PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

AVT 2114
ELECTRONICS
II

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

CLO 5:Discuss and identify Transistor and the configuration

CLO 6:Identify the direction of current flow of the Diode and Transistor
CLO 8: Analyzes the function Transistors Amplifier, Semiconductor &diodes
CLO 9; Develop skills in identifying the electronic components and its function
.

MODULE LEARNING OUTCOME

TLO 6: Discuss what is a Transistor

TLO 7:Recognizes the configuration of the transistor

TLO 8:Application of Transistor

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOME

TLO 6: Discuss what is a Transistor

TLO 7:Recognizes the configuration of the transistor

TLO 8:Application of Transistor

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

TRANSISTORS

MIDTERM
LEARNING MODULE 1

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
TABLE OF CONTENT

Course Mapping------------------------------------------------------------
Learning Outcomes---------------------------------------------------------
Table of Content----------------------------------------------------------
Academic Honesty Statement---------------------------------------------

TOPICS Page Time Allotment

Definition of Transistor 6
What is a Transistor? 7
Parts of aa Transistor 7
Types of A Transistor 7
Field Effect Transistor 10
How do Transistor works 10
Operation of NPN Transistor 11
Characteristics of Transistor 12
Input characteristics 12
Output Characteristics 14
Current Transfer Characeristics 15
Junction Transistor 17
Application of transistor as a switch 19
Advantages of Transistor 20
Enrichment Acyivity 21
Formative Assessment 22
Laboratory 23

ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Plagiarism is the use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the
representation of them as one’s original work. (1995 Random House Compact Unabridged
Dictionary)

In the academe, it is an adaption or reproduction of an original intellectual creation, be it concepts,

ideas, methods, pieces of information or expressions of another author, whether individual, group,
or organization without proper acknowledgment. Moreover, plagiarism can range from borrowing a
particular phrase or sentence to paraphrasing someone else’s original idea without citing it. The
most common form of plagiarism, especially nowadays, is copying and pasting online material
without crediting the source.

Every student must practice Academic Honesty. Academic misconduct is subject to an academic
penalty by the instructor and/or disciplinary sanction by the College.

I _____________________________ fully understood the definition and description of plagiarism

stated above and I am familiar with the Student Conduct Code. I am aware that I shall be penalized if
plagiarism is found evident on my output which includes, gaining a failing grade.

As a college student and a member of scholarly community, I shall value other people’s ideas. Thus, I
pledged to commit to the following truthful statements:

1. I shall not submit other people’s work and present them as my own.
2. I will not take any passages from their own previous work without adding citations.
3. I will not rewrite someone else’s work without properly citing sources.
4. I shall not use quotations without citing the source.
5. I will not interweave various sources together in my work, without citing.
6. I will not rely too heavily on other people’s work.
7. I shall bring original thought into my own work.
8. I will not disclose any exams/questionnaires/activities after I have taken them.
9. I will not copy any material from another student and submit it as my own.
10. I shall not share my own completed output to another class/student.

__________________________
(Signature over Printed Name

DEFINITION OF TRANSISTOR

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or
gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material,
each capable of carrying a current.

The transistor was invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, and it
rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates
current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists
of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. A
semiconductor is a material such as germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a
"semi-enthusiastic" way. It's somewhere between a real conductor such as copper and an
insulator (like the plastic wrapped around wires).

The semiconductor material is given special properties by a chemical process called

doping. The doping results in a material that either adds extra electrons to the material (which
is then called N-type for the extra negative charge carriers) or creates "holes" in the material's
crystal structure (which is then called P-type because it results in more positive charge
carriers). The transistor's three-layer structure contains an N-type semiconductor layer
sandwiched between P-type layers (a PNP configuration ) or a P-type layer between N-type layers (an
NPN configuration).

