V O L U M E 26, NO.

10, O C T O B E R 1 9 5 4 1595

coarse sintered-glass disk, heating the face of the disk a short of methanol, and adjust the pH to 3.0 to 3.5 with dilute mag-
time in the flame, and “sticking” the two together. The coarse nesium acetate or perchloric acid. Rapidly add about 90no
sintered-glass disk must fit the cation exchange tube closely. of the required barium chloride or perchlorat,e, then add 5 drops
The juncture between the disk and capillary tube need not be of Alizarin Red S and tit,rate to t’he first permanent pink. .411ow
tight and only strong enough to withstand the operations of in- a time lapse of 3 to 5 seconds between addition of the last few
w t i o n and removal. Gum rubber tubing ( 2 mm.) and a capil- increments of titrant.
lary tubing tip attached to the column outlet gave an adjustable For t,it.rations on a semimicro scale use a 0.2- to 0.8-millimole
head. If the head n a s maintained a t 35 cm the liquid level sample, 10 ml. of water, 10 ml. of methanol, and 1 drop of indi-
stopped automatically a t the top of the resin, thus requiring lem cator.
operator attention. Fourteen milliliters of resin in this column Ion Exchange Procedure. .\gitate the resin (H form) in a
quantitatively removed sodium from nine samples containing 1 beaker and decant the finer particles. Repeat this several times.
millimole each of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. The re- With the column open pour in 14 ml. of resin, measured wet.
moval of metal ions is more efficient from less acid Pqlutions. Backwash with a slow stream of distilled water for a few minutes,
According to Samuelson ( 4 ) the removal of sodium ions is more then place the sintered-glass disk, with capillary tube attarhed,
difficult than all other common ions except lithium. on top of the resin column and run 50 ml. of 3 . 5 S hydrochloric
acid t,hrough from the bottom at. a flow rate of about 4 ml. per
REAGENTS .AND SOLUTIONS minute, washing it through with distilled n-ater. Continue the
washing until only a faint chloride test is obtained. This n-ill re-
Alizarin Red S. Prepare a 0.27?0 aqueous solution. quire about 150 ml. and 30 minutes.
iZmmonium Sulfate. Prepare a 0. lOOOM solution by dissolv- Introduce the 5-ml. sample containing 1 millimole of sulfate
ing 13.214 grams of ammonium sulfate in water and diluting to by pipet directly onto the resin column and !?ash through with
exactly 1liter. 20 ml. of distilled water in small portions, allon-ing the liquid level
Barium Chloride. Prepare a stock solution which is approsi- to come to rest a t t,he top of the resin column each time before
niately 0.1Jf. ..idjust t,he p H to 3 to 3.5. Standardize against a new rinse is added. Titxate the sulfate in the eluate by the
a standard solution of sulfuric acid using the procedure dexrihed standard macroprocedure.
helow.
Barium Perchlorate. Prepare a 0.1Jf stock sclution and ad-
just the pH to about, 3. Standardize against a standard solution LITERATURE CITED
of sulfuric acid using the procedure described below.
Cation Exchange Resin. Dowex 50, cross-linking 16, 50- to (1) Johnston, J., andddanis. L. H., J . A m . C h e m . Soc.. 33, 829 (1911).
100-mesh resin. (2) Kolthoff, I. M., and Stenger, V. A,, “Tolumetric Analysis,” 1-01,
Hydrochloric .4citi. Dilute reagent grade hydrochloric acid 11. pp. 30G14, New T o r k , Inter>cience Publishers, 1947.
to 3 m - . (3) I b i d . , Vol. I,p. 92.
Xagnesium .\cet,ate. approsimately 0.25M solution. (4) Samuelson, O., Snensk Kcm. T i d s k r . , 52, 115 (1940).
Methanol, .1.C.S. grade. (5) Schroeder, W. C., IND.Esc,.(:HEY., . ~ s . L L . ED..5, 403 (1933).
Sulfuric Acid. Prepare an approximately 0.01X stock solu- (6) Willard, H. H., and Furman, N. H., “Elementary Quantitative
tion and standardize by titration with a standard sodium h>-- .halysis,” 3rd ed., p. 171, Sew York, D. Van Xostrand Co.,
droside solution. 1940.
o-(2-H~droxy-~,R-tlisulfo-1-11aphthglazo)-benzenearsonicAcid
Disodium Salt (Thorin). Prepare a 0.025% solution of the so- RECEIVED for reT.iew October 12. 1‘133. .Iccepted .Jiily 14, 1954 Pi,esented
dium salt in water. before the Division of Analytical Clleuiistry a t the 123th AIeeting of the
PROCEDURE .‘ivERIcAs C H E M I C A L fiocrsTS. Kansas City. M o . Contribution f r o m the
Institute for Atomic Research a n d Department of Chemistry, Iowa State
General Procedure. For macrotitration dissolve a sample con- College, Ames, Iowa. Work Iierforined in the .IIIICS Lahoratory oi t h e
taining 2 to 4 millimoles of sulfate in 45 ml. of water, add 40 ml. Atomic Ehergy Commission.

