropical places
like Philippines are:
Banana, Mango, Coconut

Trees that can survive in the riverbanks and sea shores of the country are:
Palm trees, Talisay, Cogon, Agoho, Mangrove, and Lemon Grass

In cold and higher place like Benguet are found with different varieties of fruits
and vegetables like.
Cabbage, Pechay, Brocolli, and Strawberry

Plants which are cultivated for industrial include the:

 Rice
 Corn
 Coconut
 Banana
 Pineapple
 Coffee
 Mango
 Tobacco
6. Animal Life
 Fauna is the general term for animal life.
 Different kinds of animals are also found in the country.

These are some of the examples of animals that can be found in the Philippines.

Carabao
 One of the most famous water buffalo known called as Carabao.
 This beast is the best friend of farmers.
 It can survive the hotness and coldness of the climate.

Various kinds of birds are also found in the Philippines.

Of almost 900 species of birds in the country. The Eagle, Kalaw, Pipit, Kulasisi,
Pigeon, and Maya-maya are commonly known

Eagle
 Is considered as the “king of birds”
 Eagle are found in the forest of Marinduque, Bohol, Samar, Leyte, and
Mindanao.
About 2,000 species of fish are found in the seas surrounding in the Philippine
Archipelago.

Examples of species of fish that are common in the Philippines

Tuna, Lapu-lapu, Milk-fish (bangus), Galunggong, Sapsap, Tilapia, Hito,
and Bulig
Tamaraw/ Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo
 The tamaraw is a heritage species of major importance for the Philippines. It
is the only wild cattle species living in the country and occurs only on the
island of Mindoro. There are likely no more than 580 tamaraws surviving
today on the island.

Tarsier
 The Philippine tarsier is a shy, nocturnal animal that leads a mostly hidden
life. During the day, it sleeps in dark hollows close to the ground.
 These furry, tiny creatures can only be found in the islands of Bohol, Samar,
Leyte, and Mindanao

Philippine Monkey Eagle

 The second largest eagle in the world found in the forest of Mindanao. It is our
National Bird.

Visayan Warty Pig (Sus cebifrons)

 Is a critically endangered species endemic to Cebu, Negros, Panay, Masbate,
Guimaras, and Siquijor.
Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis)
 Known as the “flying fox” for its foxlike face, the Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat
is a species of stripe-faced fruit bat endemic to Mindoro.

Pilandok (mouse deer)

 The Philippine mouse-deer or also known as pilandok is a small, nocturnal
ruminant endemic to Balabac, Bugsuk, and Ramos islands southwest of
Palawan. Contrary to its name, the Philippine mouse-deer does not belong to
the deer family Cervidae, but is a member of the chevrotain family.
Human Characteristics. The size and density of the population, the ethnic and
religious makeup of the population, language patterns, and other aspects of the
culture. Human characteristics also include the built environment, such as houses,
roads, and other infrastructure.

Culture –
Can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and
institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to
generation. Culture has been called “the way of life for an entire society.”
As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals,
art. Cultures are groups of people who share a common set of values
and beliefs. They may also share cultural elements like languages,
festivals, rituals and ceremonies, pastimes, food, and architecture.
Examples of cultures include western culture, youth culture,
counterculture, and high culture.

Types of culture:

 Non – material Culture

 Corporate Culture
 Culture of diversity
 Popular Culture
 Foreign Culture.

Depicted filipino traits:

 Pakikisama
 Hiya
 Utang na Loob
 Close Family Ties
 Bayanihan, Hospitality
 Ningas Cogon
 Respect for Elders.

Physical Form-
The overall appearance, configuration, or shape, derived from material
characteristics and independent of intellectual content. Maputi,
Matangkad, Moreno, Mataba, Singkit, Maitim and Maganda.
Culture
Culture -can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and
institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to
generation. Culture has been called “the way of life for an entire society.”
As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals,
art. Cultures are groups of people who share a common set of values
and beliefs. They may also share cultural elements like languages,
festivals, rituals and ceremonies, pastimes, food and architecture.

