PROJECT WORK ON

STUDY OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN NEPAL

PROJECT WORK TO FULFILL THE SYALLBUS OF CLASS XI IN PHYSICS

Submitted by: NIROJ BHANDARI

CLASS: XI
SECTION: EINSTEIN
ROLL NO.: 2079245

SUBMITTED TO: ARNIKO AWAISYA SECONDARY BOARDING SCHOOL

BIRATNAGAR 10 MORANG [DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS]
 Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY.......................................................................................................................................................................3
WIND ENERGY..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Hydroelectric Energy...............................................................................................................................................................................................4
Solar Energy.............................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Geothermal Energy..................................................................................................................................................................................................5

OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................................8
WINDMILL:...............................................................................................................................................................................................................8
HYDROELECTRIC POWER:........................................................................................................................................................................................9
SOLAR PANNEL:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................10
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT:..............................................................................................................................................................................11

FINDING AND CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................12

REFRENCES................................................................................................................................................14
 INTRODUCTION

Energy is the ability to do work. In physics, energy is the quantitative property

that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the
performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved
quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted
in form, but not created or destroyed. Energy exists in many different forms.
Examples of these are: light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, gravitational
energy, electrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic
energy and so on. Each form can be converted or changed into the other forms.
One of the most important sources of energy is the sun.

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

The term "alternative energy" generally refers to sources of energy like solar
power, wind power, and hydropower. These are non-polluting, renewable
resources that represent an alternative to traditional fossil fuel sources like coal,
oil, and natural gas. The term "alternative energy" is more or less synonymous
with terms like "renewable energy" and "clean energy."
Alternative energy is considered "renewable" because the energy sources are not
as limited as fossil fuels. Once burned, fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of
years to replenish. Sources like wind, hydro, and solar are replenished every day.
Although it is not fossil-fuel-based and it does not create air pollution, nuclear
power is not usually considered alternative energy because it generated large
quantities of radioactive waste.

TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
The kinetic energy of high-speed winds is used to generate electricity by wind-powered
generators. Windmills harness wind energy. A windmill consists of a tall pole on the top of
which a fan-like structure is attached. This fan-like structure is called a wind turbine. The
force of high-speed winds makes the blades of the fan attached to the windmill rotate. The
blades of the windmill are connected to the shaft of a generator, which also rotates with
the movement of blades. This makes the generator produce electricity. A windmill is also
used to lift water from a well. Wind energy is a renewable source of energy.

FIG: WIND MILL

Hydroelectric Energy
In a hydroelectric power plant, the potential of stored water in a reservoir is converted
into the kinetic energy of water. This kinetic energy of water is used to rotate the blades of
the turbine connected to a generator. The rotating turbine drives the generator’s shaft,
thereby converting the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft into electrical energy. It is
also a renewable source of energy.

FIG : HYDROPOWER STATION

Solar Energy
Sun is the primary source of heat and light on the earth. The energy received by the earth
from the sun is about 1.41.4 kilojoules per second per square meter, also known as the
solar constant. Solar energy can be harnessed with the help of a solar cooker and solar cell.
A solar cell is usually made of silicon that directly converts sunlight into electricity. A
typical solar cell produces a voltage of 0.50.5 to 1V1V and can produce about 0.7W0.7W of
electricity. A solar panel consists of many solar cells. The electricity requirements of many
households in remote areas are fulfilled by using solar panels. Street lights and traffic lights
are also powered by solar energy. Solar cells are used in calculators.

Fig: solar panel

Geothermal Energy
The heat energy of the earth’s interiors is known as geothermal energy. This energy is used
to generate electricity. The trapped molten rocks in the region under the earth’s surface
called hot spots heats the underground water. The steam produced by the hot water is
allowed to rotate the blades of the turbines, which rotate the shafts of the generators
connected to them.