Tables for Evaluating Bateman Equation

Coefficients for Radioactivity Calculations
F. 1. FLANAGAN and F. E. SENFTLE
U. 5. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

Tables of decay constants and functions thereof are ford et al., 5 ) . The solution of the general case of n products is
presented to simplify the problem of calculating the given by
constants involved in the Bateman equation. These
tables make it possible to calculate any constant in- 2 V = S‘ (Cle-X11 + C?e-X21 . . , C,,e-hrd)

volved in any of the four radioactive series b? a maxi-

where S atoms of a giveii species are formed from S’atoms of a
mum of three mathematical operations, either by three
parent species in time t, A is the decay constant, e is the Na-
divisions or by two multiplications and a division. perian base, and C, is a constant having the form
They are useful and time-saving where a large number
of such calculations are involved. c2= AIA?. . . . An-1
(A, - A?) (A, - A?) .. (AJt - A ? )

These constants, although simple in themselves, are tedious to

R ADIOACTIVE equilibrium in the thorium, uranium, or
neptunium series can be disturbed by chemical treatment
of materials containing some or all of the members of these series.
calculate, especially where there are a large number of calcula-
tions, and where many terms are involved. T o facilitate the
.4~ a result of such a break in the radioactive chain, it is important evaluation of these Bateman constants a number of tables have
to know the variation with time of the quantity or activity of a been computed. The half-life data are taken from the publica-
particular decay product. tions of Way et al. ( 6 ) , Fleming ( 2 ) , Ginnings et al. ( 3 ) , and Hol-
Calculations involving radioactive equilibrium were simplified lander et al. (4).
by Bateman ( 1 ) and his method is standard procedure (Ruther- Table I shows the half lives and decay constants of the various
1596 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Table I. Half Lives and Decay Constants

Nuclide Half Life A, Sec.-l Nuclide Half Life

T1 207 4.79 ni 2.411785596 (-3) Rn 222 3.S25d 2.097395244 ( -0 )

208 3.lm 3.726597744 (-3) Fr 221 4.8m 2.406761043 ( - 3)
209 2.2m 5.251115003 (-3) 223 21 in 5.501168099 (-4)
210 1 . 3 2 ni 8.751858339 (-3) Ra 223 11.2d 7.162979295 (-7)

P b 206 Stable 224 3.64d

207 Stable 225 14.8d
208 Stable 226 ,622 Y
209 3.22 h 5.979530542 ( -5) 228 6 . 7 ~
210 22 Y 9.984080813 ( - 10) Ac 225 10.0d
211 36.11n 3.200125487 ( - 4) 227 22.0y
212 10.6h 1.816423428 ( - 51 228 6.13h
214 26.81n 4.310616794 (-4) Th227 18.6d

Bi 209 Stable 228 1.9oy 1.158051462 (-8)

210 5.02d 1.598114902 (-6) 229 ,340 Y 2.992503786 ( - 12)
211 2.16m 5.348357874 -
( RJ 230 8 . 0 (4) Y 2,745622224 ( 13) -
212 6O.bn1 1.909496365 (-4) 231 25.64h 7.509394831 ( - 6)
213 47m 2.457968725 ( - 4) 232 1 . 3 9 (10) y 1.580214229 ( - 18)
214 19.7m 5.864189344 (-41 234 24.10 d 3.328853448 ( - 7 )

Po 210 138.39d 5.797049808 i - 8 ) Fa 231 34,300~ 6 403783615 ( -( - 713)

2.927933142 )
0.52, 1.332975347 233 27.4d
3.04(-7)s 2,280089409 (6) 234 1.175m 9,831874900 ( - 3 )
4 . 2 (-6) s 1.650350429 ( 5 ) U 233 1 62 (5) y 1,355862826 ( - 13)
1.637 (-4)s 4.234252782 ('3) 234 2.475(5)y 8.874738501 ( - 1 4 )
1 . 8 3 (-3) s 3,787689510 (2 I 23: 7 . 1 3 (8) y 3,080642045 ( - 17)
0 158s 4.387007471 238 4 . 4 9 8 (9) y 4 883276521 ( - 181
3 .05 111 3.787689510 (-3) XI) 217 2 20 (6) y 9.984080813 i - 15)

.4t 217 0.018s 3.850817669 (1) Pu 241 14 Y 1.568926985 ( - 9 )

R n 219 3.42s 1.768232603 ( - 1 ) .\Ill "41 470 y 4.673399529 ( - 1 1 )

220 54.3, 1,271829688 ( - 2 )