Bayanihan,- The Bayanihan (pronounced

as buy-uh-nee-hun) is a Filipino custom
derived from a Filipino word “bayan”, which
means nation, town or community. The term
bayanihan itself literally means “being in a bayan”, which refers to the
spirit of communal unity, work and cooperation to achieve a particular
goal.

Pagmamano,- Mano or pagmamano is

an "honoring-gesture" used in Filipino
culture performed as a sign of respect to
elders and as a way of requesting a
blessing from the elder. Similar to hand-
kissing, the person giving the greeting
bows towards the hand of the elder and presses their forehead on the
elder's hand. Usually performed with the right hand, the person showing
respect may ask "Mano po" or "[Pa-] bless po" to the elder in order to
ask permission to initiate the gesture. Typically someone may mano to
their older relatives upon entry into their home or upon seeing them

Flores de Mayo- (Spanish for "flowers of

May") is a festival held in the Philippines in
the month of May. It is one of the May devotions to the Blessed Virgin
Mary and lasts for the entire month.

Pamamanhikan, In Filipino culture, lovers

would go through a lot of stages before
actually calling it official. There’s
the panliligaw or courtship stage,
the harana or serenading, the old-
fashioned love letters, and many other
things that will make you feel all gooey and
helplessly in love. Then, after all this,
there’s pamamanhikan.

Pananampalataya,- for the Filipino,

every facet of life is considered sacred,
with a special spiritual significance. Any
simple attempt at describing the belief
system native to a Filipino is likely to be
inadequate. The philosopher god Georg
Hegel believed that art, by its very
nature, reflects the culture of the time in
which it is created.

Fiesta- A festival or commonly as a

Fiesta is part of the Filipino culture.
Each city or province has a local
fiesta. Being a very religious centered
country, a fiesta is commonly about
the celebration of a city or province’s
patron saint or harvest. There is a fiesta going on at any time in the
Philippines

Baro at Saya- The baro’t

saya or baro at saya (literally
"blouse and skirt") is a
traditional dress ensemble worn
by women in the Philippines. It is
a national dress of
the Philippines and combines
elements from both the
precolonial native Filipino and
colonial Spanish clothing styles. It
traditionally consists of four parts: a
blouse (baro or camisa), a long skirt
(saya or falda), a kerchief worn over
the shoulders (pañuelo, fichu,
or alampay), and a short rectangular
cloth worn over the skirt
(the tapis or patadyong).

Language

Language is a system of communication which consists of a set of

sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular
country or region for talking or writing. Specifically, language has four
functions. They are expressive, informative, directive and survival. The
first use of language is defined as expressive, it allows people to express
how they feel. It is a combination of multiple form of languages.

Example of languages used in the Philippines:

Tagalog- a member of a people of the Philippines, living chiefly in the

region around Manila, the language of this people, belonging to
the Malayo-Polynesian family: the official language of the Philippines.

Bisaya- In the sense of "Visayan person", often denotes a person who is

ethnically Cebuano in addition to the peoples of the Visayas in general.
People who speak a Visayan language, but is not ethnically Visayan or
from the Visayas region, such as the natives of Masbate or
southern Sorsogon, do not consider themselves Visayan

Cebuano- referred to by its speakers simply

as Bisaya or Binisaya (both translated into English as Visayan, though
this should not be confused with other Bisayan languages), is
an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is
spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands
of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half
of Leyte, and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and
the Zamboanga Peninsula. In modern times, it has also spread to
the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands,
and the lowland regions of Caraga, often displacing native languages in
those areas (most of which are closely related to the language).

