A.

A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

1. A magnetic pole face has a rectangular section having dimensions 200mm by 100 mm. If
the total flux emerging from the pole is 150 μWb, calculate the flux density.

2. The maximum working flux density of a lifting electromagnet is 1.8T and the effective
area of a pole face is circular in cross-section. If the total magnetic flux produced is 353
mWb, determine the radius of the pole face.

3. A magnetising force of 8000A/m is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of mean

diameter 30 cm by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is
uniformly wound around the circuit and has 750 turns, find the current in the coil.

4. A flux density of 1.2T is produced in a piece of cast steel by a magnetising force of

1250A/m. Find the relative permeability of the steel under these conditions.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

5. Determine the magnetic field strength and the m.m.f. required to produce a flux density
of 0.25T in an air gap of length 12 mm.

6. A coil of 300 turns is wound uniformly on a ring of non-magnetic material. The ring has
a mean circumference of 40 cm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 4 cm2. If the
current in the coil is 5A, calculate (a) the magnetic field strength, (b) the flux density and
(c) the total magnetic flux in the ring.

7. An iron ring of mean diameter 10 cm is uniformly wound with 2000 turns of wire. When
a current of 0.25A is passed through the coil a flux density of 0.4T is set up in the iron.
Find (a) the magnetising force and (b) the relative permeability of the iron under these
conditions.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

8. A uniform ring of cast iron has a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 and a mean
circumference of 20 cm. Determine the m.m.f. necessary to produce a flux of 0.3mWb in
the ring. The magnetization curve for cast iron is shown in the figure below.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

9. Determine the reluctance of a piece of mumetal of length 150mm and cross-sectional area
1800mm2 when the relative permeability is 4000. Find also the absolute permeability of
the mumetal.

10. A mild steel ring has a radius of 50mm and a cross-sectional area of 400mm2. A current
of 0.5A flows in a coil wound uniformly around the ring and the flux produced is
0.1mWb. If the relative permeability at this value of current is 200 find (a) the reluctance
of the mild steel and (b) the number of turns on the coil.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

11. A closed magnetic circuit of cast steel contains a 6 cm long path of cross-sectional area 1
cm2 and a 2 cm path of cross-sectional area 0.5 cm2. A coil of 200 turns is wound around
the 6 cm length of the circuit and a current of 0.4A flows. Determine the flux density in
the 2 cm path, if the relative permeability of the cast steel is 750.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Short answer questions on magnetic circuits

12. State six practical applications of magnets
13. What is a permanent magnet?
14. Sketch the pattern of the magnetic field associated with a bar magnet. Mark the direction
of the field.
15. Define magnetic flux
16. The symbol for magnetic flux is . . . and the unit of flux is the . . .
17. Define magnetic flux density
18. The symbol for magnetic flux density is . . . and the unit of flux density is . . .
19. The symbol for m.m.f. is . . . and the unit of m.m.f. is the . . .
20. Another name for the magnetising force is . . . . . . ; its symbol is . . . and its unit is . . .
21. What is absolute permeability?
22. The value of the permeability of free space is . . .
23. What is a magnetization curve?
24. The symbol for reluctance is . . . and the unit of reluctance is . . .
25. Make a comparison between magnetic and electrical quantities
26. What is hysteresis?
27. Draw a typical hysteresis loop and on it identify:
(a) Saturation flux density (b) remanence (c) coercive force
28. State the units of (a) remanence (b) coercive force
29. How is magnetic screening achieved?

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

30. Complete the statement: magnetic materials have a . . . reluctance; non-magnetic

materials have a . . .. reluctance
31. What loss is associated with hysteresis?
32. A conductor carries a current of 20A and is at right-angles to a magnetic field having a
flux density of 0.9T. If the length of the conductor in the field is 30 cm, calculate the
force acting on the conductor. Determine also the value of the force if the conductor is
inclined at an angle of 30◦ to the direction of the field.

B = 0.9T, I = 20A and l = 30 cm = 0.30m Force F = BIl = (0.9)(20)(0.30) newtons when the
conductor is at right-angles to the field, as shown in Fig. (a), i.e. F = 5.4N.

When the conductor is inclined at 30◦ to the field, as shown in Fig. (b), then Force F = BIl sin θ =
(0.9)(20)(0.30) sin 30◦ i.e. F = 2.7N

33. Determine the current required in a 400mm length of conductor of an electric motor,
when the conductor is situated at right-angles to a magnetic field of flux density 1.2T, if a
force of 1.92N is to be exerted on the conductor. If the conductor is vertical, the current
flowing downwards and the direction of the magnetic field is from left to right, what is
the direction of the force?
Force=1.92N, l =400mm=0.40m and B=1.2T. Since F =BIl, then I =F/Bl hence

If the current flows downwards, the direction of its magnetic field due to the current alone will
be clockwise when viewed from above. The lines of flux will reinforce (i.e. strengthen) the main
magnetic field at the back of the conductor and will be in opposition in the front (i.e. weaken the
field). Hence the force on the conductor will be from back to front (i.e. toward the viewer).
This direction may also have been deduced using Fleming’s left-hand rule.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

34. A coil is wound on a rectangular former of width 24mm and length 30 mm. The former is
pivoted about an axis passing through the middle of the two shorter sides and is placed in
a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.8T, the axis being perpendicular to the field. If
the coil carries a current of 50 mA, determine the force on each coil side (a) for a single-
turn coil, (b) for a coil wound with 300 turns.