Tahle [ I . I'rodirrts of Differences of Decay Constants of Uranium-238 Series

XU238

1 -3.328853448 -9.831874000 -8.874250173 -2.745573391 - 1.354190407 -2 09739:2$4

(-7) (-3) (-14) (-13) (-11) (-6)
2 3.328853448 9,666249117 --2.9641070&2 -9.139603910 -4,507718322 3 700874670
(-7) (-5) (-20) (-20) ( - 18) ( - 12)
3 3.2728870ti6 -3.272776254 -2.904441088 - 8.985944228 -4.431932251; 3 637877458
(-9) f -9) (-22) ( - 22) ( - 20) (-14)
4 2.904441861 1.089458961 -9.503735207 1.669721766 5.962350470 -7 630066555
(-222 (-15) (-7) (-34) (-31) (-20)
5 7.974308289 -3.626646227 9.343953564 - 5.396882485 -7.910457l338 1 ~0032~32n
( - 35) (-22) (-92 (-35) ( - 42) ( - 25)
6 1.079880O21 1.207208268 -9.186808238 -7.260513690 2.215277911 -3 356495141
( - 45) (-28) (-11) (-46) ( - 45) (-31)
2.264935220 2.130130939 9.030477245 -1.522816624 4.64631274.5 - 1.059 1249 10
(-51) ( - 3.4) (713) (-51) (-51) (-47)
8 8.578871374 8.067065524 -5.408187863 -5.767956552 1.759879004 -6.284249994 -1.210632154
( - 54) (-37) (-15) ( - 54) ( - 53) ( -50) (-33)
9 3.698022702 3.474932769 5,131140462 -2,486345038 7.586163985 -2,708899271 -5,450608950
(-57) (-40) ( - 17) (-57) ( - 57) (-53) (-37)
10 2.168590:32 2.036609617 -4,743973320 - 1 . 648039808 4.448670208 -1.588519787 - 3.184908211
(-60) ( - 43) ( - 19) ( - 00) (-60) (- 3R) ( - 40)

Branch via 1'021' (99.96%)

11 10 x (hPo9" - y) 9 182360493
(-57)
8.623519937
(-40)
-2.00871355S
( - 13)
-6.173709113
(-57)
1 883679420
(-562
-6.726321355
( - 53)
- 1.34857064A
(-36)
12 11 X (XPb2Io - y) 9.167742877 -2.862033615 1.974941841 -6.163333169 1.8801h3568 -6.624526361 2.827139233
(-66) (-46) (-17) -
( 66) ( -6.5) ( - 62) (-42)
13 12 X (XBi2lo- Y) 1.465110651 -3 621129523 -1,941422493 -9.849714035 3,00471689cl -1.058666459 1.411535043
(-71) (-52) ( - 19) (-72) (-71) (-67) (-48)
14 13 X (hPoZiO - I/) 8.493318974 9.950022789
(-59)
1.908771053
(-21)
-5.709919245
(-79)
1.74184l,011
(-78)
-6.135708236
(-75)
-2.878719301
(-54)
(-79
15 14 X (XPbZo6- 4.147022513 - 3 313881194 -1 876679820 5 067404016 -4.782437390 8.308920780 6.037812590
(-96) (-65) ( - 23) (-92) (-91) (-86) (-60)

Branch via TIzio (0.04%)

16 10 X (XT1210 - Y) 1,897919713 1.782344090 5.123569750 -1.276055785 3.893413146 - 1.390276268 -2.786718547

( - 62) ( -?5) (-22) (-62) (-62) (-58) (-42)
17 16 X (XPb210 - Y) 1.894898370 -5.910367202 -5,037429171
(-24)
-1.273911161
(-71)
3.886146165
(-79
- 1,36923tiO65
(-67)
5.842067945
(-48)
(-71) ( - 52)
18 17 X (XBi2I0 - Y) 3.028265323 -7.484297424 4.951932304 -2.035856297 6.210007029 -2 188178018 2.916829682
( - 77) (158) ( - 26) (-77) ( - 77) (-73) ( - 54)
19 18 X - Y) 1.755500399 2.007644502 -4.868649186 -1,180194167 3.600244518 -1 268201308 -5.948654642
( - 84) (-64) (-28) (-84) ( - 84) (-80) ( - 60)
20 19 X (XPbZCd- v) -8.572593881 -6.849264110 4.786794973 1.047391461 -9.884911635 1 717386778 1.247667995
( - 102) (-71) (-301 (-97) (-97) (-91) ( -65)
V O L U M E 2 6 , NO. 10, O C T O B E R 1 9 5 4 1597
members of the uranium-238, uranium-235, thorium-232, and As a further example, consider the complete Bateman coeffi-
neptunium-237 series arranged in the order of increasing atomic cient
number and mass.
Tables I1 through 1- are products of differences of decay
constants for each of the four series. Each entry has been
carried to a t least nine digits to reduce round-off error. The (XPb'" - XR,222 )
powers of 10 for each figure are indicated below the figure in
parentheses-for example, (-25) indicates X 10-*6. The last The nunierator can be evaluated by dividing the eleventh entry
column of each table in Tables I1 through V represents the ex- under Pbz06by the sixth entry in the same column. The de-
pression in the numerator of the constant, as (XI - A,) ( A z - nominator can be evaluated by dividing the h e t f t h entry under
A"). . . . .is equal to XI A*. . . . .when A, represents the end or stable Rnzzzby the sixth entry in the same column.
member of the series and is numerically equal to zero. Thus
The product of difference tables must be read from top to
bottom. Where the desired product is not shown in the tables, C =
1.484328657 X 10-74/5.273738631 X -
it is easily calculated by dividing out the undesired part. 2.827139233 X 10-42/-3.356495111 X 10-3' -
For example, in the table for the thorium series
- 0.8503139266 X IO-" -
-
0.8111890885 X IO-"
- 1.009526346
can be obtained by dividing the entry i n the seventh row of
column 4 by the third cmtry in the same column. Thus, the CONCLUSIONS
numerical evaluation of the desired product above is obtained These tables enable one to calculate any constant involved in
9 s follows:
any of the four radioactive series by 3, mavinium of three mathe-
matical operations, either by three divisions or by two multi-
plications and a division. The tables have been found to be
extremely useful and time-saving where a large number of cal-
culations of this nature are involved.
(Continued on page 1600)

