Unit 1 CSE VII Sem Internet of Things

Lecture 1

Definition and Charactersistics of IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to revolutionize our lives. IoT is now a growing
industry. Analysts predict that IoT products and services will grow exponentially
in next years. By 2020, it is expected that more than 50 billion IoT devices will be
connected as depicted in Fig.2. It is a confluence of different sectors: embedded sys-
tems, communication systems, sensors/actuators, WWW, and mobile applications.
However, IoT is still having many challenges and limitations due to a number of
factors, which limit the full exploitation of the IoT. The term IoT can most likely
be attributed to Kevin Ashton in 1997 with his work at Proctor and Gamble using
RFID tags to manage supply chains.. Global Internet of Things market set to reach
$318bn by 2023.
Definition: A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capa-
bilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical
and virtual ”things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities
and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information
network, Often communicate data associated with users and their environments.

Characteristics:

1. Dynamic and Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions
based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment. For
example, consider a surveillance system comprising of a number of surveillance
cameras. The surveillance cameras can adapt their modes (to normal or infra-
red night modes) based on whether it is day or night, Cameras could switch

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Figure 1: The full spectrum of various levels of IoT architecture from the sensor to
cloud and back.

from lower resolution to higher resolution modes when ?any motion is detected
and alert nearby cameras to do the same. In this example, the surveillance
system is adapting itself based on the context and changing (e.g., dynamic)
conditions:

2. Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing

a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality
(such as weather monitoring). These devices have the ability configure them-
selves (in association with, the loT infrastructure), setup the networking, and
fetch latest software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.

3. Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a

number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with

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Figure 2: Growth of things connected to the Internet

other devices and also with the infrastructure.

4. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique iden-
tifier (such as an IP address or a URI). IoT systems may have intelligent
interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communicating with users
and the environmental contexts. IoT device interface, allow users to query the
devices, monitor their status, and control them remotely, in association with
the control, configuration and management infrastructure.

5. Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually integrated

into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange
data with other devices and systems. loT devices can be dynamically dis-
covered in the network, by other devices and/or the network, and have the
capability to describe themselves (and their characteristics) to other devices
or user applications. For example, a weather monitoring node can describe its
monitoring capabilities to another connected node so that they can commu-

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nicate and exchange data. Integration into the information network helps in
making IoT systems ?smarter? due to the collective intelligence of collabora-
tion with the infrastructure. Thus, the data from a large number of connected
weather monitoring IoT nodes can be aggregated and analyzed to predict the
weather.

The IoT will touch nearly every segment in industrial, enterprise, health, and
consumer products.The impact from IoT or any technology comes in the form of:

• New revenue streams (green energy solutions)

• Reducing costs (in-home patient healthcare)

• Reducing time to market (factory automation)

• Improving supply chain logistics (asset tracking)

• Reducing production loss (theft, spoilage of perishable)

• Increasing productivity (machine learning and data analytics)

Figure 3: IoT smartness

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Lecture 2

Design of IoT : Physical Design of loT

Things in loT

The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and
can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can
exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly),
or collect data from other devices and process the data either locally or send the data
to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the data,
or perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints (i. memory, processing capabilities, communication
latencies and speeds, and deadlines).
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless. These include (i)I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) interfaces
for internet connectivity (iii) memory and storage interface and (iv) audio/video
interfaces. An IoT device can collect various types of data from the on-board or
attached sensors, such as temperature, humidity, light intensity. The sensed data
can be communicated either to other devices or cloud-based servers/storage. IoT
devices can be connected to actuators that allow them to interact with other physical
entities (including non-IoT devices and systems) in the vicinity of the device. For
example, a relay switch connected to an IoT device can turn an appliance on/off
based on the commands sent to the IoT device over the Internet.
IoT devices can also be of varied types, for instance, wearable sensors, smart
watches, LED lights, automobiles and industrial machines. Almost all IoT devices
generate data in some form or the other which when processed by data analytics
systems leads to useful information to guide further actions locally or remotely. For

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instance, sensor data generated by a soil moisture monitoring device in a garden,

when processed can help in determining the optimum watering schedules.

Figure 4: IoT physical device

IoT Protocols

Link Layer

Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the network’s
physical layer or medium (e.g., copper wire, coaxial cable, or a radio wave). The
scope of the link layer is the local network connection to which host is attached.
Hosts on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer
protocols. Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the
hardware device over the medium to which the host is attached (such as a coaxial
cable). Let us now look at some link layer protocols which are relevant in the context
of IoT.

