Human Anatomy Lab Manual

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL

MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

KEVIN ALFORD, ANDREA CAMPO-VELEZ, AND VICTORIA DORCH

Mavs Open Press

Arlington
Human Anatomy Lab Manual by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, except where otherwise noted.

Images are individually licensed as noted in the back matter.

 CONTENTS

About the Publisher ix

About This Project xi
Acknowledgments xiii

LAB 1: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

Lab 1: Anatomical Language 3

Pre-Lab 1 5

Lab Activities 9

Post-Lab 1 Questions 15

LAB 2: BONES AND BONE MARKINGS

Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings 19

Pre-Lab 2 21

Lab Activities 27

Post-Lab 2 Questions 33

LAB 3: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES

Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 39

Pre-Lab 3 41

Lab Activities 45

Post-Lab 3 Questions 49

LAB 4: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves 53

Pre-lab 4 55

Lab Activities 59

Post-Lab 4 Questions 63
LAB 5: SPECIAL SENSES

Lab 5: Special Senses 67

Pre-lab 5 69

Lab Activities 73

Post-Lab 5 Questions 79

LAB 6: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Lab 6: Respiratory System 83

Pre-Lab 6 85

Lab Activities 89

Post-Lab 6 Questions 93

LAB 7: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system 97

Pre-lab 7 99

Lab Activities 105

Post-Lab 7 Questions 113

LAB 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Lab 8: Digestive System 117

Pre-Lab 8 119

Lab Activities 125

Post-Lab 8 Questions 131

LAB 9: URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems 135

Pre-lab 9 137

Lab Activities 143

Post-Lab 9 Questions 149

LAB 10: THE MUSCULAR AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems 153

Pre-Lab 10 155
Lab Activities 163

Post-Lab 10 Questions 169

VOCABULARY

Vocabulary 173

Image Credits 203

ABOUT THE PUBLISHER

If you are an instructor who is using this OER for a course, please let us know by filling out our
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ABOUT MAVS OPEN PRESS

Creation of this resource was supported by Mavs Open Press, operated by the University of Texas
at Arlington Libraries (UTA Libraries). Mavs Open Press offers no-cost services for UTA faculty,
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CONTACT US

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HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL ix

ABOUT THIS PROJECT

OVERVIEW

This is a lab manual for a college-level human anatomy course (BIOL 3446 at UTA). Despite
the abundance of information readily available via Google, the mastery of anatomy requires a
fair amount of memorization for quick recall. The activities in this manual encourage students
to engage with new vocabulary in many ways, including grouping key terms, matching terms to
structures, recalling definitions, and written exercises.

As the majority of college campuses do not have easy access to a cadaver, most of the activities in
this manual utilize anatomical models. Also included are several dissections of animal tissues, and
a significant amount of histological examinations.

Each unit includes both pre- and post-lab questions and six lab exercises designed for a classroom
where students move from station to station during a three-hour period. Effort was put into
equalizing the time required to perform each lab exercise, to facilitate class flow. The vocabulary
terms used in each unit are listed at the end of the manual and serve as a checklist for practicals.

CREATION PROCESS

When Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak began teaching human anatomy at UTA she realized that while
there are many commercially available manuals which incorporate a lot of human physiology,
none of them focus solely on anatomy. She decided to create a manual for anatomy labs that could
fill that void. The first version of this work was created and used in anatomy labs at UTA.

The idea of publishing the lab manual as an OER came to her courtesy of Michelle Reed, Open
Education Librarian at UTA. To make this leap to an open platform, she enlisted the help of some
of her best students. In Fall 2017, one year prior to the publication of this work, Wilk recruited
a group of three excellent undergraduate teaching assistants. These students worked with UTA
Libraries to identify openly licensed images and incorporate them into the text. Libraries’ staff
assisted in migrating the resource to Pressbooks, where it could be easily exported into a variety of
formats. Furthermore, we conducted student surveys to gather feedback. Wilk’s teaching assistants
have always been an important part of her pedagogy. With their assistance, she was able to
complete and openly publish this anatomy lab manual. The students put in the hard work to
change all illustrations to Creative Commons licensed images and ensure proper attribution of
all the images used. The student contributors, Kevin Alford, Andrea Compo-Valez, and Victoria
Dorch, now alumni, reviewed and edited the resource, and are listed as co-authors of this manual.

Ultimately, open manuals reduce the cost to students while customizing the information and
visuals required for class. In addition, the digital copy of the manual allows students to access
homework and exercises wherever they are and is easily obtainable on the first day of class. Open

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL xi

manuals are also dynamic works that can be adapted to suit the needs of other institutions or
groups that wish to explore the topic but do not have a solid framework to do so. The resulting
OER is being piloted in human anatomy labs in Fall 2018 and will be revised following the pilot
period with input from current students and lab instructors. It is our hope that this extension of
Wilk’s class will open the door to connecting our courses to broader collaborations and student
input.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak has taught human

anatomy and human physiology courses for 30
years to medical and nursing students, and
currently to undergraduate students at University
of Texas at Arlington. She holds an M.D. and a
Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the Warsaw Medical
University. Ever since she discovered her father’s
anatomical fold-out “manikin” as a child, Dr. Wilk
has has been enamored by all aspects of the
human body. In addition to teaching, she loves old
medical illustration and never misses the chance
to see them in museums when she travels.