Ilocano- a member of a major people of northern Luzon in the

Philippines, the Austronesian language of the Ilocano people

Hiligaynon- also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisaya/Bisaya nga

Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken
in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western
Visayas and Soccsksargen, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon
people. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and
belongs to the Bisayan languages, and is more distantly related to
other Philippine languages.
Ilonggo- The term “Ilonggo” is derived from “ilong-ilong” the old name
for Iloilo City, Panay. “Ilonggo” is considered to define a specific group of
people whose ethnic origins are in the province of Iloilo, Guimaras, and
Panay, while “Hiligaynon” defines the language and culture of the
Ilonggo people.

Bicol- A Member of an indigenous people of south-eastern Luzon in the

Philippines.
‘External appearance is more strictly regarded among the Bisayans than
by the Bicols and Tagalogs.’

Waray- also known as Waray-Waray or Bisaya/Binisaya nga

Winaray/Waray) is an Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken
native regional language of the Philippines native to Eastern Visayas. It
is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the
Abaknon people of Capul, Northern Samar, and some Cebuano-
speaking peoples of western and southern parts of Leyte Island. It is the
third most spoken language among the Bisayan languages, only
behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon.

Maguindanao- are an Austronesian ethnic group from

the Philippines .The Maguindanao are part of wider political identity of
Muslims of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan known as Moro, who constitute
the third largest ethnic group of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. The
Maguindanaos are constitute the sixth largest Filipino ethnic group and
are known for their distinguished in the realm of visual art. Historically,
they have been renowned as metalworkers, producing the wavy-
bladed keris ceremonial swords and other weapons, as well as gongs.
The Maguindanaos historically had an independent Sultanate known
as Sultanate of Maguindanao which comprises Maguindanao
Province, Zamboanga Peninsula, Davao Region and Soccsksargen. The
name "Maguindanao" itself was corrupted by Spanish sources into
"Mindanao", which became the name for the entire island of Mindanao.

Kapampangan- A member of a people of the northern Phillipines,

chiefly inhabiting the central plain of Luzon island.
Pangasinan- A province of the Philippines located on the west central
area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf and South China Sea.

Religion

Religion is usually defined as a social-cultural system of designated

behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified
places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations that generally relates
humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual
elements.however, there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely
constitutes a religion.

RomanCatholicism- Christian
church that has been
the decisive spiritual force in the
history of Western civilization. Along
with Eastern
Orthodoxy and Protestantism, it is
one of the three major branches
of Christianity.
Islam- The word “islam” mean
“submission to the will of God”
Followers of Islam are called
Muslims. Muslims are monotheistic
and worship one, all knowing God
who in Arabic is known as Allah.
Followers of Islam aim to live a life of
complete submission to Allah.

INC - Iglesia ni Cristo was founded by

Felix Manalo in 1914 in the
Philippines. The phrase “Iglesia ni
Cristo” is Tagalog (the language of
the Philippines) for “Church of Christ.”
Sadly, while claiming to be a church,
Iglesia ni Cristo has all of the basic
elements of a cult. The first and
foremost is a single charismatic
leader who claims to have a special
revelation from God. Felix Manalo
was a former Catholic who
abandoned Catholicism in his teens.
He experimented with several
Protestant denominations and the
Jehovah’s Witnesses. Manalo finally
started his own church, the Iglesia ni
Cristo, in 1914. When a schism in the
church appeared in 1922, he began
claiming to be God’s prophet in an
effort to accumulate power and re-
assert his leadership over the church.
 Evangelical Christianity – A
prominent picture in Christianity is
Jesus Christ’s crucifixion, death,
and resurrection. Evangelical
Christians believe that by accepting
Jesus and his sacrifice for us, we
save our souls and go to heaven
once we die.

