Tent opoamp COlipnentiod amplifie) i The higgorortias amplifier & Powtalty an amplipjer which arplifle he Ai gorenu betwee, the wo /npuk Big psstls - Tha Meal opamp i bositally a Lifpertat anpliffer whith & ta Inpuk Shaye Gan De opamp. + vy ph] le = y Olfgerente.)| % Ui = Bipinance Ompliftor iL Input ok i Voltage pole an "Mt oe WV ~ Hy Telual opoamp fonsidvr — ay, Volant clippeentrnl — arupligter own & the bigess Nard, - Two Input Egret % a Singte rote! sult « Gach ipa ae mectwus! tof aespect bo ground - output Voltage No a Pooper Honak to ee Aifjeocra between a Goo snput kigral, % 4 Cu, —V>) —v2 Diferrirat gals (hel )'- from te 2anatron C2» v2e lar too'b Y, = Ae Vee bohere Aq - Cortéare propos Gorality , Ad i Be gee lth which Aygerental Ampupier amplifies the Aiffercra Letevee» hwo Jeput Stgrals. Fe & alo (alles) Liffeventias go 2 Aifferentras Anplyyren.Cercraly es As & caprened & Ht Aue! (6) value at ‘ Cnrmmon roots gov? Pe) = Ye te applieel Input velkages one pS 0.2) 2a) ter ye Cutput wltage © 2 Cy - va) pol, must be Zero Bat the Culpur Veltage A Pet only Meprds on dppaeticl tcnege bet ako dyperets cn amecoge lemmer fuel @ too Iyputs. Lach a aunoge Gud @ boo Inpue Spend, @ calls] temmen rrodt Uypol devoted ar % We > Mt¥e ’ z The gat oi th which Ie areplifyes the & tale! Commen moelt gato rdercte! pee. Mp z Acw | : Thus Ueno whit, Lome Pinita Cebu for Vp len bo Auth lamer gh | GO Ne, tx Cote ey frerticol diffesanttas pl opens » lerninen madls tigpal to pocatucs tha Cieat So the aampligier Gan be exprenseel os, Thi hows Bat If one Mput i Prony Qrl oles Hu culvert 9 the eumplifier will pot be Same, wlth the inputs at boon ane! broil, henge thn dhifferente hewn the to Sets ZB be Jor ar plint Afferervas 7, Bs Aigerertiod gas Ad ruts be rpirte Sean eee Le =220- Wi ermueret -2euy ber Grputs 4 Solty, Common reds Gath ruse Fiz ability ga Aifgerential amplphe to aget 4 lemmen rrccle Rigel 4 expresseof ly a palro calle! Commer ele jester Batto dole as bene Gt cifered 28 se mato 3 2 bifferentint Voltage 92> Ad 70 Lemnner ee ae : fore es [Ae I Ac ¢ f SeentinvLEY/ A Ldealy Le lemmen trecl woreage re s020- tame Ls leat Yale @ Cree i infer ¢ ree 5 alo expresec/ % de os [ene 8 de = toky [4% Tote | ces z let cutput J any ayfeeertial VYCLEA TT @ The culput wolbnge . below * " Sie tere OC nee 8) Dc Canoetottbes Qeorpi- 5 ve takes! al de The Ieportane de chan outentelies ine 4 poarp are, be Dyut bas wssvert hid, v Wor AaYy peas 2 Z “Dope pict trent Pig) CH) 2 Dept opppe Voltage (Yio: ) 4 Brerrral Aigt Thread cbrift Fu opamp Pacemelens Input cearert TZ ancf enews oN 2 Aa Lt nee Vy Th, equabler esplura tak at Oran 6 Daoge. tregh bots Yeard Vd Practically vo : Components i present. Coe euppul d motkly Gee Voltage Wow Input bles poprvern! to Be Aprons “7 og cial, tyne oft worer Tig ove pot terttante The. lomnner rool Lermpenent bh greatly *G [| ae tangy ere egrets: Feoteoes '- . Diomperaters Sige Lifpsertial Vellegs Gur Dery Velleg® Ohnug et @c/ Fs sfpen a Gorge to berporotre a ; Or Be parenretoot Ji rest severe. Jet ws 2 hye Lerner trot Gar Ce I denna Anast tha iffele Gy tere b, tenpereteurs gpa [fee Bee Parameters. ohare extul jnpedare- Pig Impek dnpedares | High Cree | | ree Vole Bhece em Input Te feet oy horge th bonpecatene Input Ufsce Yeltege bb iffired Fy 0 on lee | poter called Cerrrad Voltage oye. Te b (| ale ated cn put Ogee