In the International Museum of Surgical Science, Chicago, IL

xii MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHOR’S NOTE

I would like to dedicate this section to all my undergraduate teaching assistants, past and present.
Every semester, I pick the most gifted students from previous semesters to serve as teaching
assistants. I appreciate your commitment, passion, and hard work, but most of all, the amazing
times we have had together. Special thanks to Clint Hassell and Natalie Winter who have served as
my teaching assistants for many semesters, and have been good friends ever since. You have always
done more than what was expected, and have given so much of your time and effort to support
students to really grow and surprise us.

LEAD AUTHOR AND EDITOR

Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak, M.D., Ph.D. – Professor of Instruction, University of Texas at Arlington

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Kevin A. Alford, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumnus

Andrea Campo-Velez, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Victoria Dorch, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

EDITOR

Kevin A. Alford, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumnus

ILLUSTRATORS

Andrea Campo-Velez, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Victoria Dorch, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

ADDITIONAL THANKS TO…

Michelle Reed and Thomas Perappadan of UTA Libraries for assisting in the publication of this
resource.

Jodi Wiley, B.S, UTA alumna, for creating and formatting class handouts that became the
foundation for this OER.

Bradford Dimos, UTA graduate student, and Collin Funkhouser, UTA alumnus, for class-testing
the previous version of this resource.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL xiii

ABOUT THE COVER

Kyle Pinkos, UTA Libraries’ Marketing Coordinator, designed the cover for this OER. The images
used are in the public domain. Featured images, from Ontleding Des Menschelyken Lichaams by
Govard Bidloo, are available from the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

xiv MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 1: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 1

LAB 1: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Understand what the standard anatomical position is.

• Correctly identify a given plane by its correct name.
• Relate different structures of the body using the directional terms provided.
• Correctly identify the anatomical regions of the body.
• Demonstrate how to properly focus histology slides and identify key structures.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

A solid foundation is essential when learning any new skill. Understanding anatomical directions,
articulations, planes, and regions are the foundation for learning anatomy.

The standard anatomical position of the human body is facing towards the observer, legs hip-
width apart, feet facing forward, arms out slightly at either side with palms facing forward. When
determining a structure’s relative position, be sure to use this frame of reference. For example,
it can be easy to confuse which side is the anterior aspect of the hands, therefore, one might
incorrectly assume that the thumb is medial to the little finger. Remember, the anterior aspect of
the hand is the palm, therefore the thumb is furthest from the center of the body and is lateral.

The archetypal body planes are frontal, sagittal and transverse planes. The frontal plane splits
the body into anterior and posterior halves. The sagittal plane splits the body into left and right
halves. The transverse plane splits the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) halves. It
is important to be able to identify a given plane so that you can orient yourself when a specimen,
model or diagram is depicted a certain way. This same reasoning applies to the necessity of
understanding directional terms such as anterior, inferior, distal and medial. It is recommended
that you read the content prior to attending lab to make the most of your time.

Vocabulary for Anatomical Language on page(s) 160-161.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 3

PRE-LAB 1

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. Note: For this lab only, you may use any
anatomical structure of the human body to fill in the table.

For the remaining pages of the prelab, label the designated planes, regions, and directions.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

forearm* is proximal to hand*

head is superior to

is inferior to tibia

breast is anterior to

is distal to upper arm

brain is medial to

is lateral to trunk

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 5

Label the planes of the body. (1 point)

Planes of Body

Label all nine regions of the abdomen. (1 point)

6 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the anatomical directions designated by the lines and arrows. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 7

Label the regions of the body. (1 point)

8 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB ACTIVITIES

For this lab only, there will be three stations for each group to cycle through, stations one, two
and three; stations four, five and six will mirror these stations for this lab only. A list of words
is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided.
You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that
corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete, notify your TA so
they may check your work.
Note: Do not simply label the models, it is crucial that you understand how to apply all of these
terms in each system, for the rest of the semester!
For each additional station, directions will be provided for the particular activity.

STATIONS ONE AND SIX: HISTOLOGY

This is an advanced biology class, therefore you all likely have experience with microscopes.
However, use these stations to refresh your memory of proper microscope etiquette, how to focus
on a slide, and identify key features. For the remainder of this class, you will be expected to identify
various tissues under the microscope. Be sure to ask your TA for assistance, and remember taking
a picture of the slide to study later is not helpful if you don’t take the time to study it in lab and
understand which aspects are most important.

Basic instructions for use:

• Turn on the microscope. Move he stage down to its lowest setting and adjust the iris
diaphragm until it allows the least amount of light in.
• Put the slide in position on the stage and be sure to start with the 5x objective to view it.
While looking through the eyepiece, use the stage controls to move the specimen in line
with the objective.
• Using the coarse adjustment knob, bring the stage up until you can see the specimen.
Remember, it will not be in focus! If you bring the stage up too high, then switching to a
higher objective, may touch the slide, scratch the lens, or even break the slide. Instead, use
the fine adjustment knob to clarify the image and the iris diaphragm to allow as much light
in as needed.
• Once the 5x is in focus, you can move to the next objective. Use the fine adjustment knob
to focus before moving to the next objective. Do NOT touch the coarse adjustment knob.
• When you finish using the microscope, move the 5x objective to the start position and
move the stage back down to its lowest position.