• 802.3 - Ethernet : IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for

the link layer. For example, 802.3 is the standard for 10BASES Ethernet that
uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is the standard for 1OBASE-
T Ethernet over copper twisted-pair connections, 802.3,j is the standard for

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1OBASE-F Ethernet over fiber optic connections, 802.3ae is the standard for
10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber, and so on. These standards provide data rates
from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s and higher. The shared medium in Ethernet can
be a coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire or an optical fiber. The shared medium
(i.e., broadcast medium) carries the communication for all the devices on the
network, thus data sent by one device can received by all devices subject to
propagation conditions and transceiver capabilities.

• 802.11 - WiFi : IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless local area network

(WLAN) communication standards, including extensive description of the link
layer. For example, 802.11a operates in the 5 GHz band, 802.1 1b and 802.1
1g operate in the 2.4 GHz band, 802.1 In operates in the 2.4/5 GHz bands,
802.1 lac operates in the 5 GHz band and 802.1 lad operates in the 60 GHz
band. These standards provide data rates from 1 Mb/s to upto 6.75 Gb/s.

• 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband stan-

dards, including extensive descriptions for the link layer (also called WiMax).
WiMax standards provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. The recent
update (802.16m) provides data rates of 100 Mbit/s for mobile stations and 1
Gbit/s for fixed stations.

• 802.15.4 - LR-WPAN : IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low-

rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). These standards form the
basis of specifications for high level communication protocols such as ZigBee.
LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s 250 Kb/s. These stan-
dards provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power constrained
devices.

• 2G/ 3G/ 4G - Mobile Communication : There are different generations

of mobile communication standards including second generation (2G including

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GSM and CDMA), third generation (3G - including UMTS and CDMA2000)
and fourth generation (4G - including LTE). IoT devices based on these stan-
dards can communicate over cellular networks. Data rates for these standards
range from 9.6 Kb/s (for 2G) to upto 100 Mb/s (for 4G) and are available
from the 3GPP websites.

Figure 5: IoT sensor network

IoT Protocols

Network/Internet Layer

The network layers are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. This layer performs the host addressing and
packet routing. The datagrams contain the source and destination addresses which

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are used to route them from the source to destination across multiple networks.
Host identification is done using hierarchical such as IPv4 or IPv6.

• IPv4 : Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the most deployed Internet pro-
tocol that is used to identify the devices on a network using a hierarchical
addressing scheme. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme that allows total of
232? or 4,294,967,296 addresses. As more and more devices got connected
to the Internet, these addresses got exhausted in the year 2011. IPv4 has
been succeeded by IPv6. The IP protocols establish connections on packet
networks, but do not guarantee delivery of packets. Guaranteed delivery and
data integrity are handled by the upper layer protocols (such as TCP).

• IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the newest version of Internet

protocol and successor to IPv4. IPV6 uses 128-bit address scheme that allows
total of 2128 or 3.4 × 1038 addresses.

• 6LoOWPAN : 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Net-
works) brings IP protocol to the low-power devices which have limited pro-
cessing capability. 6LoWPAN operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range and
provides data transfer rates of 250 Kb/s. 6LoWPAN works with the 802.15.4
link layer protocol and defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagrams
over IEEE 802.15.4-based networks.

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Lecture 3

Transport Layer

The transport layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability in-
dependent of the underlying network. The message transfer capability can be
set up on connections, either using handshakes (as in TCP) or without hand-
shakes/acknowledgements (as in UDP). The transport layer provides functions such
as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the most widely used transport layer proto-
col, that is used by web browsers (along with HTTP, HTTPS application layer pro-
tocols), email programs (SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer (FTP).
TCP is a connection oriented and stateful protocol. While IP protocol deals with
sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of packets in-order. TCP also
provides error detection capability so that duplicate packets can be discarded and
lost packets are retransmitted. The flow control capability of TCP ensures that
rate at which the sender sends the data is not too high for the receiver to process.
The congestion control capability of TCP helps in avoiding network congestion and
congestion collapse which can lead to degradation of network performance.

UDP

Unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP is a con-
nectionless protocol. UDP is a transaction oriented and stateless protocol. UDP
does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and duplicate elimina-
tion. Higher levels of protocols can ensure reliable delivery or ensuring connections
created are reliable.