Table 11. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Uranium-238 Series (Continued)

( I n sec -1)

XPo2'3 APbZ" AB,! ' AP0214 XTIz 0 XPb"' XBI"~ XPo?'@ APb2'fi

-3.787689510 -4.310616794 - 5 , 864188344 -4.234252782 -8 751838339 -9 984080764 -1 598114902 - 5 797049505 4.883276521

(-3) (-4) (-4) (3) 1-2) ( - 10) (-6) (-8) (-18)
1.434533096 1.856706771 3.436919564 1,792889662 7 659ill102 - 3 313585974 2 021982209 - 1.593694994 1 625571188
(-5) (-7) (-7) (7) (-5) (-16) (-12) (-14) (-24)
8.670583980 1.745455359 3.177588849 -7.591530411 8.272074834 - 3 257875946 1.987664477 - 1.566891742 1.598241256
(-8) (-9) (-9) (10) (-8) ( - 18) ( - 14) ( - 16) ( - 26)
-3.284147999 -7.523989184 -1.863398267 3.214445876 -7.239602712 3 252400544 -3.176516044 9.083335091 1.418397321
(-10) ( - 13) ( - 12) (14) ( - 10) (-27) (-20) (-24) (-39)
1.243933292 3.243303411 1.092732026 -1.361077639 6.335997737 - 3 246380000 5.076436753 -5.265629380 3,894383207
(-12) (-16) ( - 15) (18) ( - 12) (-36) (-26) 3.001798352
(~31) (- 52)
-4,711633064 - 1.398063771 - 6,407987355 5.763146799 -5 545175454 3 197200598 -8,112660479 5.273738631
(-15) (-19) ( - 19) (21) ( - 14) ( - 45) (-32) (-389 (-63)
1.783632098 5.997194248 3.744325034 -2.440262027 4 851896962 6.702601218 4.050491898 6.223913088 1.106111432
(-17) ( - 23)
2.0130349 12
(-22)
1.198659756
(25)
1.033267703
( - 16)
-2.408563070
( - 51)
2.538736563
(-38)
1.533553252
( - 44) -
( 68)
2.387388951 4.189606668
( -25) (-24) (29) (- 18) ( - 53) ( - 40) ( - 46) (-71)
- 5.986989 140 - 1,862204894 -4.375116201 2 , 0 0 4 11635.3 1 096634375 6.586052460 1.016043381 1.805978886
C-Z?) (-28) (32) ( - 20) ( - 56) ;( 44) 5.907681762
:( 49) (-74)
1,916097217 3.127395781 1.852534538 -1 636449ORD 6.430860667 3.801660597 1.059060214
(-22) (-29) (36) (-22, ( - 60) (-47) ( - 53) ( - 77)

Branch via PO?^' (99.96%)

8.115349838 1.324218294 -7 886043162 2.722988967 1.630890459 2.522633058 4 484328657

( - 19) (-25) (-25) (-56) (-43) ( - 49) (-74)
-3.073841735 -5 708184396 4 623931909 -7.844099591 -2.604722052 -1.437196700 4.477189970
(-21) ( - 29) ( - 281 (39) (-49) ( - 56) (-83)
1.163784574 2 461457218 -2 704171648 3.321390020 4 348930592 -2.213490459 7.155064010
( - 23) (-32) i - 31) (43) (-62) (-62) (-89)
- 4.407987158 -1.056587133 1 585620694 -1,406360493 2.477676519 4.011648100 4.147826028
(-26) ( - 35) (-34) (47) (-69) (-55) (-96)
1.669608672 4.554542326 --9 298379977 5.954885830 -2.473732259 -6.411074610 1.283171377
( - 28) (-39) 1-38] (50) ( - 78) (-61) (-69)

Branch via ~ 1 2 1 0(0.04c.;)

9.514312162 2.602242437 -1,520572122 5.628197514 3.370303252 5.214044144 9.268744965

(-25) (-31) ( - 30) ( - 62) (-49) ( - 55) ( - 80)
-3.603725088 -1.121724397 8 916907653 1.432196877 -5.382766914 -2.970549764 9.253989876
(-27) ( - 34) ( - 84) ( - 24) ( -55) ( -62) (-89)
1.364403254 4.817397597 -5.21~763241 -1.253209536 8.988887081 - 4 575075605 1.478893912
(-29)
-5.167856798
(-38)
-2.076316224
(-37)
3.057751191
(-26)
1.096783968
( - 68)
5.121156565 8.290238357
-
( 68) (-94)
8.573221220
(-32) (-41) ( - 40) (-- 28) (-75) (-61) ( - 102)
1.957423698 8.950203585 -1.793123195 -9.098897916 --5.113004100 -1.324875346 2.652193977
( - 34) ( - 45) ( - 43) (-31) ( - 84) ( - 66) (-75)
1598 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Table 111. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Uranium-235 Series