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and indicate the magnitude at which you are observing/

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 9

sketching. Be sure to identify, include, and label your sketch with the corresponding structures
listed beneath each slide. Use the images provided to guide you through this process.

Spinal Cord Kidney

10 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Spinal Cord Kidney

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 11

 Monocyte Compact Bone

Spinal Cord Kidney

STATIONS TWO AND FIVE: THE BASICS

The terms in the following tables are important in understanding the relationship between
different organs and structures of the body. Using the models and diagrams in your atlas, learn

12 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
how to identify the different body planes and the appropriate use of directional terms. When
trying to understand body movements, it is helpful to act them out yourself.

Label the torso models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate regions
of the abdominal cavity using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your
labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the model. Note
the locus of each organ within each region.

Body Planes

#1 frontal #2 transverse #3 sagittal

Directional Terms

#4 anterior #7 inferior #10 proximal #13 superficial

#5 posterior #8 lateral #11 distal #14 parietal

#6 superior #9 medial #12 deep #15 visceral

Abdominal Regions

#16 right hypochondriac region #19 right lumbar region #22 right iliac region

#17 epigastric region #20 umbilical region #23 hypogastric region

#18 left hypochondriac region #21 left lumbar region #24 left iliac region

STATIONS THREE AND FOUR: REGIONS OF THE BODY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 13

Anatomical Regions

#1 cephalic #11 brachial #21 abdominal #31 femoral

#2 cranial #12 cubital #22 hepatic #32 patellar

#3 ocular (orbital) #13 antecubital #23 renal #33 popliteal

#4 auricular (otic) #14 olecranal #24 umbilical #34 crural

#5 buccal #15 antebrachial #25 lumbar #35 sural

#6 nasal #16 carpal (carpus) #26 pelvic #36 tarsal (tarsus)

#7 oral #17 palmar #27 inguinal #37 calcaneal

#8 cervical #18 digital (phalangeal) #28 pubic #38 pedal

#9 acromial #19 thoracic #29 sacral #39 plantar

#10 scapular #20 mammary #30 gluteal

Common Anatomical Features

The following terms are useful to know and understand as they will reappear throughout this
course.

#40 process #45 sulcus #50 facet #54 septum

#41 tuberosity #46 gyrus #51 fossa #55 raphe

#42 condyle #47 foramen #51 fundus #56 ampulla

#43 epicondyle #48 foramina #52 hilum

#44 fissure #49 meatus #53 isthmus

14 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
POST-LAB 1 QUESTIONS

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Give the name of the anatomical region to which each of the following structures belongs.
(0.5 points)
a. Elbow
b. Back of the knee
c. Belly button
d. Heel
e. Back of the neck

2. Determine which body plane is described by each of the following scenarios. (0.5 points)
a. If the human body were split into left and right halves.
b. If the human body were split into anterior and posterior halves.
c. If the human body were split into superior and inferior halves

3. There are nine abdominal regions. Name the three consecutive regions that run down the
center of the abdomen. (0.5 points)

4. Fill in the blanks with the correct anatomical direction. (0.5 points)
a. Phalanges (fingers) are ________________ to the carpals (wrist).
b. The tibia (medial bone of the lower leg) is ________________ to the femur (large
bone of the thigh).
c. The sural region is ________________ to the crural region.
d. The left and right iliac regions are ________________ to the hypogastric region of
the abdominal cavity.
e. The nose is ________________ to the ears.
f. The abdomen is ________________ to the back.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 15

LAB 2: BONES AND BONE MARKINGS

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 17

LAB 2: BONES AND BONE MARKINGS

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Determine if a given bone is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton.

• Ascertain the major bones of the skull, as well as any markings or unique features, the
regions of the vertebral column, parts of a typical vertebra, along with the other bones and
features of the axial skeleton.
• Identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton and their unique features.
• Designate bones as either left or right when applicable. Examples include the ulna,
humerus, femurs, scapulas, and clavicles.
• Understand how different bones fit together and articulate. Demonstrate this by
assembling different regions of the body using the bones provided.
• Differentiate compact, spongy and dry bone histology slides. This includes identifying the
unique characteristics of each.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The skeletal system is the primary structural organ system of the body. Many people think
of the skeletal system as being static in that it is unchanging, however, this is not the case.
Bones, like other organ systems, have specialized cells which allow them to perform a variety
of essential tasks. Osteoblast are responsible for secreting the bony matrix necessary for bone
formation. Osteoclast, meanwhile, are large multinucleated cells responsible for the dissolution
and reabsorption of bone. It is made mostly of collagen, which gives bone its soft framework,
and calcium phosphate which adds strength and hardness to the structure. It is divided into the
axial and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral
column, sternum, and ribs. Whereas the appendicular skeleton consists of the clavicle, scapula
and the rest of the upper and lower limbs. Without the foundational structure of the skeletal
system, there would be nothing to support the body and provide points of attachment for muscles.
Bones function to protect internal organs, assist body movements, store and release calcium and
phosphorous, participate in blood cell production and store fat in the yellow marrow. Bones also
function to protect internal organs, assist body movements, and the storage and release of ions
such as calcium and phosphorous. Furthermore, long bones contain both hemopoietic (red) and
stromal (yellow) marrow which produce red blood cells and fat cells respectively. Each of these
cells have specific functions that are key to the development and repair of a bone over time. The
two types of bone tissue are compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is typically found along
the perimeter of bones and makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones. It is stronger
than spongy bone and provides more stability. Compact bone is made up of circular units called
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 19
osteons. Osteons are composed of rings called lamellae that spiral down into a central canal, known
as the Haversian canal. This central canal is the passage for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
Spongy bone, on the other hand, is typically the deepest layer of a bone’s composition. It is made of
trabeculae which give spongy bone its characteristic lighter weight. There are five classifications
of bones based on their shape, long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid
bones. The shape and composition of each bone allow them to function as mentioned above.