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Figure 6: IoT Internet protocols

Application Layer

Application layer protocols define how the applications interface with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network. The application data, typically in files,
is encoded by the application layer protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer
protocol which provides connection or transaction oriented communication over the
network. Port numbers are used for application addressing (for example port 80 for
HTTP, port 22 for SSH, etc.). Application layer protocols enable process-to-process
connections using ports.

• HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the application layer pro-

tocol that forms the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW). HTTP
includes commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE,

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OPTIONS, etc. The protocol follows a request-response model where a client

sends requests to a server using the HTTP commands. HTTP is a stateless
protocol and each HTTP request is independent of the other requests. An
HTTP client can be a browser or an application running on the client (e.g., an
application running on an IoT device, a mobile application or other software).
HTTP protocol uses Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) to identify HTTP
resources. HTTP is described in RFC 2616.

• CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is an application layer pro-

tocol for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications, meant for constrained en-
vironments with constrained devices and constrained networks. Like HTTP,
CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request-response model, however
it runs on top of UDP instead of TCP. CoAP uses a client-server architec-
ture where clients communicate with servers using connectionless datagrams.
CoAP is designed to easily interface with HTTP. Like HTTP, CoAP supports
methods such as GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE. CoAP draft specifications
are available on IEFT Constrained environments (CoRE) Working Group web-
site.

• WebSocket: WebSocket protocol allows full-duplex communication over a

single socket connection for sending messages between client and server. Web-
Socket is based on TCP and allows streams of messages to be sent back and
forth between the client and server while keeping the TCP connection open.
The client can be a browser, a mobile application or an IoT device. WebSocket
is described in RFC 6455.

• MOQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a light-weight

messaging protocol based on the publish-subscribe model. MQTT uses a
client-server architecture where the client (such as an IoT device) connects

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to the server (also called MQTT Broker) and publishes messages to topics
on the server. The broker forwards the messages to the clients subscribed to
topics. MQTT is well suited for constrained environments where the devices
have limited processing and memory resources and the network bandwidth is
low. MQTT specifications are available on IBM developerWorks.

• XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a real-time

communication and streaming XML data between network entities. XMPP
powers wide range of applications including messaging, presence, data syndi-
cation, gaming, multi-party chat and voice/video calls. XMPP allows send-
ing small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another in near
real-time. XMPP is a decentralized protocol and uses a client-server archi-
tecture. XMPP supports both client-to-server and server-to-server communi-
cation paths. In the context of IoT, XMPP allows real-time communication
between IoT devices. XMPP is described in RFC 6120.

• DDS: Data Distribution Service (DDS) is a data-centric middleware device-to-

device or machine-to-machine communication. DDS uses a publish-subscribe
model where publishers (e.g. devices that generate data) create topics to which
subscribers (e.g., devices that want to consume data) can subscribe. Publisher
is an object responsible for data distribution and the subscriber is responsible
for receiving published data. DDS provides quality-of-service (QoS) control
and configurable reliability. DDS is described in Object Management Group
(OMG) DDS specification.

• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open application

layer protocol for business messaging. AMQP supports both point-to-point
and publisher/subscriber models, routing and queuing. AMQP brokers receive
messages from publishers (e.g., devices or applications that generate data) and

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route them over connections to consumers (applications that process data).

Publishers publish the messages to exchanges which then distribute message
copies to queues. Messages are either delivered by the broker to the consumers
which have subscribed to the queues or the consumers can pull the messages
from the queues. AMQP specification is available on the AMPQ working group
website.

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Lecture 4

Logical Design of loT

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities
and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation. In
this section we describe the functional blocks of an IoT system and the communi-
cation APIs

IoT Functional Blocks

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system
the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and manage-
ment. These functional blocks are described as follows:

• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,

monitoring and control functions.

• Communication: The communication block handles the communication for

the IoT system.

• Services: An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services
for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
services for device discovery.

• Management: Management functional block provides various functions to

govern the IoT system.

• Security: Security functional block secures the IoT system and by providing
functions such as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity,
and data security.

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• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow
users to view the system status and view or analyze the processed data.

Figure 7: IoT Functional Block

IoT Communication Models

• Request-Response : Request-Response is a communication model in which

the client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the requests.
When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then sends the
response to the client. Request-Response model is a stateless communication
model and each request-response pair is independent of others.

• Publish-Subscribe : Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that in-

volves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are the source of data.