( I n sec.-l)
Y- XC l a 6 XTh'31 XPS231 XAc2?7 XThZZ7 XFrZ23
1 (AC235 - y) -7.509394831 - 6.403415551 -9.984080506 -4.313191834 -5,501168099
2
(-m (-13) (-10) (-7) (-4)
1 X ( h T h Z a 1- y) 7.509394831 -4.808622210 -7.496443435 -3.052909808 2.984974602
( - 6) (-18) (-15) (-12) (-7)
3 2 x (XPa231 - y j 4.808622620 5.639100392 7.479709116 1.316776610 -1.642084704
( - 18) (-11) (-24) (-18) ( - 10)
4 3 x (X.4022' - y) 4.80096753fi -4.234000271 -4.797887936 -5 fi66363317 9.033367595
(-27) (-16) (-27) ( - 25) t - 14)
Branch via Th227 (99%)
J 2 070749397 2 .99R899890 -2.069418034 3.218(37423!)
(-33) ( - 21) (-33) ( - 30)
6 1.483273506 - 2 03.5823136 -1.482318528 2.302316148 -1 614793113
(-39) (-26) (-39) (-36) (-31)
7 2.622772572 -3,59965.5965 -2.021083949 4.071030448 -2 855322865
( - 40) (-27) ( - 40) (-37) (-32)
8 9.934248158 -1.363437887 -9.927852178 1.541979930 - 1 081507645
(-38) ( - 24) (-38) ( - 34) (-29)
9 3 179084072 -4.26078fi398 -3.177037273 4.934513879 - 3 456295429
(-41) (-28) (-41) (-38) (-33)
10 1.,00287933 -2.275621455 - 1 699193232 2.639154123 -1 848401411
(-43) ( - 30) (-43) ( - 40) (-35)
Branch via Poz11(99.68%)
11 10 x (XPo2" - y) 2.266441895 -3.033330211 -2.264982688 3.517917383 -2.463872716
( - 43) (-30) (-43) ( - 40) (-35)
12 11 X (XPbZo7- y) -6.982096194 2.277847421 1.450445902 -3.512327129 1.062715568
( - 60) ( - 3.5) (-55) (-48) (-41)
Branch via T120: (0.3257,)
13 IO x ( ~ ~ 1 2 0 7- y) 4.100729941 -5.471222507 -4.098089762 6.365071266 -4 457150648
( - 46) (-33) (-46) (-43) (-38)
14 13 X (XPbZ0' - y) -1.263288107 4.108557001 2,624328007 -6.354438590 1.922454578
(-62) (-38) ( -58) (-51) ( - 44)
Branch via Fr22* (1%)
15 2 641092945 -2.297432499 -2.639398803 4,114706267
16
-
( 30)
1 891809408
(-19)
1.5RO668159
(-30)
-1,890594207
( - 27)
2.943247423 -4.962936782
(--36) ( - 24) (-36) (-33) (-17)
17
18
3 340159074
(-37)
1.267042393
(-25)
1.04521~~98
__
2.7.59507124 -3.84f010316
(-37)
- 1.266228810
5.204346023
(-34)
1.971244681
-8 748324676
( - 18)
-3.313588948
(-34) (-22) ( - 34) (-31) (-15)
19 4.064694658 3.260331709 - 4 052090120 6.308210673 7 624700368
(-38) (-2ij) (-38) ( - 35) ( - 19)
20 2 168595808 1.744498274 -2 167202810 3.373856193 3 658519359
( - 40) (-28) ( - 40) (-37) (-21)
Branch via Po211 (99.68%)
21 20 x (XPo211 - y) 2.890684750 2.325360093 -2.888827918 4.491267130 4,874703498
(-40) ( - 28) (-40) (-37) (-21)
22 21 x (xpb207 - y) -8.905164980 -1.746204706 1.849042889 -4.490107846 - 2.681656338
-
( 57) (-33) (-52) (-45) (-24)
Branch via Tl207 (0.32%)
23 20 x - Y)
( ~ ~ 1 2 0 7 5.230188133 4.1942L55fi83 -5.226828521 8.137014402 6.810951294
(-43) (-31) (-43) ( - 40) ( - 24)
24 23 X (XPbZ0'- y) -1.611233746 -3.149632194 3.347147884 -8.124060937 -3.746818798
(-59) (-36) (-55) (-48) (-27)