Vocabulary for Bones and Bone Markings on page(s) 161-162.

20 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 2

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table with the appropriate terms. For the remaining illustrations, label the structures
indicated.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

radius* is proximal to ulna*

femur is superior to

is inferior to thoracic vertebrae

patella is anterior to

is distal to metacarpals

tibia is medial to

is lateral to sternum

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 21

Label the cranial structures and bones. (0.5 points)

Label the cranial bones and special features. (0.5 points)

22 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the distinctive parts of the vertebra. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the scapula. (0.5 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 23

Label the features of the humerus. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the radius and ulna. (0.5 point)

24 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the features of the femur. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the tibia and fibula. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 25

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: SKULL

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Bones of Skull

#1 frontal bone #5 ethmoid bone #9 zygomatic bone #13 superior nasal conchae

#2 parietal bone #6 sphenoid bone #10 nasal bone #14 middle nasal conchae

#3 temporal bone #7 palatine bone #11 vomer #15 inferior nasal conchae

#4 occipital bone #8 maxilla #12 lacrimal bone #16 mandible

Skull Bone Markings

#18 external auditory #22 cribriform plate of #24 zygomatic process of

#20 styloid process
meatus ethmoid bone temporal bone
#21 external occipital #25 temporal process of
#19 mastoid process #23 olfactory foramina
protuberance zygomatic bone

Special Features of Skull

#26 foramen magnum #28 foramen ovale #30 coronal suture #32 lambdoid suture

#27 jugular foramen #29 sella turcica #31 sagittal suture

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 27

 STATION TWO: AXIAL SKELETON CONT.

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Vertebral Column

#1 hyoid Bone #4 thoracic region #7 coccyx

#2 vertebrae #5 lumbar region #8 intervertebral foramen

#3 cervical region #6 sacrum #9 intervertebral disc

Parts of Typical Vertebra

#18 facet of inferior

#10 body #12 lamina #14 transverse process #16 inferior articular process
articular process

#11 vertebral #13 spinous #15 superior articular #17 facet of superior
foramen process process articular process

Unique Cervical Vertebrae and Characteristics

#19 bifid spinous process #21 atlas #23 dens

#20 transverse foramen #22 axis

Thoracic Cage

#24 sternum #26 sternal body #28 ribs

#25 manubrium #27 xiphoid process #29 costal cartilage

28 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION THREE: LIMB ASSEMBLY

In this station, you will be given a bucket filled with random bones some of which you will use to
assemble an arm and a leg. Note below which bucket you are working with. Your assignment is
to lay out the bones of each limb in their correct positions relative to each other and determine
which bones do not belong to either limb. Additionally, you will need to determine whether each
limb is a right or left limb; circle your results below. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
whether you have assembled and identified your limbs correctly.

Bucket # ________

Upper limb: Left / Right

Lower limb: Left / Right

STATION 4: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Compact Bone
Osteon Lamellae, Lacunae, Volkmann’s canals, Haversian Spongy Bone
canal

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 29

 STATION FIVE: UPPER LIMBS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Clavicle

#1 acromial end of clavicle #2 sternal end of clavicle

Scapula

#3 glenoid cavity #5 coracoid process #7 supraspinous fossa #9 subscapular fossa

#4 acromion #6 spine of scapula #8 infraspinous fossa

Humerus

#10 head #13 lesser tubercle #16 coronoid fossa #19 lateral epicondyle

#11 neck #14 trochlea #17 radial fossa #20 olecranon fossa

#12 greater tubercle #15 capitulum #18 medial epicondyle

Ulna

#21 head #23 trochlear notch #25 radial notch

#22 olecranon #24 coronoid process # 26 styloid process

Radius

#27 head #29 radial tuberosity

#28 neck #30 styloid process

Hand and Wrist

#31 carpals (8) #33 phalanges #35 middle phalanges

#32 metacarpals #34 proximal phalanges #36 distal phalanges

30 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION SIX: LOWER LIMBS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Pelvis

#1 ilium #3 ischium #5 pubis #7 acetabulum

#2 iliac crest #4 ischial spine #6 pubic symphysis

Femur

#8 head #11 lesser trochanter #14 medial condyle

#9 neck #12 medial epicondyle #15 lateral condyle
#10 greater trochanter #13 lateral epicondyle #16 intercondylar fossa