FIG: geothermal powerplant

ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

1. They are a renewable resource.
Sunlight is plentiful. Wind will happen. Sustainable crops can be grown. Gravity will always
cause water to fall. The Earth will always generate its own heat. That means we don’t have to
worry about our source of energy being fully consumed.
2. They require little maintenance.
When compared to a traditional generator, alternative energy plants require little maintenance.
This reduces the overall costs in producing power while still maintaining current consumption
levels.

3. They produce few waste products.

Although some alternative energy collection devices do require fossil fuels to be manufactured,
their ongoing energy collection efforts requires virtually nothing. This means fewer waste
products are created that can negatively impact the environment.

4. They create energy security.

Fossil fuels are unevenly distributed around the world today. By creating an alternative energy
resource, every nation can experience energy security without being dependent on others.

DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

1. They can be regionally specific.
You must be near a river to collect hydropower. You must live in a windy area to collect wind
power. You must receive sunny days on a regular basis to collect some forms of solar power.
This means alternative energy is regionally specific, with some being unsuitable.

2. Power generation is comparatively minimal.

Although the amount of power alternative energy resources can produce is increasing, it is
small amount when compared to traditional sources of power.

3. There can be environmental consequences.

Just because it is an alternative energy resource doesn’t mean there won’t be environmental
consequences. Wind turbines can cause aviary deaths. Biomass plants may release particulates
or burn non-waste products.

4. It could have systemic stability issues.

There can be peak power demands that could overwhelm entry-level alternative energy
systems. In order for a transition to alternative energy to work, systems must provide a stable
resource of power at all demand levels, which may not be possible at this time.
The advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy show us that these technologies offer
us a lot of future potential. It is up to each of us to maximize that potential.

OBJECTIVES
Alternative sources of energy are very important that’s why most of the countries of the world
have started to practice it. It is very important because it has various advantages as well as we
can achieve various things with it. Some of its objectives are:

To Reduce the Emission of Greenhouse Gas and Climate

We all know the dangerous impact of greenhouse gases on the environment. The rise of
greenhouse gases is the main reason for global warming. But we can mitigate it if we go with
alternative energy sources. Unlike conventional energy sources, alternative energy sources or
renewable energy sources do not emit greenhouse gases, so it is 100% safe for our
environment. Moreover, it reduces fossil fuel imports

To Save Money
Renewable energy requires less maintenance, and the sources of energy are completely
natural. These include wind, sun, steam, and many more. Therefore, you will not have to spend
money for refueling.

For Good Health

Renewable energy does not emit greenhouse gasses that can contribute to cardiac and
respiratory health issues. So, switching to renewable energy sources will not only improve our
environment but also keep our body in better shape, meaning fewer hospitalizations and more
output per worker.
This is all about the advantages of using alternative energy sources. We hope that this article
helps to provide some understanding of why switching to alternative energy would be a good
thing.

To Save The Environment

As we know that fossil fuel causes pollution and pollution directly and indirectly effect the
environment. Environment can be saved by using alternative sources of energy as they are eco
friendly and cause no pollution.
 METHODOLOGY

The word methodology is defined as a system which comprises the principles, practices and
procedures which are applied to a specific branch of knowledge. Methodology refers to the way
in which information is found or the way something is done.