Voltage Aoife | The acral Veltage dupe & | Aoad 08 megs vote Q barge 9 Input f £uple change _ Aloe or ue appsee Voltage aeige cokers Sin = Change bee ge OS ee ge oe Te b expressed & H/C. The ane B pb ftoulart ov) 70 amb tigre doves | specified qperalig ternperatuce Barge: The todee | Go input Bput wltege my Mnieenst 2 Cevan wits, Ce Inireaiing tonpesolan’. Tre geoph horn Ba. Doomed vale | Inpat eafeee Veltage wand Cempeoalerre, go> Merrat open Fin inp Gpuck Yollage & Xo00 a8 reom tenpeatre 9 2%. + Prom Ba gor tw (ar Cbtads te Basrral voltage Lote Males » | | : cenrents 1— Gooilan ee true gpact- Yolagt, pat ine convert are! Imp agict Gorenk ore Lest laoy samp, terpecntert’ Ta Aoife while Agee” agree avert & ijied hy 0 grin Caled pe qqysee oorere avige wate Gi charge 2 The ovevege input bar teovent po Unie Sarge > torpaatve G Called input bos tusrent alvife . o- 5 ie wana By bs Oe ty prput- bos eleiairloest Fel Ta! avavage rode | Impue qpsee current pes nit charge b tempeoatuce “a Called Irput Gag ace enoverte See Slope oun be G wether aapohe es <7 os 7s Oy irpat gpset enrent aol Bots the no Yftt maneturac/ Gee nn [te ox pale» Teste foomrmeteos WOru a, age ate rg are Ll aa ©am plier! - : The bute a Ruse am amplifie” & Inverteo! as lerya.ed to the Jnpek Ayre - “Fiz Inverted ocelot Signal Peears hewing 9 phase she a leo" ax Cemmpaveot | to the — Jrpurté sighed . Be | San oumplipien — echith —poovieles | a phase Blige 9% leo* Le tue Input ad ou bout Bo Called metry Arla e J, Poole A i Dn teole Bu gqrcourete Balle at — geound Potentinl: from Se ° visteat geowrnl, So Vw | Corupt FB : Vo _-™ = MN Ps aa Brn =O) Now foo the ou eet Arle Usntelesing Be Yoection B wovert 7 we tan orl Vv, - Ve 2 ote eae fi Fy ae Ebi ve lurvsenE 72 Passes Crag Cf 25 op-amp Inpet duorert it 2000,quoting ee ee eee ele Sp henge '- Dr be plead jnvesting amplifier By 2k en the gars iv Ace =I Tous the mrogritecle a cult bb Lome as Bak B lee input but jh Wyn opposite. to Hal | Ts a bbe gas be campy | | a ° a, | gy Be Input | tohile jative Sig licates — ror n. | eee kc akan [hero pe ay ce 2% output & posite Umea Mmpul. Men | ie Bb Lit Galled — fauesting amplifier « t Tics crew i ented typ i i bo phase — iriveoten « 2 i Seale Changer re — Tn We telat Investing amplifier y PR, then the gass v Mg 2 -k where be ly ~ Thus Ba cast Meee be rruttiply input by @ torbark called baling fatle> Te gerBlane prust be precision deriklngs te act Ge Saling factor a Prevsely » Tis Oreu'e called fale | easily , changer + Dy Py FR, 1 Be gab i gente: mo! | | Telead Hon Druaber _ampliien 2 Tpke hk Ry the gos 4 lea Bar - : De ample hth ampli the > Tg by = 8,, be gar b unity Inpu exited — producing Arif prose big | The Closed loop gain hb horole]| | feteveen fmput caro! oubpt fh Called “nen investing ampuifier The input i applied Prput Lesrelral a tae. as Ave oF ee je) gre wlth fesdlonct bo a nom inveatirg op- amp.x = Mm, [C8 + es) oe = Fiey ie Nin = eRe), oe aey Bey = ee t Ta rool B ts ab potentral Um | heme ia potenval B pene AB fame | prokich i Vins form tha Cones QW shoot Ny 2M 2 We | Poem the eutput S/o we Can woth, Ny = Mn Te =a -o | i | Bye Waveform 4 rom. huarting arcpifir. \ Ry ey (fe te inves ting teomirnd , Be We-0 fe Dede --w) Te votage gars Indaperrelont 9 e e, © open Loop gas 9 opamp, but ciperols any om lwo delitane — voluet + Bouse Cusrere farsex thoorgh 2 at