# 17 patella

Tibia

#18 lateral condyle #19 medial condyle #20 medial malleolus

Fibula

#21 head #22 lateral malleolus

Foot and Ankle

#23 tarsals (7) #25 metatarsals #27 proximal phalanges #29 distal phalanges
#24 calcaneus #26 phalanges #28 middle phalanges

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 31

POST-LAB 2 QUESTIONS

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Replace the common name of following bones with their corresponding anatomical
names. (0.5 points)
a. Fingers
b. Hip
c. Head
d. Bones of the lower arm
e. Knee
f. Ankle
g. Bone of the thigh
h. Upper jaw
i. Lower jaw
j. Shins
k. Tailbone
l. Toes
m. Collarbone
n. Shoulder blade

2. Name five bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton. (0.5 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 33

34 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
3. What makes the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) different from the rest of the vertebrae? (0.5
points)

4. What is unique about the hyoid bone? (0.5 points)

5. When a person is seated on the floor “criss-cross” style, which bones are touching the
ground? (0.5 points)

6. Name a bone that is inferior (1), superior (2) and medial (3) to the radius. (0.5 points)
1.
2.
3.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 35

LAB 3: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 37

LAB 3: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Correctly identify the structures which constitute comprise the spinal cord and its
extensions.
• Explain the differences between the meninges.
• Differentiate the spinal plexuses.
• Determine the origin, pathway and target organs of the spinal nerves.
• Classify the structures of the spinal cord on the given histology slides.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The spinal cord is made of white matter encompassed by gray matter with a central canal running
through it that serves as a path for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The gray matter is divided into posterior
(dorsal) grey horns which contain sensory neurons, and lateral and anterior (ventral) horns that contain
the cell bodies of motor neurons. The surrounding white matter is divided into anterior (ventral)
white columns, lateral white columns, and posterior (dorsal) white columns. The grey commissure is the
gray matter posterior to the central canal where the neurons from either side of the spinal cord
crossover. The same principle applies to the white commissure which lies anteriorly to the gray
matter.

The spinal cord has several layers to protect it from damage. Beginning superficially and working
our way deeper, the vertebral column encases the spinal cord and provides a hard shell for
protection. Deep to the vertebrae are the meninges, consisting of the dura mater, arachnoid
mater, and pia mater. Extensions from the pia mater, the denticulate ligaments, suspend the spinal
cord in CSF and act as a shock absorber.

The spinal cord begins at the terminal end of the brain stem and extends to approximately the
L1 vertebra adults and L2 vertebrae in children; it is located within the vertebral foramen and
is divided into 4 distinct regions. The cervical segment extends from C1 to the C7 vertebrae.
The thoracic segment extends from T1 to the T8 vertebrae. The lumbar segment corresponds
with T9-T11 vertebrae. Finally, the sacral segment extends from T12 to L2. The cervical
enlargement, C4-T1, is a bulbous structure from which many neurons of the upper extremities
invaginate. Likewise, the lumbar enlargement, T9-T12, is a bulbous structure from which neurons
that innervate the lower limbs originate.

Note: do not confuse the regions of the spine with the regions of the spinal cord, they are not the
same.
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 39
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical pairs 12 thoracic pairs, 5 lumbar pairs, 5 sacral pairs
and 1 coccygeal pair. However, nerves from every other area along the spinal cord do not do this;
they first converge in a network called a plexus. With the exception of the thoracic region, nerves
of the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord branch from a network of
nerves known as plexuses.

Vocabulary for Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves can be found on page(s) 171-172.

40 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 3

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

What region of the spinal cord lacks a nerve plexus? (1 point)

Label the structures of the brachial plexus? (1 point)

Label the structure of the spinal nerve. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 41
Which segment of the spinal cord has the highest white to grey matter ratio; which region has the
highest grey matter to white matter? (1 point)

Label the following structures of the spinal cord. (1 point)

42 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 43
LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: SPINAL CORD

Label the models of this station with the # that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the
spinal cord and its protective structures using the colored tape. When you have finished, have your
TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the
model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate left and right halves when applicable.

#1 vertebral column #4 dura mater #7 subarachnoid space #10 denticulate ligaments #13 filum terminale
#2 spinal meninges #5 subdural space #8 cerebrospinal fluid #11 spinal cord #14 cauda equina
#3 epidural space #6 arachnoid mater #9 pia mater #12 conus medullaris

Spinal Cord

#15 anterior median #19 posterior white #23 anterior white #27 thoracic innervation #31 lumbar
fissure columns commissure segment enlargement
#16 posterior median #20 anterior gray #24 posterior gray #28 lumbar innervation
sulcus horns commissure segment
#17 anterior white #29 sacral innervation
#21 lateral gray horns #25 central canal
columns segment
#18 lateral white #22 posterior gray #26 cervical innervation
#30 cervical enlargement
columns horns segment

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 45

 STATION TWO: SPINAL NERVES AND CERVICAL PLEXUS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Spinal Nerves

