WATER POLLUTION

A Community Service Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by
B. SAI CHANDU 21T91A0404
B. CHANDU 21T91A0405
CH. ASRITHA 21T91A0406
G. LOWKYA 21T91A0418
G. THANU SREE 21T91A0422
T. BHUVAN 21T91A0435

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NH-16, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry-533294

January - 2023
 GIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NH-16, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry-533294
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the community service project work entitled WATER POLLUTION is being
submitted for partial fulfillment of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electronics and Communication
Engineering to GIET Engineering College, Rajahmundry, A.P. affiliated to the JNTUK, Kakinada, is Bonafide
work done by NAME: B. SAI CHANDU, bearing Roll. No: 21T91A0404, NAME: B. CHANDU, bearing Roll.
No: 21T91A0405, NAME: CH. ASRITHA, bearing Roll. No: 21T91A0406, NAME: G. LOWKYA, bearing
Roll. No: 21T91A0418, NAME: G.THANU SREE, bearing Roll. No: 21T91A0422,
NAME: T. BHUVAN, bearing Roll. No: 21T91A0435, during the academic year 2022-2023 and it has been
found suitable for acceptance according to the requirement of University.
This results embodied in the community service project report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of degree.

Project Incharge, Head of the Department,

Department of ECE Department of ECE

External Examiner
 ABSTRACT
Water is polluted by many factors among which industrial wastes are the most important. Beside
industrial wastes other factors include herbicides, pesticides and atmospheric pollutants. Pathogen in polluted
water causes serious diseases in humans. The whole ecosystem of water bodies is disturbing due to water
pollution. Polluted water in the ground actually washes the essential nutrients plants need out of the soil. Water
pollution makes the soil acidic and negatively affects the solubility of nutrient ions, such as iron, magnesium,
potassium and calcium ions. As a result, water removes these nutrients more quickly from the soil and sends them
into streams and lakes. Calcium and magnesium in particular are critical for proper plant growth. Iron helps plants
to create the pigment chlorophyll -- which is necessary for food formation -- while potassium helpsplants to use

water. Without these nutrients, plants become more susceptible to drought, fungal infections and insects. Water

pollution also leaves large amounts of aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to plants. One of the most
devasting side effects of pollution is increased acidity in rain and ground water. This effects animals and plants,
and has long-term implications for our environment.

Key words : Pollutants, Herbicides, Pesticides, Water pollution, Environment

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT Ⅰ
CONTENTS Ⅱ
LIST OF FIGURES Ⅲ
LIST OF TABLES Ⅳ

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 2-9

3 RESULTS AND EXAMINATION 10-16

4 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS 17

5 FUTURE WORK 18

6 CONCLUSION 19

7 REFERENCES 20
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. NAME PAGE NO.

2.1 Sewage and Trash 2

2.2 Pesticides and Herbicides 3

2.3 Wastewater released by a factory 3

2.4 Dumping 4

2.5 Acid rains 4

2.6 Oil spills in water 5

2.7 Detergents in Water body 5

3.1 Day-1 Survey at pushkar ghat 10

3.2 Day-2 Survey at pushkar ghat 11

3.3 Day-3 survey at Mangalavaripeta 12

3.4 Day-4 Survey at sethamma lane 13

3.5 Day-5 Survey at Mangalavaripeta 14

3.6 Day-6 Survey at ACY colony 15

3.7 Day-7 Survey at Danavaipeta 16

 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO. NAME PAGE NO.

Details of solution and reagents used in

2.1 analysis 6

The average of temperatures, pH and

Conductance recorded for every sample
2.2 Over two years is shown below against 7
the depth of the source

The average of total hardness, total alkalinity

2.3 total dissolved solids and chloride recorded 8
for every sample over two year period is shown
below against the sample number.
 WATER POLLUTION

1. INTRODUCTION

Water pollution occurs when unwanted substances are released into the water bodies that

make the water unsuitable for human use and cause harm to the aquatic plants and animals .

Human activities usually cause this type of pollution.

It is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water sources by

substances which makes the water unusable fror drinking etc..

Drinking contaminated groundwater can have serious health effects. Diseases such as hepatitis

and dysentery may be caused by contamination from septic tank waste. Poisioning may becaused by

toxins that have leached into well water supplies. Wildlife can also be harmed by contaminated

groundwater. Other long term effects such as certain types of cancer may also result from exposure

to polluted water.

The widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardizing our health. Unsafe water kills more

people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined. Meanwhile, our drinkable

water sources are finite: Less than1 percent of the earth’s freshwater is actually accessible to us.