ft lersere | Cpramp fh F020. Tle dered octet Neltage gack tan Spantrrg U2 and 2) be obtained YY selecting poopes Values % - Wo Vi, see hy andt2. Zz = 277 ey 38 Sees te ye 8 & oa, Ww 4%) Terree)| Gropeckep Zecutad b Inverted with No phase shift vespert bo Iropuct Petecen Irput aref output 3. Tie voltage gan (Cr be austd as feecter Ban, equal bo oz lets thar ore. Ho The Input ea k eae S| ms fe » ere pon investing arpligie ) Tac bh arplifin with feedback axle Clore! Loop hom - hen - tnuesbing wows % ake arrph fie - Uden) Droestirg avnpli pies Ide Non= jnveiing oo ae i, Lvateage gaim= Hp, loltage gas hy | A | Fis vollage gab i alecas, goentes Hay i Fie input Impeclane Leielly a pooctea! | Oe Pera ete gue Ue 2 feet a Ped! ah gs rea a [Pemetanus &, andl Py: Fis trp ib applied bo Be Portrutrbirg Lemirad Te Wellage oteoss P/ 6 the fetes voltege Y wtih Wes te irpet lo the ffadlock Cirawt- Fa Ya Fier to Investing teomia wchich apyotse Irpuk Vettage by the” eohich trtemet that the fe i nagatre. To be analyte g Bis Oneuits tow ee, Dower play’ an Impotart col bre = ee 24M aha = Closed bop gas ok 8 Bs fedbok ean go Lt The Cloud boop Voltage gar # fa which & Be Palio J cutpul Wolkage input vorkage uh ofeslback hae ee| i appl = | pak Wer Vin oF Inet t3 | oly wieege aeons P, 2) | spas Smiles goe BOO MOOI | Osi voltage ea) Gioessce ae a eve 7. _ Rio. Yo Ye cho [Me - an J = Ro Vin aerTi ‘fu Re POLT\ yy in are. nes Ag Uvied) The 1 Hee attack expenton for Ge Close! — ep go Now plenty, Ao «hoy Lange tomteg to wo here fy, 2 2> CErey )- Here reg heeding te, 124) from ba denormatn 6 feb- Cpraclitad inveeding amply) Tosi ad pose 2), canplipies volte ferdback which i abso caited closed Loop investing amplifies f | } pees | | f fy Voltage shuant fertnel opp | Te vesntane py forrs tee feedback | chocust- Te Inver tad Output & applied to the | woirtig ttominad rough wernbant ef. Ts fobeity g te auizut Yoltage tobe ke feedbatt loppostte to ba Pokotty g ta Input Voltage . Tues be fedbace a Ly: poattead ruceting omplifves Cheted boop Vatlege —ffor>- Toa Clore! bop Yollage gach dowel at Au fe. te alto g output Voltage bo fnput Yolbage wits feedbah Proty Kiachoff't Cusvent Paw ae be roote P R= ryt Tho Though mput Destbane fin i 770d Je B Very Very Lorge ard hans Dex bs riglgeblyed mw peels | sant and pen | Ep & Tt My —4a ch a Vellage te unvent tinwater y, Mae i 2 Mpeg By | te att bend canvent ti prmpostional to unment case g POP | Ba Input Neltege Pererclng © tne lonrettion Pron Oe OF q Brod breve are two byper @ v tol wwe an wontke wd cooneoten > An Cunt yA > flew tirg yp — Bei mot tenner ca! hal and Vo + YAY > Crounele! sown Ba eo ¥ es guranteed Sea Gt BOT etal ive hes Ase Na —@ oot : e ae Voltage to tuorent Converter with flak ae eqn 02 @ ¥, t¥e ak lw hee Ba z ze _ Pie fey Vary Vo Ah 2- Pe e, : A ia Minky = Me [BE TEU By floating dead X-T Convecters Input Wrvent Gg P-Omp 4 200 Noo ty > Ne As 0 gn tee | ih gee eS ob Be mw mpraniin fo So | aac) feel rT phos ti tery lege bercterg | Ty Be bowel it 2 Cxpadeor, Heit) to 2 hens toby 208, 12f- Hente ezlactig | Charge & ichage at 2 Constant sat Pry firey free ts dewminatr we gt | duh convetes ruil gee Uses gererate Be Kuvteoth 09 Lafargulan terweforrns. Te ~& fe. > Licteat ) a > Pocpostioralilty tonttant ub gererally Ye, bre ho Catlest brarstenclustance alte talled = Yo! 2 Controlled lursent Sure wae 4 