#1 cervical nerve one (C1) #9 thoracic nerve one (T1) #17 thoracic nerve nine (T9) #25 lumbar nerve five (L5)
#2 cervical nerve two (C2) #10 thoracic nerve two (T2) #18 thoracic nerve ten (T10) #26 sacral nerve one (S1)
#3 cervical nerve three #11 thoracic nerve three #19 thoracic nerve eleven
#27 sacral nerve two (S2)
(C3) (T3) (T11)
#20 thoracic nerve twelve
#4 cervical nerve four (C4) #12 thoracic nerve four (T4) #28 sacral nerve three (S3)
(T12)
#5 cervical nerve five (C5) #13 thoracic nerve five (T5) #21 lumbar nerve one (L1) #29 sacral nerve four (S4)
#6 cervical nerve six (C6) #14 thoracic nerve six (T6) #22 lumbar nerve two (L2) #30 sacral nerve five (S5)
#7 cervical nerve seven #15 thoracic nerve seven #31 coccygeal nerve one
#23 lumbar nerve three (L3)
(C7) (T7) (Coc1)
#8 cervical nerve eight #16 thoracic nerve eight
#24 lumbar nerve four (L4)
(C8) (T8)

Cervical plexus

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the cervical plexus, focus on their location, the
connections between the nerves of the plexus, and what they innervate. Also note any interesting
characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and
atlas during this time.

#32 lesser occipital #34 transverse cervical #36 superior root of Ansa cervicalis
#38 phrenic nerve
nerve nerve nerve
#33 great auricular #37 inferior root of Ansa cervicalis #39 segmental
#35 supraclavicular
nerve nerve branches

STATION THREE: BRACHIAL PLEXUS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the brachial plexus, focus on their location, the
connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting
characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and
atlas during this time.

#1 dorsal scapular #5 musculocutaneous #9 lower subscapular

#13 medial pectoral nerve
nerve nerve nerve
#2 long thoracic nerve #6 lateral pectoral nerve #10 axillary nerve #14 medial cutaneous nerve of arm
#7 upper subscapular #15 medial cutaneous nerve of
#3 nerve to subclavius #11 median nerve
nerve forearm
#4 suprascapular nerve #8 thoracodorsal nerve #12 radial nerve #16 ulnar nerve

46 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION 4: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Spinal cord
Anterior median fissure, Posterior median sulcus, Anterior
white columns, Lateral white columns, Posterior white Sympathetic ganglion
columns, Anterior gray horns, Lateral gray horns, Posterior
gray horns, Anterior white horns, Posterior gray commissure,
Central canal

STATION FIVE: LUMBAR PLEXUS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the lumbar plexus, focus on their location, the
connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting
characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and
atlas during this time.

#1 iliohypogastric nerve #3 genitofemoral nerve #5 femoral nerve

#2 ilioinguinal nerve #4 lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh #6 obturator nerve

STATION SIX: SACRAL PLEXUS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the sacral plexus, focus on their location, the connections
between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics
you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this
time.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 47

 #7 posterior
#1 superior #10 tibial median #13 deep common
#4 nerve to quadratus cutaneous nerve of
gluteal nerve plantar nerve fibular nerve
thigh
#2 inferior #5 nerve to obturator internus #11 tibial lateral
#8 pudenal nerve
gluteal nerve and superior gemellus plantar nerve
#3 nerve to #12 superficial
#6 perforating cutaneous nerve #9 sciatic nerve
piriformis common fibular nerve

48 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
POST-LAB 3 QUESTIONS

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. What is the longest nerve in the body? (0.5 points)

2. In what region(s) of the spinal cord do the nerves which innervate the lower body
originate? (0.5 points)

3. The spinal cord is divided into how many segments? List the number of segments in each
portion of the spinal column. (0.5 points)

4. List the spinal meninges and the relevant spaces in between, as well as what occupies those
spaces. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 49

LAB 4: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 51

LAB 4: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Complete the dissection of the sheep brain and identify (with a pin) all of the structures of
the brain using the corresponding vocabulary list.
• Locate structures of the brain and cranial nerves on the various models in the lab.
• Identify the 12 cranial nerves as well as their target organs.
• Determine the composition of the of the brain from dissections.
• Determine/trace the path of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain.
• Differentiate histology from different regions of the brain.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The central nervous system entails all neurons of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the central
processing organ of the body and contains 100 billion neurons and a remarkable 1 trillion glial
cells. It is estimated that cortical neurons alone consume around 5 billion ATP molecules per
second. Whats more, some neurons can have axons that extend several feet. Unlike the spinal cord,
the gray and white matter in the brain are arranged in three segments. From deep to superficial,
the innermost region is made of gray matter which is surrounded by the myelinated axons of
the white matter. The thin layer of the cerebral cortex responsible for higher order cognition is
the outermost layer of gray matter. The brain is divided into four major regions, the brainstem,
diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The brainstem contains the medulla oblongata, pons,
and midbrain (which houses the pineal gland). Caudal to the forebrain is the diencephalon, a
region which contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus and third ventricle.

There are four cavities in the brain called ventricles; here cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced
and circulated by ependymal cells and the choroid plexuses. The two largest ventricles lie within
each cerebral hemispheres and are known as the lateral ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid drains
from the lateral ventricles, through the interventricular foramen and into the third ventricle. The
third ventricle lies between the halves of the thalamus. From here, it flows through the cerebral
aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) and into the fourth ventricle, which lies between the cerebellum
and the pons. Cerebrospinal fluid drains from the fourth ventricle, into the lateral and median
apertures and down through the central canal of the spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks out
through foramina into the subarachnoid space where it is reabsorbed by veins on the surface of
the brain and spinal cord.