Without action, the challenges will only increase by 2050, when global demand for freshwater is

expected to be one-third greater than it is now.

Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent,” water is able to

dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth. It's also why water is so easily polluted.

Toxic substances from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with it , causing

water pollution.

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 WATER POLLUTION

2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Here is the list of some common water pollutants

2.1 Sewage :
It is one of the most common water pollutants as even now sewage is released directly
into streams and rivers in many areas. As a result, the water gets contaminated with harmful
bacteria that cause illness among human beings and animals.

It is a type of waste water that is produced by a community of people. It is typically

transported through a sewer system. Sewage consists of waste water discharged from
residences and from commercial , institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality.

Fig. 2.1 Sewage & Trash

2.2 Pesticides and herbicides :

Pesticides are chemicals sprayed on crops to kill pests , whereas herbicides are
sprayed to control unwanted vegetation. These strong chemicalscan seep into nearby water
bodies from the agricultural fields , making the water toxic.

The toxic substances may runoff into streams , rivers or water bodies and results in
water pollution. It is indicated in researches that irrelevant use of fertilizers pollute the water
through leaching of nitrate from pesticides and nitrogenous fertilizers. It may also cause
death of aquatic animals.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Water from excessive rainfall and irrigation cannot always be held within the soil
structure. Therefore , pesticides and residues can be quickly transported to contaminate
ground water and fresh water supplies over a large geographical area.

Fig 2.2 Pesticides and Herbicides

2.3 Wastewater released by factories :

Factories use large quantities of water to process chemicals , keep the machines
cool , and for cleaning purposes. Sometimes, the wastewater from the factories is directly
released into rivers or the ocean. As the wastewater contains chemicals and other pollutants, it
degrades the overall water quality.
Waste water from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries contributes to
water pollution. Industrial waste water usually contains specific and readily identifiable
chemical compounds. Water pollution is concentrated within a few sunsectors, mainly in the
form of toxic wates and organic pollutants.

Fig. 2.3 Waste water released by a factory

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 WATER POLLUTION

2.4 Dumping :
Following decades of uncontrolled dumping, some areas of the ocean became
demonstrably contaminated with high concentrations of harmful pollutants including heavy
metals , inorganic nutrients, and chlorinated petrochemicals. The uncontrolled ocean dumping
caused severe depletion of oxygen levels in some ocean waters.
Illegal dumping also can have environmental impacts by polluting our state waters
(including groundwater, streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc), damaging our soil quality, affecting
our air quality from open burning activities and negatively impacting wildlife.

Fig. 2.4 Dumping

2.5 Acid rains :

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and bitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances
can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and
other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. Human activities are the
main causes of acid rain.

Fig. 2.5 Acid rains

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 WATER POLLUTION

2.6 Oil spills in water :

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is
usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but
spills may also occur on land.
Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates
fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying and blocks light
from photosynthetic aquatic plants.

Fig. 2.6 Oil spills in water

2.7 Detergents :
Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts.
Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems. For example, phosphate tends to
inhibit the biodegradation of organic substances.
A detergent is a surfactant or mixture of surfactants that has cleaning properties in
dilute solution with water. A detergent is similar to soap. Surfactant, also called surface-active
agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces it’s surface tension,
thereby increasing it’s spreading and wetting properties.

Fig. 2.7 Detergents in water body

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 WATER POLLUTION

Table : 2.1 Details of solution and reagents used in analysis

PARAMETER STUDIED REQUIRED SOLUTIONS MANUFACTURER

Dissolved 1. 0.025 M Hypo solution Merck (India) limited

Oxygen, 2. Alkali- iodide-azide reagent Merck (India) limited
BOD 3.MnSO4 Solution Loba chemicals Pvt. Ltd
4. Starch Indicator Merck (India) limited

COD 1. 0.025N K2Cr2O7 + sulphamic Merck (India) limited

Acid solution.
2. 0.025N FAS Merck (India) limited
3. Conc. H2SO4 + AgSO4 Loba chemicals Pvt. Ltd
4. Ferroin indicator Merck (India) limited
5. HgSO4 Merck (India) limited

Alkalinity 1. 0.1N Standard Sulphuric Merck (India) limited

Acid
2. Methyl Orange indicator Finar chemicals
3. 0.5N Sodium Carbonate Reachem laboratory chemicals
solution Pvt. Ltd

Potassium Standard KCl Solutions Merck (India) limited

Sodium Standard NaCl Solutions Merck (India) limited

Calcium 1. 0.01M standard EDTA Finar Chemicals

Solution
2. NaOH buffer solution Finar Chemicals
3. E. B. T. Solution Merck (India) limited