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Figure 8: Request Response Model

Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker. Pub-
lishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker, When the broker receives data for a topic
from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Figure 9: Publish-Subscribe Model

• Push-Pull : Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data produc-

ers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers. Queues help in decou-
pling the messaging between the producers and consumers. Queues also act as
a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate
at which the producers push data and the rate rate at which the consumers
pull data.

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Figure 10: Push-Pull Model

• Exclusive Pair : Exclusive Pair is a bi-directional, fully duplex communi-

cation model that uses a persistent connection between the client and server.
Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request
to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other
after connection setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful communication model and
the server is aware of all the open connections.

Figure 11: Exclusive Pair Model

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Lecture 5

IoT Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which

you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system?s resources and
how resource states are addressed and transferred. REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model described in previous section. The REST architec-
tural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia systems.
The REST architectural constrains are as follows:

• Client-Server: The principle behind the client-server constraint is the sep-

aration of concerns. For example, clients should not be concerned with the
storage of data which is a concern of the server. Similarly, the server should
not be concerned about the user interface, which is a concern of the client.
Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and up-
dated.

• Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the information
necessary to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored
context on the server. The session state is kept entirely on the client.

• Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to

a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able.
If a response is cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse
that response data for later, equivalent requests. Caching can partially or
completely eliminate some interactions and improve efficiency and scalability.

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• Layered System: Layered system constraint, constrains the behavior of com-

ponents such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with
which they are interacting. For example, a client cannot tell whether it is con-
nected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary along the way. System
scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to respond to requests
instead of the end server, without the client having to do anything different.

• Uniform Interface: Uniform Interface constraint requires that the method

of communication between a client and a server must be uniform. Resources
are identified in the requests (by URIs in web based systems) and are them-
selves separate from the representations of the resources that are returned to
the client. When a client holds a representation of a resource it has all the
information required to update or delete the resource (provided the client has
required permissions). Each message includes enough information to describe
how to process the message.

• Code on demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients
to execute in their context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

A RESTful web service is a ”web API” implemented using HTTP and REST
principles. RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are represented
by URIs, RESTful web API has a base URI (c.g. http://example.com/api/tasks/).
The clients send requests to these URIs using the methods defined by the HTTP
protocol (e.g., GET, PUT, POST, or DELETE). A RESTful web service can support
various Internet media types (JSON being the most popular media type for RESTful
web services). IP for Smart Objects Alliance (IPSO Alliance) has published an
Application Framework that defines a RESTful design for use in IP smart object
systems.

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Figure 12: REST based API

WebSocket-based Communication APIs

The WebSocket API is an advanced technology that makes it possible to open a

two-way interactive communication session between the user’s browser and a server.
With this API, you can send messages to a server and receive event-driven responses
without having to poll the server for a reply. WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional,
full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair communication model. Unlike request-response APIs such as REST,
the WebSocket APIs allow full duplex communication and do not require a new
connection to be setup for each message to be sent. WebSocket communication
begins with a connection setup request sent by the client to the server. This request
(called a WebSocket handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it as
an upgrade request. If the server supports WebSocket protocol, the server responds
to the WebSocket handshake response. After the connection is setup, the client
and server can send data/messages to each other in full-duplex mode. WebSocket
APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection

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setup and termination requests for each message. WebSocket is suitable for loT
applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements.

Figure 13: WebSocket-based Communication APIs

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Lecture 6

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor networks, cloud com-
puting, big data analytics, embedded systems, security protocols and architectures,
communication protocols, web services, mobile Internet, and semantic search en-
gines. This section provides an overview of some of these technologies which play a
key-role in IoT.

Wireless Sensor Networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensors

which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A WSN
consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator. End nodes have
several sensors attached to them. End nodes can also act as routers. Routers are
responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the coordinator. The
coordinator collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a gateway
that connects the WSN to the Internet. Some examples of WSNs used in IoT systems
are described as follows:

• Weather monitoring systems use WSNs in which the nodes collect temperature,
humidity and other data, which is aggregated and analyzed.

• Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the indoor
air quality and concentration of various gases.

• Soil moisture monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor soil moisture at various
locations.

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• Surveillance systems use WSNs for collecting surveillance data (such as motion
detection data)

• Smart grids use WSNs for monitoring the grid at various points.

• Structural health monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor the health of struc-
tures (buildings, bridges) by collecting vibration data from sensor nodes de-
ployed at various points in the structure.

Figure 14: Wireless sensor network

WSNS are enabled by wireless communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4.