A small change in the current or voltage at the inner semiconductor layer (which acts as the
control electrode) produces a large, rapid change in the current passing through the entire component.
The component can thus act as a switch, opening and closing an electronic gate many times per
second. Today's computers use circuitry made with complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) technology. CMOS uses two complementary transistors per gate (one with N-type material;
the other with P-type material). When one transistor is maintaining a logic state, it requires almost no
power.

Transistors are the basic elements in integrated circuits (IC), which consist of very large numbers of
transistors interconnected with circuitry and baked into a single silicon microchip.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR?
A transistor is a type of a semiconductor device that can be used to both conduct and insulate electric
current or voltage. A transistor basically acts as a switch and an amplifier. In simple words, we can say that a
transistor is a miniature device that is used to control or regulate the flow of electronic signals.

Transistors are one of the key components in most of the electronic devices that are present today.
Developed in the year 1947 by three American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley,
the transistor is considered as one of the most important inventions in the history of science.

A typical transistor is composed of three layers of semiconductor materials or more specifically

terminals which helps to make a connection to an external circuit and carry the current. A voltage or current that
is applied to any one pair of the terminals of a transistor controls the current through the other pair of terminals.
There are three terminals for a transistor. They are:

o Base: This is used to activate the transistor.

o Collector: It is the positive lead of the transistor.
o Emitter: It is the negative lead of the transistor.

PARTS OF A TRANSISTOR

Well, the very basic working principle of a transistor is based on controlling the flow of current through one
channel by varying intensity of a very smaller current that is flowing through a second channel

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS

Based on how they are used in a circuit there are mainly two types of transistors.

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

The three terminals of BJT are base, emitter and collector. A very small current flowing between base and
emitter can control a larger flow of current between the collector and emitter terminal.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

Furthermore, there are two types of BJT. These include;

P-N-P Transistor: It is a type of BJT where one n-type material is introduced or placed between two p-type
materials. In such a configuration, the device will control the flow of current. PNP transistor consists of 2 crystal
diodes which are connected in series. The right side and left side of the diodes are known as the collector-base
diode and emitter-base diode, respectively.

N-P-N Transistor: In this transistor, we will find one p-type material that is present between two n-type
materials. N-P-N transistor is basically used to amplify weak signals to strong signals. In NPN transistor, the
electrons move from the emitter to collector region resulting in the formation of current in the transistor. This
transistor is widely used in the circuit

There are three types of configuration as a common base (CB), common collector (CC) and common
emitter (CE).

In Common Base (CB) configuration the base terminal of the transistor is common between input
and output terminals.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

In Common Collector (CC) configuration the collector terminals are common between the input and output terminals.

In Common Emitter (CE) configuration the emitter terminal is common between the input and the output terminals.

Field Effect Transistor (FET)

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
For FET, the three terminals are Gate, Source and Drain. The voltage at the gate terminal can
control a current between source and drain. FET is a unipolar transistor in which N channel
FET or P channel FET are used for conduction. The main applications of FETs are in low
noise amplifier, buffer amplifier and an analogue switch.

Other Types

Apart from these, there are many other types of transistors which include MOSFET, JFET,
insulated-gate bipolar transistor, thin-film transistor, high electron mobility transistor,
inverted-T field-effect transistor (ITFET), fast-reverse epitaxial diode field-effect transistor
(FREDFET), Schottky transistor, tunnel field-effect transistor, organic field-effect transistor
(OFET), diffusion transistor, etc.

How do Transistors work?

We know that BJT consists of three terminals (Emitter, Base and Collector). It is a current-
driven device where two P-N junctions exist within a BJT.

One P-N junction exists between emitter and base region and the second junction exists
between the collector and base region. A very small amount of current flow through emitter
to the base can control a reasonably large amount of current flow through the device from
emitter to collector.

In usual operation of BJT, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base-collector
junction is reverse biased. When a current flows through the base-emitter junction, a current
will flow in the collector circuit.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
OPERATION OF NPN TRANSISTOR

The emitter of NPN device is made by n-type material, hence the majority carriers are
electrons. When the base-emitter junction is forward biased the electrons will move from the
n-type region towards the p-type region and the minority carriers holes moves towards the n-
type region.