(a) Flux density B = 0.8 T, length of conductor lying at right-angles to field l = 30mm = 30×10−3
m and current I = 50mA = 50 × 10−3 A. For a single-turn coil, force on each coil side F = BIl =
0.8 × 50 × 10−3 × 30 × 10−3 = 1.2 × 10−3 N or 0.0012N
(b) When there are 300 turns on the coil there are effectively 300 parallel conductors each
carrying a current of 50 mA. Thus the total force produced by the current is 300 times that for a
single-turn coil. Hence force on coil side, F=300 BIl =300×0.0012=0.36N

35. At what velocity must a conductor 75mm long cut a magnetic field of flux density 0.6T if
an e.m.f. of 9V is to be induced in it? Assume the conductor, the field and the direction of
motion are mutually perpendicular.

36. A conductor moves with a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of (a) 90 ◦ (b) 60◦ and (c) 30◦ to a
magnetic field produced between two square-faced poles of side length 2 cm. If the flux
leaving a pole face is 5 μWb, find the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in each case.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

37. The wing span of a metal aeroplane is 36 m. If the aeroplane is flying at 400 km/h,
determine the e.m.f. induced between its wing tips. Assume the vertical component of the
earth’s magnetic field is 40 μT.

38. Determine the e.m.f. induced in a coil of 200 turns when there is a change of flux of
25mWb linking with it in 50 ms.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

39. A flux of 400 μWb passing through a 150-turn coil is reversed in 40 ms. Find the average
e.m.f. induced.

40. Calculate the e.m.f. induced in a coil of inductance 12H by a current changing at the rate
of 4A/s.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

A.A Science and Technology University

School of Information Science and computing
Work sheet for chapter two

1. An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The primary is
connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding supplies a load of 4 A at a
lagging power factor (pf ) of 0.8. Determine (a) the a-ratio, (b) the current in the primary,
(c) the power supplied to the load, and (d) the flux in the core.

2. A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary turns. If the primary voltage is
240V, determine the secondary voltage, assuming an ideal transformer.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

3. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2:7 is fed from a 240V supply. Determine its
output voltage.

4. A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1 and is fed from a 2.5 kV
supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full-load secondary current, (b) the minimum
load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding to give full load
kVA, (c) the primary current at full load kVA.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

5. A 12 Ω resistor is connected across the secondary winding of an ideal transformer whose

secondary voltage is 120V. Determine the primary voltage if the supply current is 4A.

6. A single-phase, 50 Hz transformer has 25 primary turns and 300 secondary turns. The
cross-sectional area of the core is 300 cm2. When the primary winding is connected to a
250V supply, determine (a) the maximum value of the flux density in the core, and (b)
the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

7. A single-phase 500V/100V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum core flux density of 1.5T

and an effective core cross-sectional area of 50 cm 2. Determine the number of primary
and secondary turns.

8. A transformer has 600 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. The primary and
secondary resistances are 0.25 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively and the corresponding leakage
reactance are 1.0 Ω and 0.04 Ω respectively. Determine (a) the equivalent resistance
referred to the primary winding, (b) the equivalent reactance referred to the primary
winding, (c) the equivalent impedance referred to the primary winding, and (d) the phase
angle of the impedance.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

9. A 5 kVA, 200V/400V, single-phase transformer has a secondary terminal voltage of

387.6 volts when loaded. Determine the regulation of the transformer.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

10. The open circuit voltage of a transformer is 240V. A tap changing device is set to operate
when the percentage regulation drops below 2.5%. Determine the load voltage at which
the mechanism operates.

11. A 200 kVA rated transformer has a full-load copper loss of 1.5kW and an iron loss of
1kW. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.85 power factor.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

12. A 400 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5 Ω and a secondary
winding resistance of 0.001 Ω. The iron loss is 2.5kW and the primary and secondary
voltages are 5 kV and 320V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.85,
determine the efficiency of the transformer (a) on full load, and (b) on half load.

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

13. A three-phase transformer has 500 primary turns and 50 secondary turns. If the supply
voltage is 2.4 kV find the secondary line voltage on no-load when the windings are
connected (a) star-delta, (b) delta-star.

14. The parameters of a 2300/230 V, 50-Hz transformer are given below:

R1 = 0.286 Ω R2′ = 0.319 Ω R0 = 250 Ω
X1 = 0.73 Ω X2′ = 0.73 Ω X0 = 1250 Ω
The secondary load impedance ZL = 0.387 + j 0.29. Solve the exact equivalent circuit with
normal voltage across the primary

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F
A.A Science and Technology University College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Dept. Elec. & Computer Eng Electrical machine drive (EEEg-3172) prepared by: Sh.F