Cvece)| Wepceh arias Rate eee and & > & Ge enree rent T flog Lwengh bale | nee ne boo Ayre g & boo Mpet Wleage, fe euerage Ore an avenge oy) Voteeye Bo cote att meeqretien @ te true voltage be chbenre! colttens | veteye aiso cret Gor Latng active devi Oke oprampPr boansistors puck a Cae an Inbegrabes & Called] Dotegoatr while sve aleerus Like Opramp G Called an Integrator Using ature integoabor ie Bhat free amp Prtaqrate Tie tracts & ib greuncedl - Fie roots ah alo at Us gocured potential form te Conugt G Wetual growrd Pi Input Laxvent QF opamp it *000, Urmougs Cf fond Incl allie gy " BB 4) Poon culput gile ewe anrioming rape tate i | fe Des cieg a Ce Squaling the hwo eguattert 0) and 2, Vin RB ~4 45, Tntegaa beg beth broker, t Vp dy 4 Pte on [Be de Se de ogy a { __8y he (0) is Intend output { ede +¥to) here Be tenstant 9 Integvation, veleage The gguation (3) Showe Gat he cutee © VYareg bmes Be Dhepal g Input and Reg inch tirg the | Galles? time Contant g lis integrator : The negative Sly irotenber tat tore 5 a phase sige 9 180" between Input anol Hout Snebinsi a Pbk Lanne Femp 2B) tb rete) © Ue rorinvortirg termina te provide Be bat Compartation- by ytd sale np a ne tte wa mage ye singly got be Ure Combart AG vacteon byul digrol- Fer ature ional voltage (0) 708 Dstep dope Bernd ty ep Mapu top 2 bine D he a thrash Tus Ue dull exnafoor Gine wilt 2 Mage GA eohare A te rragritude Wo Hep put el) oN Trp) yy Te tt) 4 dy seve 6°07 Z wrobesslard'g, : / e. ant he Hig, output tocanporn fo Feap lope WD Squnne wes Lapecl tigre bet chuoved/ Wat Ite Spare tone @ rads Uf dept ee Input bo a quae wave, TE Car 0 @ bap a A Helen Uw fertod q 0 bo t/a Beep YA birth leltscen 2 Lire footed 4 Ard to on vt a Maiteroattcalty ‘be Bley Mpa te ol} onprenserd at, A ele om eA po boo wd agate: Of Lo Mrvttarrathally Me tan bo txfacssed 4 We-—- » dt 1Vo to. MW dO = A okb eU9 Ad “1 1 asd WW) +0, wo “g oootle, ‘th exp esston hor the o Wde = - fad Aepeds 4 Period é wed enplins the ontrut firep (PR pated (0 bo Th tear wy 4 Dijeer oa: & fe ee hon wy 2 earn hier sare geome ae sohich pooctucer Ue abfferertiation shai elem, 9 Ge put voteage al its duped oi Called a tte slope GM peo ey Ayporrtater Te differertintos chest ewhich lacs ea utp can Be capmentel A LEaraag pot ee any active cleurm i Called paseive jo om peated giffeortatr ile We differentiate aig 2” attire adie eee eee Ca fevite Wee opamp i called ay active ch'fyeren baler, bat us Ahusr Bore sea cpesatlon G Iheat atbive tae Teck eT wp- amp alifferortintes alocurk Sipe g amp Afforentinte> Slepe =A volts /eee } | auive op-amp difgerer Mabe '~ | big ong tonifferrn for Square conte “HA, a | The active Aifferorttalor cirewe lar be tttnired by exthangry tha positroms 3 Rand é We) Sina_eoawe_ th a property 4 Oradioee Httearabtcally EO") aus guetive Dlegraten Circe é be expend ate | Toa mecke ti grornolad Pas racte Vite) = Vin Smid & pate at Be ground! pocorn! James Yn =0 Whar, As input carvers G Pram hi Zee, Vp —amptitucle B Svie wane Cruse Lunvent Tr flows Coogee Pesttaren T= pedod G waveform 2p. Prem Ba Inpak Oelh we Cam wore, qo find tee cnlput wccuitformn, use be eg deine) oc, A a equalion wtf, derne) with Beg lard dé ese Poo the output side we can wool, 1) &o-> ou : Wott) = Sind = Sinn Sim Dt de = Nin [i (08 og ce) 2 a @ ler Saati tte bo Apnattone (DEO? fiat! ot Ree Ae fom] hoe) 2 Cimaed | cake I ss