Other Protestant- is a form

of Christianity that follows the tenets
of the Protestant Reformation: a
major movement within Western
Christianity that began in the 16th
century [against what its followers
perceived to be errors, abuses,
innovations, discrepancies, and
theological Novus within the
medieval Catholic Church.
Seventh-day Adventism-

Seven Day Adventist churches are churches that believe that Jesus
Christ will return very soon, and that have Saturday as their holy day

a7

Aglipay- the Independent Philippine

Church (IPC) or Aglipayan Church is
a popular schismatic Catholic Church
founded in 1902 by the priest
Gregorio Aglipay and Sr. Isabelo de
los Yeyes. The schism was a function
of the native Filipino clergy’s
resentment of Spanish Catholic
orders during the late Spanish
colonial period, and received early
support from some Filipino
nationalists as well as American
Protestants. Aglipay himself clearly
underscored that the schism’s roots
were in the treatment of the native
clergy by the Vatican. The church has
faced strong opposition from the
Roman Catholic Church throughout
the past century, though has
subsided in recent decades as the
IPC has drawn closer to the
Episcopal Church.
Bible Baptist Church- Baptist are a Christian religious group. Many
Baptist belong to the Protestant movement of Christianity. They believe
that a person can attain salvation through faith in God and Jesus Christ.
Baptist also believe in the sanctity of the Bible.

Population Factors

Population factors-the two main factors affecting population growth are

the birth rate (b) and death rate (d). Population growth may also be
affected by people coming into the population from somewhere else
(immigration) or leaving the population for another area (emigration).
Reasons for the expected population growth include increase in the
number of young unmarried mothers, high fertility rates for some ethnic
groups, and inadequate sexual education and birth control provision.

There 3 types of population growth

* Exponential Growth- In exponential growth, a population’s per capital

(per individual) growth rate stays the same regardless of population size,
making the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger. In nature,
populations may grow exponentially for some period, but they will
ultimately be limited by resource availability.

* Logistic Growth- exponential growth takes place when a population’s

per capita growth rate stays the same, regardless of population size,
making the population grow faster a it gets larger.

* Limiting Factors- a limiting factor is anything that constrains a

population’s size and slows or stops it from growing. Some examples of
limiting factors are biotic, like foods, mates, and competition with other
organisms for resources.

Economic Activity
Economic activity takes place when resources such as capital goods,
labour, manufacturing techniques or intermediary products are combined
to produce specific goods or services.

Economic activities:

Transportation- is an economic factor of production of goods and

services, implying that it is fundamental in their generation, even if it
accounts for a small share of input costs. This means that irrespective of
the cost, an activity cannot take place without the transportation factor
and the mobility it provides.

Mining- Mining is a site specific economic activity creating wealth from

the extraction of non-renewable resources from land and sea. The
boundaries of the mining industry are imprecise. It conventionally
excludes oil, gas, and water, but coal and uranium are normally
included.

Manufacturing- To manufacture something means to make it in a

factory, usually in large quantities.

Production- Economic production is an activity carried out under the

control and responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of
labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of goods or
services.
Distribution- In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or
wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of
production (such as labour, land and capital).

Fishing- The science of producing fish and other aquatic resources for
the purpose of providing human food, although other aims are possible
(such as sport or recreational fishing), or obtaining ornamental fish or
fish products such as fish oil. Fisheries are harvested for their value
either commercial, recreational, or self-consumption.

Rice farming- paddy, also called rice paddy, small, level, flooded field
used to cultivate rice in southern and eastern Asia. Wet-rice cultivation is
the most prevalent method of farming in the Far East, where it utilizes a
small fraction of the total land yet feeds the majority of the rural
population.
Coconut Farming- coconut is propagated through seedlings raised from
selected seed nuts. Generally 9 to 12 months old seedlings are used for
planting. Select seedlings, which have 6-8 leaves and 10-12 cm collar
girth when they are 9-12 months old. Early splitting of leaves is another
criteria in the selection of coconut seedling.

Cultivation, Livestock farming- Livestock agriculture is concerned with

raising and maintaining livestock, primarily for the purposes of producing
meat, milk and eggs. Livestock agriculture also includes wool and
leather production and may include kept for recreation (riding or racing)
and draft.