Nitrate 1. Standard Potassium Nitrate Merck (India) limited

Solutions
2. 0.1N HCl solution Finar reagent

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 WATER POLLUTION

Table : 2.2 The average of temperatures , pH and conductance recorded for every sample over
Two years is shown below against the depth of the source

Sample Teemperature Depth in pH Conductivity

0
No. C feet µS

BIS - - 6.5 – 8.5 500

WHO - - 7.0 – 8.5 -

1 30 27 7.0 1720

2 31 65 7.11 1430

3 30 68 7.0 1145

4 29 32 7.2 1110

5 28 68 6.2 645

6 30 31 7.6 1130

7 29 35 7.24 2910

8 29 34 7.23 1700

9 30 65 8.61 2040

10 28 27 7.23 1330

11 29 69 7.59 1940

12 28 30 7.47 1320

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 WATER POLLUTION

Table 2.3 : The average of total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids and chloride
(mg/I) recorded for every sample over two year period is shown below against
the sample number.

Sample Total Total Carbonate Total Chloride

No. Hardness alkalinity + Dissolves (mg/I)
(mg (mg BiCarbonate Solids
CaCO3/I) CaCO3/I) (mg/I) (mg/I)
BIS 300 200 – 600 - - 250
WHO 500 200 - 600 - 500 - 1500 250

1 520 594 778.1 1100.8 95.85

2 260 313.5 410.7 915.2 159.75

3 460 330 432.3 732.8 181.05

4 460 379.5 497.2 710.4 69.225

5 260 148.5 194.5 412.8 53.25

6 360 396 518.8 723.2 90.525

7 560 940.5 1232.1 1862.4 250.275

8 600 544.5 713.3 1088 122.475

9 220 561 734.9 1305.6 149.1

10 460 445.5 583.6 851.2 79.875

11 220 577.5 756.5 1241.6 159.75

12 460 363 475.5 844.8 90.525

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 WATER POLLUTION

2.8 Causes of Water pollution :

 Human activities like bathing, washing clothes and utensils cleaning and bathing domestic
animals in ponds, lakes and rivers.
 Discharge of sewage into the waterbodies.
 Chemicals released into the water bodies from agricultural run-off.
 Accidental oil spills from oil tankers cause water pollution. The oil spreads out rapidly across
the water surface and forms a layer called an oil slick. It prevents oxygen from dissolving in
the water, and aquatic organisms die due to oxygen deficiency.
 Discharge of wastewater and hot water released from industrial plants.
 Due to Global Warming.

2.9 Ways to prevent Water pollution :

 Pick up litter and throw it away in a garbage can.
 Blow or sweep fertilizer back onto the grass if it gets onto paved areas.
 Much or compost grass or yard waste. Or, leave it in your ward if you can’t compost. Don’t
blow leaves into the street. This clogs and damages storm drains.
 Wash your car or outdoor equipment where it can flow to gravel or grassy area instead of a
street.
 Dispose of toxic chemicals properly. 
 Dispose of medical waste properly. 
 Never clean up a spill by hosting it into a storm drain. Place kitty litter, sand, or another
absorbent in the spill. Once the liquid becomes solid-sweep it up and throw it in a garbage
can.
 Reduce the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers.
 Avoid direct dumping into water.
 Always conserve water.
 Practice Tree planting.

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 WATER POLLUTION

3. RESULTS AND EXAMINATION

Day 1 :

Fig. 3.1 Day-1 Survey at pushkar ghat

 AREA NAME : Mangalvaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Pushkar Ghat, River Godavari

 Observed things : The Godavari River is the second largest river in originating from
Trimbakeswar, Nasik, Maharashtra, India. It flows through the states of
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh. The river,
Passing through Nasik city, is 82% polluted by domestic pollution and
18% by industries.
 Report : From the present assessment study, it is concluded from that if above
Recommendations are implemented within the administrative boundaries
it will helpful in maintaining river water quality of river Godavari.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 2 :

Fig. 3.2 Day-2 Survey at pushkar ghat, river Godavari

 AREA NAME : Mangalavaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 State : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Pushkar Ghat, River Godavari

 Observed Things : The flip side is the dumping of waste, the flow of drainage water into the
River and discharge of effluents from factories and industries. The
Godavari river is pollutes as a result, making its water unsuitable even for
Irrigation needs.
 Report : It is concluded that the contamination of water sources by substances which
Make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming and
other activities.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 3 :

