UNIVERSITY OF RUHUNA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Module: ME 4304 Mechanics of Machines

Title: STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTOR SYSTEM
Lab Report

Signature of the Instructor

Student Number
EG/2018/3274
Lab Conducted Date 05th January 2022

Lab Report Due Date

13/01/2022
Submitted 13/01/2022
Date

Evaluation (Instructor Use Only)

Evaluation Allocated Marks Student Achieved Marks

Component Out of 10.0

1 Pre-Lab Computing 1.0

2 (a) Viva 2.0

2 (b) Viva 2.0

3. Calculations 2.0

4. Discussion 3.0

Total 10.0

Signature of the Evaluator

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 2022, 20th Batch
UNIVERSITY OF RUHUNA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Module: ME 4304 Mechanics of Machines

Title: STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTOR SYSTEM

Pre-Lab sheet

DATE: 05th January 2022

TITLE: STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING OF ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM

1) To calculate angular and longitudinal positions of counter balancing weights for static
and dynamic balancing of an unbalanced rotating mass system.
2) To check experimentally that the positions of counter balancing weights calculated as
above are correct.

1. INTRODUCTION:

Balancing is an essential technique applied to mechanical parts of rotational functionality

(wheels, shafts, flywheels…), in order to eliminate the detected irregularities found within it,
and that may cause excessive vibrations during operation, and act as undesirable disturbances
on the system being in use. Such irregularities may rise due to the inhomogeneous
distribution of material within the part, bending and deflection of rotating shafts, and
eccentricity of mass from the axis of rotation of the rotating disks and rotors.

These irregularities lead to small eccentric masses that disturb mass distribution of the part,
and the last generate centrifugal forces when the part is in rotation; the magnitude of these
forces increases rapidly with speed of rotation, and enhances vibrations level during
operation, and cause serious problems.

Static Balancing ensure the mass distribution about the axis of rotation of the rotating
mechanical part in the radial directions, without consideration of that distribution in the axial
(longitudinal) direction.

For dynamic balancing, rotors are classified in two major categories; they are rigid and
flexible rotors. The same shaft of a rotor can be considered as rigid if it is operating much
below its first critical speed and the flexible when it is operating near or above the first
critical speed. That is why sometime it is also called the slow and high speed rotor balancing.

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Reading:
1. G.H.Ryder and M.D. Bennet, ‘ Mechanics of Machine’, 2 nd Edition 1990, The
Macmillan Press Ltd, Ch.10, Pg 205.212.
2. Mechanics of Machines: Advanced theory and examples. By: J. Hannah and R.C.
Stephens.
3. Theory of Machine. By: R.S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta

Apparatus Needed:
 Static and dynamic balancing machine.

2. BACKGROUND

Theory:

A rotor system is said to be statically balanced if the system can rest, without turning, at any
angular position in its bearings. This condition is attained when the sum of the centrifugal
forces on the system due to unbalanced masses is zero in any radial direction. The centrifugal
force due to unbalanced mass of weight mi with its center of gravity at a radial distance r i
is proportional to mi r i For a rotor system to be statically balanced, the summation of
components of all such forces should be zero in any radial direction. That is,

∑ mi r i= 0
i
A rotor system is said to be dynamically balanced when it does not vibrate in its running
state. To make a system dynamically balanced, it must first be statically balanced. In
addition, the sum of the moments of centrifugal forces due to the attached masses about any
axis perpendicular to the axis of the shaft must be zero. This condition is fulfilled when

∑ mi r i li = 0
i
Where l i is the distance of the attached mass from one end of the rotor system?

3. PROCEDURE:

A. Static Balancing

1. Attach the 30 g mass (m1) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane B.

2. Attach the 30 g mass (m2) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane C.
3. You can observe that rotor system becomes unstable statically and dynamically.
4. Attach the 60 g mass (m3) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane D.
5. You can observe now, rotor system becomes stable statically but not dynamically.
[m3 is diametrically opposite to m1and m2]

B. Dynamic Balancing

1. Attach the 30 g mass (m1) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane B.

2. Attach the 30 g mass (m2) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane C.
3. You can observe that rotor system becomes unstable statically and dynamically.
4. Attach the 30 g mass (m3) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane D.