ZigBee is one of the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs. ZigBee
specifications are based on IEEE 802.15.4. ZigBee operates at 2.4 GHz frequency
and offers data rates upto 250 KB/s and range from 10 to 100 meters depending
on the power output and environmental conditions. The power of WSNs lies in
their ability to deploy large number of low-cost and low-power sensing nodes for
continuous monitoring of environmental and physical conditions. WSNs are self-
organizing networks. Since WSNs have large number of nodes, manual configuration
for each node is not possible. The self-organizing capability of WSN makes the

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network robust. In the event of failure of some nodes or addition of new nodes to
the network, the network can reconfigure itself.

Embedded Systems

An Embedded System is a computer system that has computer hardware and soft-
ware embedded to perform specific tasks. In contrast to general purpose computers
or personal computers (PCs) which can perform various types of tasks, embedded
systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks, Key components of an em-
bedded system include, microprocessor or microcontroller, memory (RAM, ROM,
cache), networking units (Ethernet, WiFi adapters), input/output units (display,
keyboard, etc.) and storage (such as flash memory). Some embedded systems have
specialized processors such as digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics processors
and application specific processors. Embedded systems run embedded operating sys-
tems such as real-time operating systems (RTOS). Embedded systems range from
low-cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital cam-
eras, point of sale terminals, vending machines, appliances (such as washing ma-
chines), etc. In the next chapter we describe how such devices form an integral part
of IoT systems.

Communication Protocols

Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling to applications. Communication protocols allow devices
to exchange data over the network. In previous section, you learned about various
link, network, transport and application layer protocols. These protocols define the
data exchange formats, data encoding, addressing schemes for devices and routing of
packets from source to destination. Other functions of the protocols include sequence
control (that helps in ordering packets determining lost packets), flow control (that

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helps in controlling the rate at which the sender is sending the data so that the
receiver or the network is not overwhelmed) and retransmission of lost packets.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering

applications and services over the Internet. Cloud computing involves provisioning
of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and providing these
resources as metered services to the users, in a ”pay as you go” model. Cloud
computing resources can be provisioned on-demand by the users, without requiring
interactions with the cloud service provider. The process of provisioning resources is
automated. Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network using stan-
dard access mechanisms that provide platform-independent access through the use
of heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations, laptops, tablets and smart-
phones. The computing and storage resources provided by cloud service providers
are pooled to serve multiple users using multi-tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects of the
cloud allow multiple users to be served by the same physical hardware. Users are
assigned virtual resources that run on top of the physical resources.
Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms:

• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): IaaS provides the users the ability to

provision computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to
the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users can start,
stop, configure and manage the virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
Users can deploy operating systems and applications of their choice on the
virtual resources provisioned in the cloud. The cloud service provider manages
the underlying infrastructure. Virtual resources provisioned by the users are
billed based on a pay-per-use paradigm.

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• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): PaaS provides the users the ability to de-

velop and deploy application in the cloud using the development tools, appli-
cation programming interfaces (APIs), software libraries and services provided
by the cloud service provider. The cloud service provider manages the under-
lying cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems and
storage. The users, themselves, are responsible for developing, deploying, con-
figuring and managing applications on the cloud infrastructure.

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): SaaS provides the users a complete software

application or the user interface to the application itself. The cloud service
provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, net-
work, operating systems, storage and application software, and the user is un-
aware of the underlying architecture of the cloud. Applications are provided
to the user through a thin client interface (e.g., a browser). SaaS applications
are platform independent and can be accessed from various client devices such
as workstations, laptop, tablets and smart-phones, running different operating
systems. Since the cloud service provider manages both the application and
data, the users are able to access the applications from anywhere.

Big Data Analytics

Big data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume, velocity (in terms of its
temporal variation), or variety, is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process
and analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools. Big
data analytics involves several steps starting from data cleansing, data munging (or
wrangling), data processing and visualization. Some examples of big data generated
by IoT systems are described as follows:

• Sensor data generated by IoT systems such as weather monitoring stations.

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• Machine sensor data collected from sensors embedded in industrial and energy
systems for monitoring their health and detecting failures.

• Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness
bands.

• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles.

• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

The underlying characteristics of big data include:

• Volume: Though there is no fixed threshold for the volume of data to be

considered as big data, however, typically, the term big data is used for mas-
sive scale data that is difficult to store, manage and process using traditional
databases and data processing architectures. The volumes of data generated
by modern IT, industrial, and health-care systems, for example, is growing
exponentially driven by the lowering costs of data storage and processing ar-
chitectures and the need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve
bi processes, efficiency and service to consumers.

• Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristic of big data and the

primary reason for exponential growth of data. Velocity of data refers to how
fast the data is generated and how frequently it varies. Modern IT, industrial
and other systems are generating data at increasingly higher speeds.

• Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes such as
structured or unstructured data. including text data. image. audio. video
and sensor data.

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Lecture 7

IoT Deployment Templates

In this section we define various levels of IoT systems with increasing completely.
An IoT m comprises of the following component:

• Device:A smart connected thing or smart device is defined as one which has
communication capabilities, compute power, and can make decisions at a local
level in a limited context. An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. Moreover, power resources are
also very important, as they can provide operational autonomy to the Devices.

• Resource: Resources are software components that provide some functional-

ity. When associated with a Physical Entity, they either provide some informa-
tion about or allow changing some aspects in the digital or physical world per-
taining to one or more Physical Entities. The latter functionality is commonly
referred to as actuation. Resources can either run on a Device ? hence called On-
Device Resources ? or they can run somewhere in the network (Network
Resources). On-Device Resources are typically sensor Resources that provide
sensing data or actuator Resources, e.g. a machine controller that effects some
actuation in the physical world. They thus can be seen as a ?bridge? between
the digital and physical world. On-Device Resources may also be storage Re-
sources, e.g., store a history of sensor measurements, but are limited by the
storage capacity of the Device.

As Network Resources run on a dedicated server in the network or in the

?cloud?, they do not rely on special hardware that allows direct connection
to the physical world. They rather provide enhanced Services that require
more system resources than Devices typical for the IoT can provide. Such

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Resources can process data, for instance they can take sensor information as
input and produce aggregated or more high-level information as output. Also,
Network Resources can be storage Resources, which typically do not suffer
from the limitations of their on-device counterparts. Storage Resources can
store information produces by Resources and they can thus provide informa-
tion about Physical Entities. This may include location and state-tracking
information (history), static data (like product-type information), and many
other properties.

• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the

device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data from
the device to the web service and receives commands from the application (via
web services) for controlling the device.

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device. Historically data collection from devices, data
management, and analysis were sequential steps. Today in the world of IoT,
increased volume of data and greater compute capabilities gives us opportuni-
ties to quickly impact device level or microoperational level business process
decision making, thereby breaking the linearity from data to analysis. Right
after the creation of data from devices or other intermediate processes, we
do two things simultaneously distribute the message to appropriate contain-
ers of the IoT ecosystem, and perform complex event processing for real-time
analysis to get quick insights leading to quick decision influences.

• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, appli-
cation, database and analysis components. Web service can be either imple-
mented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using WebSocket
protocol (WebSocket service), A comparison of REST and WebSocket is pro-

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vided below:

– Stateless/Stateful: REST services are stateless in nature. Each re- quest

contains all the information needed to process it. Requests are
independent of each other. WebSocket on the other hand is stateful in
nature where the server maintains the state and is aware of all the open
connections.

– Uni-directional/Bi-directional: REST services operate over HTTP

and are uni-directional. Request is always sent by a client and the server
responds to the requests. On the other hand, WebSocket is a bi-
directional protocol and allows both client and server to send messages
to each other.

– Request-Response/Full Duplex: REST services follow a request-

response communication model where the client sends requests and the
server responds to the requests. WebSocket on the other hand allow full-
duplex communication between the client and server, i.e., both client and
server can send messages to each other independently.

– TCP Connections: For REST services, each HTTP request involves

setting up a new TCP connection. WebSocket on the other hand involves
a single TCP connection over which the client and server communicate
in a full-duplex mode.

– Header Overhead: REST services operate over HTTP, and each re-
quest is independent of others. Thus each request carries HTTP headers
which is an overhead. Due the overhead of HTTP headers, REST is not
suitable for real-time applications. WebSocket on the other hand does
not involve overhead of headers. After the initial handshake (that hap-
pens over HTTP), the client and server exchange messages with minimal

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frame information. Thus WebSocket is suitable for real-time applications.

– Scalability: Scalability is easier in the case of REST services as requests

are independent and no state information needs to be maintained by the
server. Thus both horizontal (scaling-out) and vertical scaling (scaling-
up) solutions are possible for REST services. For WebSockets, horizontal
scaling can be cumbersome due to the stateful nature of the communica-
tion. Since the server maintains the state of a connection, vertical scaling
is easier for WebSockets than horizontal scaling.

• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing

the loT data and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand. Analysis of IoT data can be performed either locally or in the
cloud. Analyzed results are stored in the local or cloud databases.

• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow
users to view the system status and view the processed data.

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Lecture 8

IoT Deployment Levels

IoT Level-1

A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actu-
ation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the application as shown in Figure
1.14, Level-I IoT systems are suitable for modeling low-cost and low-complexity so-
lutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.
Let us now consider an example of a level-1 IoT system for home automation.
The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances
in a home remotely. The device used in this system interfaces with the lights and
appliances using electronic relay switches. The status information of each light or
appliance is maintained in a local database. REST services deployed locally allow
retrieving and updating the state of each light or appliance in the status database.
The controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or appliance (by
retrieving state from the database) and triggers the relay switches accordingly. The
application which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the lights
or appliances. Since the device is connected to the Internet, the application can be
accessed remotely as well.

IoT Level-2

A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis as shown in Figure 1.15. Data is stored in the cloud and application is
usually cloud-based. Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data

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Figure 15: IoT Level-1

involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally

intensive and can be done locally itself.
Let us consider an example of a level-2 IoT system for smart irrigation. The
system consists of a single node that monitors the soil moisture level and controls
the irrigation system, The device used in this system collects soil moisture data
from sensors. The controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels. If
the moisture level drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is turned on. For
controlling the irrigation system actuators such as solenoid valves can be used. The
controller also sends the moisture data to the computing cloud. A cloud-based
REST web service is used for storing and retrieving moisture data which is stored in
the cloud database. A cloud-based application is used for visualizing the moisture

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levels over a period of time, which can help in making decisions about irrigation
schedules.

Figure 16: IoT Level-2

IoT Level-3

A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud
and application is cloud-based as shown in Figure 1.16. Level-3 IoT systems are

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suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.

Figure 17: IoT Level-3

Let us consider an example of a level-2 IoT system for tracking package handling.
The system consists of a single node (for a package) that monitors the vibration
levels for a package being shipped. The device in this system uses accelerometer
and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels. The controller service sends
the sensor data to the cloud in real-time using a WebSocket service. The data is
stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud-based application. The analysis

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components in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels become greater than
a threshold. The benefit of using WebSocket service instead of REST service in this
example is that, the sensor data can be sent in real time to the cloud. Moreover,
cloud based applications can subscribe to the sensor data feeds for viewing the real-
time data.

IoT Level-4

A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data i cloud
and application is cloud-based as shown in Figure 1.17. Level-4 contains local and
cloud-based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected
in the cloud from IoT devices. Observer nodes can process information and use it for
various applications, however, observer nodes do not perform any control functions.
Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
Let us consider an example of a level-4 IoT system for noise monitoring, The
system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring noise
levels in an area, The nodes in this example are equipped with sound sensors. Nodes
are independent of each other, Each node runs its own controller service that sends
the data to the cloud. The data is stored in a cloud database. The analysis of data
collected from a number of nodes is done in the cloud. A cloud-based application is
used for visualizing the aggregated data.

IoT Level-5

A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node as shown in
Figure 1.18. The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator
node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud. Data is stored
and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based. Level-5 IoT systems are

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Figure 18: IoT Level-4

suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
Let us consider an example of a level-5 IoT system for forest fire detection.
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in a forest. The end nodes
in this example are equipped with various sensors (such as temperature, humidity
and CO2). The coordinator node collects the data from the end nodes and acts
as a gateway that provides Internet connectivity to the loT system. The controller
service on the coordinator device sends the collected data to the cloud. The data
is stored in a cloud database. The analysis of data is done in the computing cloud
to aggregate the data and make predictions. A cloud-based application is used for
visualizing the data.

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Figure 19: IoT Level-5

IoT Level-6

A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based shown in Figure 1.19. The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in the cloud database. The results are visualized
with the cloud-based application. The centralized controller is aware of the status
of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.
Let us consider an example of a level-6 IoT system for weather monitoring.
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity and pressure in an area. The end nodes are equipped with

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various sensors (such as temperature, pressure and humidity). The end nodes send
the data to the cloud in real-time using a WebSocket service. The data is stored in
a cloud database. The analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data
and make predictions. A cloud-based application is used for visualizing the data.

Figure 20: IoT Level-6

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