When they meet each other they will combine enabling a current to flow across the junction.
When the junction is reverse biased the holes and electrons move away from the junction, and
now the depletion region forms between the two areas and no current will flows through it.

When a current flows between base and emitter the electrons will leave the emitter and flow
into the base as shown above. Normally the electrons will combine when they reach the
depletion region

But the doping level in this region is very low and the base is also very thin. This means that
most of the electrons are able to travel across the region without recombining with holes. As
a result, the electrons will drift towards the collector

In this way, they are able to flow across what is effectively reverse-biased junction and the
current flows in the collector circuit.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR

Characteristics of the transistor are the plots which can represent the relation between the
current and the voltage of a transistor in a particular configuration.

There are two types of characteristics.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Input characteristics: It will give us the details about the change in input current with the
variation in input voltage by keeping output voltage constant.

Output characteristics: It is a plot of output current with output voltage by keeping input
current constant.

Current transfer Characteristics: This plot shows the variation of output current with the input
current by keeping the voltage constant.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
CB Configuration

This chart will describe the variation of emitter current, IE with base – Emitter voltage, VBE
keeping collector voltage constant, VCB.

 CC Configuration
It shows the variation in IB in accordance with VCB with collector-emitter voltage VCE keeping constant.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

 CE Configuration

Here it shows the variation in IB in accordance with VBE by keeping VCE constant.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

CB Configuration

This chart shows the variation of collector current, IC with VCB by keeping emitter current IE constant.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

CC Configuration

This exhibit the variation in IE against the changes in VCE by keeping IB constant.

CE Configuration

Here it shows the variation in IC with the changes in VCE by keeping IB

constant.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

CURRENT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

CB Configuration

It gives the variation of IC with the IE by keeping VCB as constant.

Current Transfer CB Configuration

CC Configuration

This shows the variation of IE with IB by keeping VCE constant.

Current Transfer CC Configuration

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

CE Configuration

Here it shows the variation of IC with IB by keeping VCE constant.

Current Transfer CE Configuration

JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

A junction transistor has three doped regions – emitter, base, and collector. These regions
form two p-n junctions between them. Depending on the number of n and p-type
semiconductors in the transistor, they are of two types:

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
n-p-n junction transistor

n-p-n transistor: A p-type semiconductor (base) separates two

segments of the n-type semiconductor (emitter and collector).

p-n-p junction transistor

p-n-p transistor: An n-type semiconductor (base) separates two

segments of the p-type semiconductor (emitter and collector.

As can be seen in both the figures above, all three segments have different thickness and
doping levels. The schematic symbols of both these transistors are as follows:

The arrowhead shows the direction of the conventional current in the transistor. Let’s
understand the three segments in detail:

This segment is on one side of the transistor. It has a moderate size and is heavily
Emitter
doped causing it to supply a large number of carriers for the flow of current.

Base This segment is at the centre of the transistor. It is thin and lightly doped.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

This segment is also on one side of the transistor. It is larger than the emitter and is
Collector moderately doped. Hence, it collects most of the majority carriers supplied by the
emitter.

Also, in the case of a junction transistor, the depletion regions are formed at the emitter-base junction and the base-
collector junction. To understand the action of the transistor, it is important to consider the nature of depletion
regions formed at these junctions.

It is also important to note here that junction transistor was invented to produce an enlarged copy of a signal – an
amplifier. Eventually, it became equally popular as a switch

Applications Of Transistor As a Switch

The transistor as a switch has the following uses:

 The LED feature is the most widely employed practical application that is used as a
switch for the transistor.

 The relay operation can be managed by making the necessary circuit changes in order
to connect and control some external devices with respect to the relay

 With this idea of transistors, the dc motors can be controlled and monitored. This
software is used to turn the engine on and off. The motor speed can be modified by
changing the transistor frequency values.