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5. Attach the 30 g mass (m4 ) at a radial distance of 60 mm to the plane A.
6. You can observe now, rotor system is stable statically and dynamically.
[m3 and m4 are diametrically opposite to m1and m2].
Pre-Lab Computing :
1) Fill in the computed values in Table No 1 ,2 ,3 & 4

CALCULATIONS:

Part A

Static Balancing

1). Analytical Method

If system in statically balance following condition should be satisfied
n n

∑ mrcos ( θ )+∑ mrsin ( θ ) =0

i=1 i =1
So, for satisfied above condition
n

∑ mrcos ( θ )=¿ 1800 cos ( 0 ) +1800 cos ( 0 ) +3600 cos ( 180 ) ¿

i=1
¿0
n

∑ sin ⁡(θ)=1800 sin ( 0 )+1800 sin ( 0 )+ 3600 sin ⁡(0)

i=1
¿0
2). Graphical Method

Figure 1: Force polygon diagram - Part A static balance

This is closed so it in static balance

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 Table No 01-Static balance

Mass Angle (deg) Radius(mm) mr(gmm)

30 0 60 1800
30 0 60 1800
60 180 60 3600

Dynamic Balancing

1). Analytical Method

If the system is dynamically balanced there should be satisfied following equation

n n

∑ mrlcos ( θ )+∑ mrlsin(θ)=0

i=1 i=1
n

∑ mrl . cos ( θ ) =¿ 0. cos ⁡( 0)+1800 x . cos ( 0 ) +7200 x . cos ⁡(180)¿

i=1
¿−5400 x
❑
∑
❑
mrl . cos ⁡(θ)≠ 0
n

∑ mrl . sin ( θ )=1800 x .sin ( 0 )+ 1800 x . sin ⁡(0)+7200 x ,sin ⁡(0)

i=1
¿0
So this is not dynamically balanced

2). Graphical Method

Figure 2: Couple polygon- Part A dynamic balance

This is open so that is dynamic unbalance

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 Table No 02-Dinamic balance

Mass(g) Angle Radius Mr (gmm) Distance mrl

(deg¿ (mm) (mm) (gmm2)
30 0 60 1800 0 0
30 0 60 1800 x 1800x
60 180 60 3600 2x 3600x

Part B

Static Balancing

1). Analytical Method

For the balanced
n n

∑ mrcos ( θ )+∑ mrsin ( θ ) =0

i=1 i =1
n

∑ mr . cos ( θ ) =¿ 1800.cos ( 0 ) +1800. cos ( 0 ) +1800 . cos ( 180 )+1800 cos ⁡(180) ¿
i=1
n

∑ mr . cos ( θ ) =¿ 0 ¿
i=1
n

∑ mr . sin ⁡(θ)=¿ 1800.sin ( 0 )+1800. sin ( 0 )+1800 . sin ( 180 ) +1800 sin ⁡(180)¿
i=1
n

∑ mr . sin ⁡(θ)=¿ 0 ¿
i=1
So, this is statically balanced

2). Graphical Method

This is closed so it is static balance

Figure 3: Force polygon Diagram - Part B static balance

Table No 03-Static balance

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 Mass (g) Angle (deg) Radius (mm) mr (mmg)
30g 0 60 1800
30g 0 60 1800
30g 180 60 1800
30g 180 60 1800

Dynamic Balancing

1). Analytical Method

For dynamically balancing,

n n

∑ mrlcos ( θ )+∑ mrlsin(θ)=0

i=1 i=1
n

∑ mrl . cos ( θ ) =¿ 0. cos ( 0 ) +1800 x .cos ( 0 ) +3600 x . cos ( 180 )−1800 .cos ⁡(180) ¿
i=1
n

∑ mrl . cos ( θ ) =¿ 0 ¿
i=1
n

∑ mrl . sin ( θ )=¿ 0. sin ( 0 )+1800 x .sin ( 0 ) +3600 x . sin ( 180 )−1800 . sin ⁡(180)¿
i=1
n

∑ mrl . cos ( θ ) =¿ 0 ¿
i=1
So, this system is both dynamically and statically balanced

2). Graphical Method

This is closed so it is Dynamic balance

Figure 4: Couple polygon - Dynamic balance Part B

Table No 04

Mass(g) Angle (deg) Radius (mm) mr Distance (mm) Mrl (gmm2)

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 (gmm)
30 0 60 1800 0 0
30 0 60 1800 x 1800x
30 180 60 1800 2x 3600x
30 180 60 1800 -x -1800x

DISCUSSION:

1) Discuss the importance of dynamic balancing.