Like the spinal cord, the brain is protected by three meninx, the dura, arachnoid and pia mater.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 53

Unlike the spinal meninges, the cranial dura mater is subdivided into two distinct layers; the
periosteal layer, which is the superficial mot layer, and the inner meningeal dura mater. The two
dural layers form the superior sagittal sinus which collectively channels venous blood from the
brain. The falx cerebri divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres, the falx cerebelli
divides the cerebellum into left and right hemispheres, and the tentorium cerebelli forms a
physical barrier between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Vocabulary for the Brain and Cranial Nerves on page(s) 162-163.

54 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 4

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the designated
structures.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

pons* is anterior to cerebellum*

corpus callosum is superior to

is inferior to hypothalamus

precentral gyrus is anterior to

is superficial to diencephalon

interthalamic adhesion is medial to

is superior to pons

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 55

Label the sulci, gyri, and lobes of the cerebrum. (1 point)

Label the major structures of the brain. (1 point)

56 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the ventricles and passageway of CSF through the brain. (1 point)

Label the cranial nerves. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 57

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: BRAIN

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Cerebrum

#1 cerebral cortex #3 temporal lobes #5 occipital lobe

#2 frontal lobe #4 parietal lobes #6 insula

Diencephalon

#7 thalamus #9 mammillary bodies #11 pineal glands

#8 hypothalamus #10 epithalamus

Brainstem

#12 midbrain #14 superior colliculi #16 cerebral peduncles #18 medulla oblongata
#13 tectum (corpora quadrigemina) #15 inferior colliculi #17 pons

Cerebellum

#19 arbor vitae #21 vermis

#20 folia #22 cerebellar peduncles

Other important structures

#23 basal nuclei #25 fornix #27 pituitary gland #29 optic chiasm
#24 corpus callosum #26 cingulate gyrus #28 infundibulum

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 59

 STATION TWO: UNIQUE FEATURES AND PATHWAY OF CSF

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Composition of the Brain

#1 gray matter #2 white matter

Superficial Characteristics of the Brain

#3 gyri
#5 sulci #7 postcentral gyrus #9 central sulcus #11 transverse fissure
(convulsions)
#6 precentral #8 lateral cerebral #10 parieto-occiptal #12 longitudinal
#4 fissures
gyrus sulcus sulcus fissure

Cranial Meninges

These features may not be shown on models, but it is important to be able to identify them in
diagrams and on the brains that you will dissect.

#13 dura mater #15 falx cerebelli #17 arachnoid mater

#14 falx cerebri #16 tentorium cerebelli #18 pia mater

Ventricles and Associated Structures

Using the terms in the table below, determine the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid.

#21 interventricular #23 cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of

#19 lateral ventricles #25 choroid plexuses
foramen midbrain)
#20 septum #26 cerebrospinal
#22 third ventricles #24 fourth ventricles
pellucidum fluid

60 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION THREE: CRANIAL NERVES

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

While learning the names, corresponding numbers and location of each of the cranial nerves, be
sure to connect these to their functions and the structures they innervate.

#4 trochlear nerve
#1 olfactory nerve (I) #7 facial nerve (VII) #10 vagus nerve (X)
(IV)

#5 trigeminal nerve #8 vestibulocochlear/ acoustic nerve #11 Accessory/spinal nerve

#2 optic nerve (II)
(V) (VIII) (XI)

#3 oculomotor nerve #6 abducens nerve

#9 glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) #12 hypoglossal nerve (XII)
(III) (VI)

STATION 4: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Cerebrum Cerebellum

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 61

 STATION FIVE: BRAIN DISSECTION WITHOUT MENINGES

• Orientate the brain such that the posterior aspect containing the brain stem is facing you.
Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of
the longitudinal fissure. Using a scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while
simultaneously bringing the scalpel carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision
down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.)
Continue to make incisions until you have separated the brain into its two hemispheres.
• Obtain pins from the table and place them into as many structures as you can identify.
Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

STATION SIX: BRAIN DISSECTION WITH MENINGES

• The brain you will receive at this station will have the tough, fibrous meninges still
surrounding it. Pinch this tissue between your fingers to separate it from the brain. Using
the scissors in your dissection kit, carefully make an incision in the tissue until you have
created a hole from which to cut. Cut the meninx, make sure that it comes away from the
brain without pulling on the brain’s outer cortex.
• Once the outermost meninx has been removed orientate the brain such that the posterior
aspect containing the brain stem is facing you. Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it
on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of the longitudinal fissure of the brain. Using
the scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while simultaneously bringing the scalpel
carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO
NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue to make incisions until you have
separated the brain into its two main hemispheres.
• Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your
lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

62 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
POST-LAB 4 QUESTIONS

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Which of the following structures are not part of the brainstem? (Circle the appropriate
response(s)) (0.5 points)

◦ Cerebral hemisphere

◦ Cerebellum

◦ Pons

◦ Medulla oblongata

◦ Midbrain

◦ Diencephalon

2. What are the three primary parts of the diencephalon? (0.5 points)

3. Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below: (1 point)