Table IV. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Thorium-232 Series

( I n sec.-l)
XThZS2 XR*Q" ~ ~ ~ 2 2 3 ARB^^'
-3.278354892 -3.140960578 -1,156051462 -2,203993629
(-9) (-5) (-8) (-- 6)
3.278354892 9.864603636 9.574602864 4.800362443
(-9) ( - 10) ( - 17) ( - 12)
1.029718348 -1.029610872 3.006238142 1.416578043
(-13) ( - 13) (-21) (-16)
1.190407402 - 8.527401702 -3.097292715 -3.105752610
(-21) (-22) (-14) (-22)
2 263650330 -1.876638317 9.045832975 6 590976051
(-27) ( - 27) (-19) ( - 27)
3.336836381 -2.386763710 1.147634632 8.382591395 -3.949303868
(-29) (-29) ( - 20) (-29) ( - 24)
1.463872613 -1.047075022 5 034645657 3.677449098 -1.732561687
( - 28) ( - 28) ( - 20) ( - 28) (-23)
2.659012510 -1,901588333 -6,668575210 6.675553378 -2.765210146
( - 33) ( - 33) (-25) (-33) (-28)
5.077374722 -3.631013668 -1,063904694 1.274617318 -5.219213668
( - 37) (-37) ( - 28) (-36) ( - 32)
Branch r i a Po212 (66.3%)
10 9 x (XP0212 - y) 1.157686833 -8.279035808 -2 425797825 2 906241447 -1 190027381
(-30) (-31) ( - 22) ( - 30) (-25)
11 10 X (hPb2" - y) -1.829393206 2 714161756 7.619335338 -3.359764674 2 622R12766
( - 48) ( - 39) ( - 27) (-38) (-31)
Branch via Tl*OB (33.7%)
12 9 x - y)
( ~ ~ 1 2 0 3 1.892133318 -1,353131544 -3.931328005 4.749971286 -1,943840676
( - 39) (-39) (-31) (-39) ( - 34)
13 12 X (XPbm8- y) - 2.989975992 4.436045419 1.234814628 -5.491211'250 4.284212466
(-57) (-48) ( - 35) (-47) ( - 40)
V O L U M E 26, NO. 10, O C T O B E R 1 9 5 4 1599

Table 111. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Uranium-235 Series ( C o n t i n u e d )

( I n Seo. -1)
~ ~ ~ 2 2 3 hRn2'9 XPa?'j XPb2" ABi2" XP0211 ~ ~ 1 2 0 7 XPbZO'
-7.162979295 -1,768232603 -3.787689510 -3.200125487 -5.348357874 -1.332975347 -2.411785596 3.080642045
(-7) (-1) (2) (-4) (-3) (-3) ( - 17)
-4.865881246 3.126313755 1.434659154 1.000049308 2.856476902 1.776813266 5.798598710 2.313375745
(-12) (-2) (5) (-7) (-5) (-6) (-22)
3.485417546 -5.528103555 -5.434043428 -3.200283273 -1.527746073 -2.368448280 -1.398497684 1.481435769
( - 18) (-3) (7) (-11) (-7) (-8) (-34)
-2.493117302 9.775503353 2.058240929 1.024127612 8.170931214 3.157083168 3.372875175 1.479077444
(-24) (-4) (10) (-14) (-10) (-11) ( - 43)
Branch r i a Th22' (99%)
7.104854996 -1.728532158 -7.796000294 -3.272919614 -4 3(j9754002 -4.208312671 -8.133196979 6.379544753
(-31) (-4) (12) (-18) (-12) (-1% (-50)
3.056434536 2.952882848 1.045030962 2 336787818 5.609574030 1.960970153 4,569654698
(-5) (15) (-21) (-14) ( - 16) ( - 5fi)
1.256298535 -1.117938200 1,844513,588 4 007004630 -6.485520722 3.420156962 8,080212421
(-31) (18) (- 22) (-15) ( - 17) (.- 57)
4.758468774 1 157142054 6.986438866 1.517707509 -2.447868842 1.295441016 3.0b0533582
(-29) (-2) (-20) (-12) (3) ( - 14) ( - 54)
1.519361239 -2 042393307 4.234399216 -7.fi313.57458 3.262165469 -2.709768601 9.794091520
(- 32) (-3) (20) (-13) (3) ;( 17) (-58)
8.124999331 3.502191930 -1.603836302 3.513022721 -4.330938919 7.957431353 5.238230650
(-35) (-4) (23) ( - 22) (3) (-20) ( - 60)
Branch via Po211 (99.68%)
1.083041798 4.049066509 6.053455195 4.681648468 -1.013186165 6.982432318
( - 34)
-7.757805975
(-4)
-7.159691413
(25)
-2.292860874
(-22)
-1.498186258
(-14)
5.418882203 5.773034808
( - 60)
(-41) (-5) (28) (-25) (-17) (3)
Branch via Tl207 (0.32%)
1.958993643 -6 108224592 6.074795256 7.348446241 2.241062007 1.263348923
(-37) (-5) (25) (-25) ( - 17) (-62)
-1.403223090 1.080076187 -2.300943827 -2.351595010 -1.198600163 -1.91916183?
( - 43) ( -5 ) (28) ( - 28) (-19) (-22)
Branch via Fr22a (1%)
-1.369720032 -1.723158705 - 7.795988980 2.356561275 -3.920609768 -4.206577206 -6.279170432 8.1366536Rl
(- 27) (-4) (12) ' (-18) (-12) (-14) ( - 47)
3.046933059 2.952878562 -7.524411799 2.096601580 5.607260779 1.513952951 5.828268163
(-5) (15) (-22) (-14) (-19) (--53)
-2.421973806 -1.117936578 -1.328083120 3.595145513 -6 482846252 2,640507608 1.030~73378
( - 28) (18) (-22) (-15) (-17) (-53)
-9.173684762 1.153544870 -5.030362252 1.361710266 -2.446859400 1.0001359Sl 3.903491973
(-26) (-2) (-20) (-12) (3) ( - 14) (-51)
-2.929123150 -2.036044160 4.234393072 -6.847149450 3 260820231 -2.092057426 1.249166415
(-29) (-3) (20) ( - 15) (3) i- 17) ( - 54)
-1.566390074 3.491304736 -1,603833975 -2.529439861 -4.329152945 0.147477841 6.680989032
(-31) (-41 (23) (-22) (3) (-20) ( - 57)

