Water

nt on a river, as in Fig. P3.127, must elimi-

of waste heat to the river. The river condi-
m are Qi ! 2.5 m3/s and Ti ! 18°C. The river
and 2.7 m deep. If heat losses to the atmos- P3.130
ound are negligible, estimate the downstream
ns (Q0, T0). P3.131 When theMIE pump in 550
Fig. -P3.130
Assignment
delivers 25 kW4 of power
to the water, the friction head loss is 4 m. Estimate (a) the
exit velocity Ve and (b) the flow rate Q.
Qi , Ti1) Consider a turbine extracting energy from a penstock in a dam, as in Fig. 1. For
P3.132 Consider a turbine extracting energy from a penstock in a
turbulent pipe flow dam,
(Chap.
as in6),
Fig.the friction
P3.132. head loss
For turbulent is approximately
pipe flow (Chap. 6), hf ︎ = CQ2, where
2
the constant C dependsthe friction
uponhead loss is approximately
penstock dimensionshand f ! CQthe, where
properties of water. Show
the constant C depends upon penstock dimensions and the
that, for a given penstock geometry and variable river flow
properties of water. Show that, for a given penstock geom- Q, the maximum turbine
power possible in thisetry case is Pmax
and variable = flow
river 2ρ︎gQ,
HQ/3 and occurs
the maximum turbinewhen
power the flow rate is
T
Q Q=√( ︎H︎/(3C)). possible in this case is P max ! 2" gHQ/3 and occurs when
Power the flow rate is Q ! !H "/(
"3"C")".
plant
Q

Penstock
Q
T + ∆T H

Q0, T0 Turbine
206 Chapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control Volume

tions of Prob. 3.127, if the power plant is to P3.132

by river water by no more than 12°C, what leaving horizontally willFigure
strike the 1floor, as a function of
minimum flow rate Q, in m3/s, through the P3.133h The and H.
longFor what
pipe ratio P3.133
in Fig. h/H will be maximum?
is Xfilled with water Sketch
at 20°C. 3 in
changer? How will the value of Q affect the theWhen
threevalve
trajectories for h/H
A is closed, p1 #!p0.4, 0.5, and 0.6.
2 ! 75 kPa. When the valve
conditions (Q0, T0)?
2) In Fig. 2 theP3.154
exit nozzle
InisFig.
open
isand
horizontal.
P3.154 the exit
water flows
If
nozzlelosses
at 500is m 3 are negligible,
horizontal.
/h, p1 # pIf2 losses
! 160 are
what
kPa.
should the water
level h cm be for the free jet
negligible, whattoshould
just clear thelevel
the water wall?
h cm be for the free
jet to just clear the wall?
1 in

h P3.157

D2 = 6 cm
30 cm D1 = 10 cm

80 cm
Thin
wall

P3.154 40 cm
P3.158
P3.155 Bernoulli’s 1738 treatise Hydrodynamica contains many
excellent sketches of flow patterns2related to his friction-
Figure
less relation. One, however, redrawn here as Fig. P3.155, red oil (SG ! 0.827), estimate (a) p2 and (b) t
seems physically misleading. Can you explain what might rate in m3/h.
be wrong with the figure? P3.159 Our 0.625-in-diameter hose is too short, and
from the 0.375-in-diameter nozzle exit to the
losses are neglected, what is the minimum ga
required, inside the hose, to reach the garden?
P3.160 The air-cushion vehicle in Fig. P3.160 brings
standard air through a fan and discharges it at
ity through an annular skirt of 3-cm clearanc
hicle weighs 50 kN, estimate (a) the required
and (b) the fan power in kW.
Jet
W = 50 k