Fig. 3.3 Day-3 survey at Mangalavaripeta

 AREA NAME : Mangalavaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Sethamma lane

 Observed Things : All plants and organisms living in or being exposed to pollutes water
Bodies can be impacted. The effects can damage individual spieces and
Impact the natural biological communities they are part of. The causes of
Water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well
as physical parameters.
 Report : To collect waste water from residences, industries, institutions, and so on,
And to find a place to discharge the wastewater (usually the nearest water
Course is chosen, but waste water could also be used for groundwater
recharge or even recycled to water supply), and also remove water
pollutants that would produce.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 4 :

Fig. 3.4 Day-4 Survey at sethamma lane, Mangalavaripeta

 AREA NAME : Mangalavaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Sethamma Lane

 Observed things : Water is polluted by many factors among which industrial wastes are the
most important. Beside industrial wastes other factors include herbicides,
pesticides and atmospheric pollutants.
 Report : Polluted water in the ground actually washes the essential nutrients plants
need out of the soil. Water pollution makes the soil acidic negatively
affects the solubility of nutrient ions. 

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 5 :

Fig. 3.5 Day-5 Survey at Mangalavaripeta

 AREA NAME : Mangalavaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Sethamma Lane

 Observed things : Contaminated Water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of
diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio.
Absent inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation
Services expose individuals to preventable health risks.
 Report : Human activities that generate domestic sewage and toxic waste cause
Water pollution by contaminating water with disease-causing micro –
Organisms and poisonous substances.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 6 :

Fig. 3.6 Day-6 survey at ACY colony, Mangalavaripeta

 AREA NAME : Mangalavaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : ACY Colony

 Observed Things : Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease causing bacteria and viruses
from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contami-
nated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera,
giardia, and typhoid.
 Report : As a result, calcium and magnesium in particular are critical for proper
plant growth. One of the most devasting side effects of pollution is
increased acidity in rain and groundwater. This affects animals and
plants, and has long-term implications for our environment.

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 WATER POLLUTION

Day 7 :

Fig. 3.7 Day 7 Survey at Danavaipeta

 AREA NAME : Mangalvaripeta

 CITY : Rajamahendravaram
 DISTRICT : East Godavari
 STATE : Andhra Pradesh

 Name of the spot : Danavaipeta

 Observed things : Water pollution destroys important food sources and contaminates
Drinking water with chemicals that can cause immediate and long term
harm to human health. 
 Report : Water pollution also often severely damages acquatic ecosystems. Rivers,
Lakes, and oceans are used as open sewers for industrial and residential
waste.

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4. SAFETY MEASUREMENTS

 Use fewer chemicals to clean your home. 

 Dispose of waste properly. 
 Don’t flush medication
 Don’t flush trash.
 Conserve as much water as possible.
 Avoid using plastic. 
 Replace concrete with ground cover.
 Prevent Soil erosion from occurring.
 Contain and compost yard waste.
 Help cleanup litter in water filled areas.
 Do not pour fat and grease down the drain. 
 Use less plastic.
 Do not dispose of oils in the sink.
 Handle toxic chemicals properly. 
 Do not throw away medicines. 
 Avoiding toilets for throwing household items. 
 Garbage Disposal. 

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5. FUTUREWORK

The use of artificial intelligence is among the futuristic innovations for curbing water
pollution. They have developed a robot that has helped in diverting approximately 600 MLD
(Million Liters a Day) of raw sewage from entering water bodies. The robot can also detect and
inspect underground pipelines.

Water quality deterioration is projected to rapidly increase over the next several decades
which, in turn, will increase risks to human health, economic development and ecosystems.

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6. CONCLUSION

From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the groundwater in the study area
is not palatable. It is

1. Foul smelling and foaming – because of contamination from sewage and high levels of
TDS.

2. Unfit for bathing and washing (as it forms no lather with soap) – because total hardness
is > 180 mg/1 and the water can be considered as very hard water.

3. Scale forming – because of high levels of TDS, total hardness and alkalinity.

4. Harmful to health (can lead to gastroenteritis and skin diseases) because of

contamination from sewage, presence of harmful microbes (BOD), high nitrate and
potassium levels.

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7. REFFERENCES

1. BIS
2. Verlecar X.N., desai S.R., Sarcar A. and Dalal S.G. water Res. 40. 2006. 3304.
3. Central Ground Water Board, GOI. Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifiers of India.
6.2010.
4. Patil V. T. and Patil V. R. Current World Environ. 2. 2007. 77.
5. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Recommendations, World Health Organization,
Geneva, vol.1, 1984, 130.

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