Branch via Po211 (99.68Vo)

-2 087Q.58231 4.036479257 6.033440412 -3.370871509 -9.0904IiO408 8.905593673
(-31) (-4) (23) (-22) ( - 1.5) ( - 57)
1.495600158 -7.137434224 -2.292857547 1,078721183 4.861903550 -5.770654149
(-37) (-5) (28) (-25) (-17) (3)
Branch via TI207 (0.32%) '

-3.77667.5016 -6.089236076 6.074786442 -5.291014104 2.010714926 1.611311311

(-34) (-5) (25) (-25) ( - 17) ( - 59)
2.705224494 1.076718576 -2.300940488 1.693190909 -1.075402301 -1,481675137
(-40) (-5) (28) ( - 28) ( - 19) ( - 22)

Table IT. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Thorium-232 Series ( C o n t i n u e d )

( I n Sec. -1)
XRn22' XPO216 XPb2'l XBi"l XPO2'2 XTIZOg
-1.2718'29688 -4.387007471 -1 816423428 -1.9094R686;, - 2.280089409 -3.726597744
(-2) (-5) (-4) (6) (-3)
1.617550338 1.924383434 3 298798583 3.fl461137fi7 5.198807713 1.3887518,53
(-4) (1) ( - 10) (-8) (12) (-5)
-2.052167879 -8.443101540 4.369381274 -5.817011023 -1,185374640 -5,131699374
(-6) (1) (-15) (-12) (19) (-8)
2.SiOOO56Gl 3.703994913 -7.931595284 1.110688898 2.702760162 1.912371998
(-8) (2) (-20) (-15) (25) (-10)
-3.318907443 - 1,62494432 1 265901695 -2.096370892 -6.162534820 -7.122426317
( - 10) (3) (-21) ( - 19) (31) (-13)
7.107977275 1.607711945 2.626204127 1.40.5113030 - 6,404271459
(3) (-26) (-2l)-- (38) ( - 15)
-1.451786090 7.053015111 -l.l5206~.1G -3.203777174 -2.807172059
(-9) (-26) ( - 20) (44) ( - 14)
1.843787592 -3.118262030 1.990604570 7.304898403 1.041021093
(-11) (4) (-24) (50) ( - 16)
-2.309776740 1.367924339 1.218658053 -1.665582148 -3.680684258
( - 13) (5) (-29) (57) (-19)
Branch via Po212 (66.3%)
-5.266497452 3.118983796 2.778649320 4.538756411 1.829393206
(-7) (11) (-23) (-18) ( - 48)
6.698087811 -1.368300521 - 5 047203723 -8 666738868 3.797676215
(-9) ( - 12) (-28) (-22) (63)

Branch via T1208 (33.7%)

2.076881753
( - 15)
- 5.995996591
(5)
4.519312361
(-32)
7.038077303
(-27)
2.989975992
(-57)
-2.641439872
(-17) .
2.630448184
(6)
-8.208984851
( - 37)
-1.343918303
( - 30)
1.371642965
(-21)
1600 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Table V. Products of Differences of Decay Constants of Neptunium-237 Series

Apt1241 XAm241 hP.21' hi-? , X'r,,?H hll,12-'

1 1 522192990 1.508917001 -2 912243872 1 .5liSi!ll3Y$J 1.5Ii5931481 -5.404041710
(-9) (-<!I (-7) (-!!! (-9) ( --7]
2 - 1.522192990 7.330009534 8.5254!)4168 7,310318326 Cj.844li30079 2 .9290lm80
(-9) (-20) (-14) ( - 20) (-20) ( - 13)
3 2.388194461 -7 112296233 -2.190207607 -9.181920776 -2.042915937 - 1,588011797
(-18) (-20) ( - 20) (-331 (-31) (; 19)
4 0,955004lj84 - 2 082100357 2,146353398 -2.688403770 -5,981460144 3.908436749
( - 25) ( - 26) (-26) (-391 (-38) ( - 26)
5 - 1 091095153 4 702256401 2 . Ii!)5867120 7.308725597 1.708853818 -2,145722742
( - 33) ( - 37) (-39) ( - 27) ( - 49) (-82)
6 1.708383522 -4 243911660 8.040470807 -2.139924119 -7.680547786 1.163111135
( - 42) (-47) (-51) ( - 33) (-51) (-38)
7 0.234797760 - 2 300270390 1.35844724.5 -5.334188505 -4.103342022
1-49) (-53) ( - 37) ( - 40) ( - 572- (-56)
8 7 . 3 9 4 1R 1774 -1 845292873 3 49ti580348 -2.717557633 - 3.340050898 7.4312027.50 3.020303292
(-55) (-59) i - 63) (-- 46) (- 68) f - ((2) (-45)
9 1.779596890 -4.441178911 8,4151333,533 -6.039716161 - 8 0387lR-lli 1 .'788~273li~j 7 281448420
10
( - 57)
6.852903148
( - 62)
-1.710217023
1- 06)
3.240629!343
(-49)
- 2 318325135
( - 01;)
- 3.0955Ii3121
(-64)
0 . 887292782
( - 48)-
2 804145525
-
(-50) ( - 60) (-64) , -47) (-64) (-63) (-46)
11 l.(i84411410 -4.203659154 7.9653(i7031 -1; 182591670 - 7 . 608797334 1 69287500h 6 877301757
(-59) ( - 64) ( - 1%) (-51) f - r,Q) (-00) (-50)