When a rotating mass system produces no consequent centrifugal force or couple, it is said to
be in dynamic balance. The system rotates without the need for any external force or
coupling, other than that necessary to sustain its weight. If a system is originally imbalanced,
counterbalancing weights must be added to reduce the stress on the bearings induced by the
centrifugal coupling.
Unbalance is described as an unequal distribution of mass around the revolving centerline of
a rotor. The major causes listed as contributing to an unbalance condition include material
problems such as misshapen castings, eccentric machining, poor assembly and even inherent
rotor design. In addition, when a rotor has been in service for some time, various other factors
can contribute to unbalance, such as corrosion, wear, distortion and deposit build up. In the
second case, routine inspection and cleaning of the rotor can minimize the effect, but
eventually it will have to be disassembled for balancing. The benefits of dynamic balancing
are Minimize vibration Minimize noise Minimize structural stress Increase machine life
Increase bearing life Increase productivity

2) Explain clearly the terms “Static Balancing” and “Dynamic Balancing”. State the
necessary conditions to achieve them.

To avoid vibration, spinning bodies must be balanced. Dynamic and static balancing failures
in heavy industrial gear such as generators and motors can result in catastrophic failure, as
well as noise and discomfort. To aid with balancing, just shift the center of gravity to the
center of rotation. Both the force and couple polygons must be closed for systems to be
perfectly balanced.

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When an object's center of gravity is on the axis of rotation, it is said to be in static
equilibrium. This enables the item to remain still, with the axis horizontal, without the need
for any braking force. Because of the pull of gravity, static balance has no propensity to spin.

When there is no consequent centrifugal force or couple, the rotation is said to be

dynamically balanced. The system will spin without the need for any external force or
coupling, other than that necessary to sustain its weight. When a system or machine is
imbalanced, a counterbalancing weight is added to reduce stress on the bearings. Dynamic
balancing is a method of balancing machinery that involves rapidly rotating components and
monitoring the imbalance with electrical equipment. The computed imbalance can then be
added or removed from the weight to lessen the vibration of the pieces.

3) Give examples for practical applications of this experiment.

 Dynamic machine balancing services for drive shafts and flywheels.
 Dynamic balancing of engine crankshafts and automobile.
 Balancing of impellers.
 Automotive industry.
 Industrial fan balancing

VIVA 1
1) Prove that if a body is in dynamic balance, it will be in a static balance but the reverse is not true

2) A motor armature is in running balance when masses of 13g and 7.5 g are added temporarily in
the positions shown in planes A and D in Figure. If the actual balancing is to be carried out by the
permanent addition of masses in planes B and C, each at 4cm radius, find their respective
magnitudes and angular positions to the radius shown in plane.

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Let’s assume angle between mass A and D is 120° and plane B as the reference plane. The distances
of the planes to the right of plane B are taken as + ve while the distances of the planes to the left of
plane B are taken as – ve. By considering a balanced system with A,B,C and D masses

Mass - m Radius -r Angle (deg) Distance Centrifugal Couple/ɷ 2

(kg) (m) from plane force/ɷ 2 – - mrl (kgm2
B – l (m) mr (kgm) )

A 0.013 0.06 0 -0.09 7.8×10-4 -7.02×10-5

B ms 0.04 θB 0 0.04mB 0

C mc 0.04 θC 0.1 0.04mB 0.004mB

D 0.0075 0.06 120 0.15 4.5×10-4 6.75×10-5

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VIVA 1

A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg
respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured
from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles between the cranks measured
anticlockwise are A to B 45° B to C 70° and C to D 120° the balancing masses are to be
placed in planes X and Y. The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X
and Y is 400 mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a
radius of 100 mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions.

mA = 200kg, mB = 300kg, mC = 400kg, mD = 200kg, rA = 80mm = 0.08m, rB = 70mm = 0.07m,

rC = 60mm = 0.06m, rD = 80mm = 0.08m, rX = rY = 100mm = 0.1m

Let,
mX = Balancing mass placed in plane X
mY = Balancing mass placed in plane Y

Let’s get plane X as the reference plane. The distances of the planes to the right of plane X
are taken as + ve while the distances of the planes to the left of plane X are taken as – ve.

Plane Mass – m Mass – m Centrifugal Distance from Couple/ɷ 2 - mrl

(kg) (kg) force/ɷ 2 – mr plane X – l (m) (kgm2 )
(kgm)

A 200 0.08 16 -0.1 -1.6

X(Ref mx 0.1 0.1mx 0 0

Plane)

B 300 0.07 21 0.2 4.2

C 400 0.06 24 0.3 7.2

Y my 0.1 0.1my 0.4 0.04my

D 200 0.08 16 0.6 9.6

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References

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Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_of_rotating_masses. [Accessed: 10-
Jan- 2022].

[2]"Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rotating Mass", Slideshare.net, 2022. [Online].

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