 Light-bulb is one of these switches ‘ examples. It can switch the light on if the setting
is bright and off depending on the dark surroundings. A light-dependent resistor
(LDR) is used to do this.

 An element called a thermistor can be controlled using this switching method, which
detects the ambient temperature. The thermistor is called a resistor. This resistance

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
increases when the temperature sensed is low and the resistance decreases when the
sensed temperature is hig

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTOR

 Lower cost and smaller in size.

 Smaller mechanical sensitivity.
 Low operating voltage.
 Extremely long life.
 No power consumption.
 Fast switching.
 Better efficiency circuits can be developed.
 Used to develop a single integrated circuit.
 Limitations of Transistors
 Transistors also have few limitations. They are as follows:

Transistors lack higher electron mobility.

Transistors can be easily damaged when electrical and thermal events arise. For example,
electrostatic discharge in handling.

Transistors are affected by cosmic rays and radiation.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

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LABORATORY

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

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REFERENCES

Transistor - Definition, Working Principle, Types ...

https://byjus.com/jee/transistor/

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

what is transistor? - Definition from WhatIs.com

Https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/transistor

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga

RUBRICS
Above
Inadequate Adequate Exemplary
Average
(Below (Meets (Far Exceeds
Criteria (Exceeds
Standard) Standard) Standard)
Standard)
1 2 4
3
Organization Writing lacks logical Writing is Writing is Writing shows high
organization. It coherent and coherent and degree of attention
shows some logically logically to logic and
coherence but ideas organized. Some organized with reasoning of points.
lack points remain transitions used Unity
unity. Serious errors. misplaced and between clearly leads the
stray from the ideas and reader to the
topic. paragraphs to conclusion and stirs
Transitions create thought regarding
evident but not coherence. the topic.
used throughout Overall unity of
essay. ideas is present
Level of Shows some thinking Content indicates Content indicates Content indicates
Content and thinking original synthesis of ideas,
reasoning but most and reasoning thinking and indepth analysis and
ideas are applied with develops ideas evidences original
underdeveloped and original thought with sufficient thought and support
unoriginal. on a few and firm for the topic.
ideas. evidence.
Development Main points lack Main points are Main points well Main points well
detailed present with developed developed with high
development. Ideas limited detail and with quality quality and quantity
are development. supporting support. Reveals
vague with little Some critical details and high degree of
evidence of thinking is quantity. Critical critical thinking.
critical thinking. present. thinking is
weaved into
points
Grammar & Spelling, Most spelling, Essay has few Essay is free of
Mechanics punctuation, and punctuation, spelling, distracting spelling,
grammatical errors and grammar punctuation, and punctuation, and
create correct allowing grammatical grammatical errors;
distraction, making reader to progress errors allowing absent of fragments,
reading though reader to comma splices,
difficult; fragments, essay. Some follow ideas and run-ons.
comma errors remain. clearly. Very
splices, run-ons few fragments or
evident. run-ons.
Errors are frequent.
Style Mostly in elementary Approaches Attains college Shows outstanding
form with little or no college level level style; style going beyond
variety in usage of some tone is usual college level;
sentence structure, variety in appropriate and rhetorical devices
diction, sentence patterns, rhetorical devices and tone used
rhetorical devices or diction, and used to effectively; creative
emphasis. rhetorical devices. enhance content; use
sentence of sentence structure
variety used and coordination
effectively.

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 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Basa-Palmayo, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Format Fails to follow Meets format and Meets format and Meets all formal and
format and assignment assignment assignment
assignment requirements; requirements; requirements and
requirements; generally margins, evidences attention
incorrect margins, correct margins, spacing, and to
spacing spacing, and indentations are detail; all margins,
and indentation; indentations; correct; essay is spacing and
neatness of essay is neat but neat and indentations are
essay needs may have some correctly correct; essay is neat
attention. assembly assembled. and correctly
errors. assembled with
professional look.

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