WINDMILL:
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan
—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine
around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER:
A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A
hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a
generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a magnet is
moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator, electromagnets are
made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound around stacks of magnetic steel
laminations. These are called field poles, and are mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The
rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it
causes the field poles (the electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator.
This, in turn, causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output
terminals.
SOLAR PANNEL:
Solar panels use the sun's power to create a flow of electricity. This is the most widely adopted
method of harvesting solar energy today. These panels, which range in size from a few square
centimeters to a few square meters, are constructed from many PV cells arranged in an
intricate matrix. Intuitively, the larger the surface area available for sunlight to penetrate the PV
cells, the more solar energy that gets harvested.
Each PV solar cell is generally made up of a compound semiconductor wafer structure, which
can either be a monocrystalline or polycrystalline structure. The structure's two thin
semiconductor wafers, one P-type and one N-type, are each grown separately. The two wafers
are placed on top of each other, and the natural reaction that occurs between the two
semiconductor types creates a depletion zone that reaches an equilibrium point, without
generating any electricity. Due to the PV cell, when light photons pass through and connect
with the semiconductor wafers, their interaction releases enough energy to create an
equilibrium disruption in the depletion region. That action subsequently creates a brief flow of
electricity. However, because of the constant presence of light, this interaction occurs
continuously and can produce massive amounts of electrical energy.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT:
Geothermal energy is the heat produced deep in the Earth's core. Geothermal energy is a
clean, renewable resource that can be harnessed for use as heat and electricity. The principle is
to use heat energy through heating of water to steam. Geothermal energy utilizes high
temperatures below the earth’s crust. The hot steam or water heats a fluid that in turn expands
to turn turbines that generate electricity.
 FINDING AND CONCLUSION

Nepal’s economic and social development is being hampered by its inadequate energy supply. The
country does not have its own reserves of gas, coal or oil. Although its most significant energy resource
is water, less than one percent of the potential 83,000 megawatts of hydropower is currently harnessed.

Firewood is the predominant energy carrier, counting for more than 70 percent of consumption.
However, its use is inefficient and poses a threat to the country’s forests. At the same time, the indoor
pollution caused by open hearths in homes presents a hazard to health. Mains electricity is generally
only available in urban areas and some 30 percent of the population do not have access to it (CBS 2011).

The hydropower resources must be exploited in an environmentally sound manner. The energy
generated should benefit small and micro businesses while improving the standard of living and the
health of local people. It should contribute to the protection of forested areas and, by being fed into the
national grid, should bring new revenue to the region.

Compared with other countries, Nepal has a high energy consumption in relation to its gross domestic
product (GDP). It does not yet have a strategy for sustainable, efficient energy use for either the
electricity sector or its main primary energy source, biomass. The power supply is particularly critical
during the dry season, during which it is cut off for several hours a day, which has a negative impact on
business and private households. Private households, the public sector as well as commerce and
industry sector are largely unaware of the economic and ecological advantages of efficient energy use.
There are no standards for energy-saving domestic appliances, lighting or products and processes in
industrial use.

The energy sector is viewed as Nepal’s key sector with regard to future inclusive economic growth and
the realization development goals as formulated in government policy documents. Besides quantitative
targets for electricity generation, transmission and distribution the Government reiterates its
commitment to sector reforms and the promotion of private sector participation. Further priority is
given to extend rural electrification and a commitment towards a more efficient use of energy. Despite
continuous endeavors by the Government and support by the Development Partners the energy supply
in Nepal is still insufficient, and a significant obstacle for the social and economic development of the
country.

Biomass is by far the most utilized primary energy source and the electrification rate of the population is
only about 70%, with approx. 63% in rural areas (CBS2011). Nepal’s average annual per capita electricity
consumption is about 161 kWh (CBS2013)– one of the lowest consumptions in South Asia. Despite its
vast hydropower potential, Nepal suffers from a severe and long-lasting electricity supply crisis. The
framework conditions and incentives for private investments in power plants are not adequate and a
non-cost-covering tariff system discourages efficient electricity use.

Deferred investment in electricity infrastructure has caused scheduled power cuts of up to 16 hours per
day during dry season. As this situation is expected to worsen in future, commercial and industrial
entities increasingly operate costly diesel generators. The import of petroleum products has exceeded
total exports and thereby contributes significantly to Nepal’s trade balance deficit.

In the last decade dissemination of renewable energy in rural areas has been effectively promoted with
assistance of the Development Partners. Decentralized electricity generation and biogas installations
thereby improve rural living condition and contribute to a more sustainable use of biomass. Rising
energy costs and prevailing energy scarcity increase attention to the efficient use of energy. Reasonable
potentials for energy efficiency measures have been identified in industry and households as well as
public infrastructure.
 REFRENCES

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works
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