Jet

P3.155
h = 3 cm
P3.156 A blimp cruises at 75 mi/h through sea-level standard air. 1
 s of flow patterns related to his friction-
e, however, redrawn here as Fig. P3.155, red oil (SG ! 0.827), estimate (a) p2 and (b) the gas flow
misleading. Can you explain what might rate in m3/h.
e figure? P3.159 Our 0.625-in-diameter hose is too short, and it is 125 ft
from the 0.375-in-diameter nozzle exit to the garden. If
losses are neglected, what is the minimum gage pressure D2 If the pressure at the centerline at sectio
required, inside the hose, to reach the garden? and losses are neglected, estimate (a) the m
P3.160 The air-cushion vehicle in Fig. D P3.160 brings in sea-level
3) The air-cushion vehicle in Fig. 3 brings 1in sea-level standard air through aand fan(b)and
the height H of the fluid in the
standard air through a fan and discharges
V1 it at high veloc-
V2, p2 = pa P3.165 A
discharges it at high velocity
ity through through
an annular
Water skirtan annular
of 3-cm skirtIfofthe3-cm
clearance. the meter, shown in Fig. P3.165, i
venturi
ve- clearance. Ifsigned constriction whose pressure differe
vehicle weighs 50 kN,
hicle estimate
weighs 50 kN,(a) the required
estimate airflow
(a) the required rate
airflow rateand (b) the fan of power
the flow in
rate in a pipe. Using Bernoul
h
kW. and (b) the fan power in kW. steady incompressible flow with no losse
Jet pa flow rate Q is related to the manometer r
W = 50 kN A2
"#
2gh($
Water Q # ""4 "
$%1%
%%(%
D%
2/%
D%
1)%
Jet
P3.161 where $M is the density of the manomete

equation with no losses, derive an expression for the ve- 1

at 75 mi/h through sea-level standard air. locity
h = 3 cmV1 which is just sufficient to bring reservoir fluid 2
1
essure transducer connected between the into the throat.
of the blimp registers 950 Pa. Estimate P3.162 Suppose
V
you are designing an air hockey table. The table
pressure at the nose and (b) the absolute is 3.0 ! 6.0 ft in area, with "116"-in-diameter holes spaced
r near the blimp side. every inch in a rectangular grid pattern (2592 holes total).
P3.160The required jet speedDfrom = 6 meach hole is estimated to be h
luid in Fig. P3.157 is mercury. Estimate
n the tube if the flowing fluid is (a) gaso- 50 ft/s. Your job is to select an appropriate blower which
gen, at 20°C and 1 atm. will meet section
P3.161 A necked-down the requirements. Estimate
in a pipe flow, calledthe volumetric
a venturi, de- flow
3 2
e flowing fluid is CO2 at 20°C. Neglect rate (in ft /min) and pressure
Figure 3rise (in
velops a low throat pressure which can aspirate fluid up- lb/in ) required of
the blower. Hint:asAssume that theUsing
air isBernoulli’s
stagnant in the P3.165
0 kPa and the manometer fluid is Meriam ward from a reservoir, in Fig. P3.161.
large volume of the manifold under the table surface, and
neglect any frictional losses. P3.166 An open-circuit wind tunnel draws in se
P3.163 The liquid in Fig. P3.163 is kerosine at 20°C. Estimate the air and accelerates it through a contractio
4) An open-circuit windflow tunnel draws
rate from in sea-level
the tank standard
for (a) no losses and (b) airpipeand accelerates
losses 1-mit test section. A differential transducer
through
hf !by 4.5V 2
/(2g). test section wall measures a pressure diffe
a contraction into a 1-m 1-m test section. A differential transducer mounted in the
of water between the inside and outside.
test section wall measures a pressure difference of 45 mm of water between testthe inside
section velocity in mi/h and (b) the a
and outside. Estimate (a) the test section velocity Air: in mi/h and (b) the absolute
on the front nose of a small model mounte
p = 20 lbf/in2 abs
pressure on the front nose of a small model mounted in the 2test section. Assume the tion.
pa = 14.7 lbf/in abs P3.167 In Fig. P3.167 the fluid is gasoline at 20°C
density of air is 1.225 kg/m3. of 120 N/s. Assuming no losses, estimat
5 ft
sure at section 1.
D = 1 in

5) In Fig. 4 the open jet of water at 20°C exits a nozzle into sea-level V
air and strikes a
stagnation tube as shown.P3.163If the pressure at the centerline at section 1 is 110 kPa, and
losses are neglected, estimate (a) the mass flow in kg/s and (b) the height H of the
P3.164 Intube.
fluid in the stagnation Fig. P3.164 the open jet of water at 20°C exits a noz- p1
zle into sea-level air and strikes a stagnation tube as shown. 12 m

4 cm
Water H
P3.167 8 cm
12 cm (1) Open jet

P3.168 In Fig. P3.168 both fluids are at 20°C. If V

Sea-level air losses are neglected, what should the ma
P3.164 h ft be?
Figure 4