12 11 X (XPo"3 - u) 2.779869093 -6.937510688 I 3 14504fil#3 -1.020344281

( T 54) (-59) (-1i2) (-45)
13 12 X (XPb20g- y) 1 .G(~2187600 -4.1483024(32 7 8li0479731 - l j 071304794
( - 58) (-63) ( - li7) (-50)
14 13 X ( X B I ~ O-
~ --2.007850980 1 938fi67477 - 7 . 8179(iti48li 1 777li77452
(-07) (-73) 1-81) f - 70)

15 8.845035383 -2 207389i4.5 4 18270.7844 - 3,246308961i '5 .C10977450

(-62) ( - 60) (-70) f-53) (--n2)
1G 5 288777149 - 1,31991at08 2 . 5 0 106 17:3 1 - 1.931fi71087 1.139621211
( -66) ( - 70) 1-74] ( - .57) ( - 5fi)
17 - 8 297703187 6.1fi8487873 - '2,4!l7080217 .5.li55803793 1 154810130
1-73) (-81) I - 88) ( - li4) , - D2J

4CKNOWLEDGMENT (3) Ginninrrs, D. C.. Bell. -\. F..and Tier. D. '1.. J . Research .Vat,?.
Bztr.%tandards, 50, i5-9 (1953).
This study was made by t'ie u. S. Geological SutTel- 011 h- (4) Hollander, j. hi., Perimarl, I., and Seaborg. G T., Rets. Mod.
half of the U. S. Atonlie Energy Commission. Phys., 25,469-651 (1953).
(5) Rutherford, E., Chadwicak, J., arid Ellis, E. C . , "Radiations from
Radioactive Substances.' London, Cambridge University Preas,
LITER4TURE CITED 1930. 0

(1) Baternan. H.. Cambridge Phil. SOC.Proc., 15, 423-T (1910). (6) Way, K., Fano, L., Scott, 11.It., and Thew, K..Satl. Bur. Stand-
(2) Fleming, E. H., Jr., "The Specific Alpha Activities and Half Lives ards, Circ. 499 (19.50).
of Uranium-234. Uranium-235, and Uranium-238," u. s. 1 I w w m for review January 4, 1954. .4ccep,ted .July 12. 1954. Publi-
Atomic Energy Commission, AECD 3395 (1952). cation authorized by the Director. U. S.Geological Surrey.

Determination of Surface Zinc Oxide on Zinc Sulfide Phosphors

SIMON LARACH and S. MILTON THOMSEN
RCA Laboratories Division, Radio Corp. of America, Princeton, N. J.

In an acidimetric method for the determination of the fact that zinc sulfitltx, particularly fired (crystallized) zinc
surface zinc oxide on zinc sulfide phosphors the zinc sulfide, is not attacked hy weak hydrochloric acid. Zinc sulfide
oxide is determined directly by titration with weak will not dissolve above a pH of about 2.4 ( 5 ) . Any reaction is
hydrochloric acid, under which condition the zinc still further slowed because the zinc sulfide is in a fired state. No
sulfide is not dissolved. The limit of detection of zinc hydrogen sulfide was detectable during the titration.
oxide is approximately 0.027~. The zinc oxide is determined acidimet,rically by direct titration
with 0.1-V hydrochloric acid. -1weighed sample is slurried with
water, and is titrated to the nirthj-1 orange end point. Per cent

L UlIISESCEIUT zinc sulfide phosphor particles, and partir-

ularly electroluminescent materials, usually have a surface
layer of zinc oxide, produced during synthesis. During investiga-
by weight of zinc oxide is calculated from:
% ZnO = 4.07nS/S

tions concerning the effects of oxygen on luminescence, it became where n is milliliters of wid, .Y is the normality of the acid, and S
necessary to determine the amount of zinc oxide surface layer. is the weight of sample taken, in grams.
Two-step digestion methods have been reported for zinc
oxide-zinc sulfide mixtures, wherein the zinc oxide is digested, PROCEDURE
and zinc is then determined by a standard method ( 2 ) . Shakhov To 10 ml. of distilled water, add 1 drop of methyl orange
( 4 ) used a polarographic method t o determine zinc oxide in zinc indicator (0.1%) and enough acid to develop fully the pink acid
sulfide, and Rooksby ( 3 ) has reported detecting as little as 0.2% color of the indicator (about 1 drop of 0.LV hydrochloric acid).
Add the weighed sample, 0.5 to 1.0 gram, and stir to break u p
zinc oxide in zinc sulfide by x-ray diffraction methods. The the aggregates. If there is no change in the indicator color, zinc
method evolved in the present investigation takes advantage oi oxide is absent.