1. Outermost meninx that covers the brain and is composed of tough, fibrous
connective tissue

2. Location of CSF production

3. Innermost meninx that covers the brain

4. Structures instrumental in returning cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the venous blood

in the dural venous sinuses

5. A dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 63

 4. Provide the name and number of the cranial nerves involved in each of the following
activities, sensations or disorders. (1 point)

1. ____________________ Rotating the head

2. ____________________ Smelling coffee

3. ____________________ Elevating the eyelids; pupillary constriction

4. ____________________ Slowing the heart; swallowing

5. ____________________ Involved in Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis); crying

6. ____________________ Chewing food; feeling a toothache

7. ____________________ Listening to music; seasickness

8. ____________________ Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food

9. ____________________ Involved in “rolling” the eyes (three nerves; provide

numbers only)

10. ____________________ Swallowing; speaking (motor only)

11. ____________________ Seeing the PowerPoint during lecture

64 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB 5: SPECIAL SENSES

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 65

LAB 5: SPECIAL SENSES

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Explain the function of each special sense.

• Identify all of the provided anatomical structures of the special senses on available models.
• Determine the pathways of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and olfaction.
• Correctly identify the histology slides and the structures that can be differentiated on each.
• Determine the structures of the dissected eye.
• Demonstrate the ability to count the taste buds of a lab partner using the experiment
provided.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as
vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs
that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that
stimulus. These specialized organs include the tongue, the nose, the eyes and the ears.

The tongue is a crucial organ in mechanical digestion and taste. Taste buds contain taste receptor
cells which are the smallest functional unit in gustation. Taste buds can be found throughout the
length of the upper digestive tract. On the surface of the tongue are protrusions called papillae.
Circumvallate papillae are arranged in a v shape pattern on toward the base of the tongue, on the
dorsal aspect, and contain more than 100 taste buds each. The fungiform papillae are found all over
the dorsal aspect of the tongue and contain only about 5 taste buds each. The foliate papillae are
found on the lateral aspects of the tongue and only contain taste buds during childhood. Finally,
there are the filiform papillae which, like the fungiform papillae, are found all over the tongue,
however, they do not contain taste buds. Instead, their barbed shape provides the friction for
moving food around during mastication.

The olfactory epithelium is easily discernable on most models. Unlike any of the following special
senses, neurons from the olfactory bulb bypass the thalamus and synapse directly with the
olfactory cortex.

The ear is a complex organ which houses special structures that allow us to hear, balance and
orientate ourselves. Sound waves are collected by the auricle and funneled into the external
acoustic meatus. The ear is divided into three sections, the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer
ear consists of the auricle which extends through the external auditory canal and terminates at the

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 67

tympanic membrane. The main structures of the middle ear are the auditory ossicles, Eustachian tube,
oval window and round window. The auditory ossicles inward from the tympanic membrane, are
the malleus, incus, and stapes. The base of the stapes covers the oval window which allows sound
waves to pass from the tympanic membrane, into the cochlea of the inner ear. The inner ear is the
innermost region of the ear where the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals are. The cochlea,
vestibule, and semicircular canals are responsible for hearing, static and dynamic equilibrium
respectively. The vestibulocochlear nerve branches, into the cochlear branch, which innervates
the cochlea, and the vestibular branch which innervates the vestibule and semicircular canals.

The eye is the specialized organ of sight which has three principal layers, the fibrous tunic, the
vascular tunic and the neural tunic. Furthermore, there are two main chambers, the anterior chamber,
containing aqueous humor and the posterior chamber, that contains vitreous humor. In the neural tunic
of the retina, light propagates from the ganglionic cells through the bipolar cells to the rods and
cons, which, somewhat paradoxically hyperpolarize opposite the direction of light.

The lacrimal apparatus frames the eye and coats the sclera and cornea in lacrimal fluid, a
bacteriacide, which lubricates and protects them. The lacrimal apparatus is made of the lacrimal
gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This network of structures allows tears
produced by the lacrimal gland to cover the eye, drain through the lacrimal puncta into the lacrimal
canaliculi, collect in the lacrimal sac, travel down the nasolacrimal duct and finally empty into the
nose. This is why crying leads to a runny nose.

Vocabulary for Special Senses can be found on page(s) 169-171.

68 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 5

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures
accordingly.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

retina* is posterior to lens*

middle nasal conchae is superior to

is inferior to cribriform plate

cornea is anterior to

is distal to tympanic membrane

medial rectus is medial to

is lateral to tongue

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 69

Label the structures of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory pathway. (1 point)

70 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the types of papillae and parts of the taste buds. (1 point)

Label the regions and structures of the ear. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 71

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.5 points)

Label the structures and regions of the eye. (0.5 points)

72 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: ARE YOU A SUPER TASTER?

• For this exercise, it is recommended that you use dark food coloring for maximum effect
• Using the spoon, use a small amount of the food coloring or powder on the tongue. Do
NOT use a full spoon or pour a mound on the subject’s tongue!
• Paper squares will be provided which have a 1cm in diameter hole in them. Have the
volunteer place the paper on their tongue and make sure that the hole aligns with the area
highlighted by the food coloring.
• Use a camera phone (or other devices), to take a closeup still photo of the circle.
• The papilla will contrast against the color of the food coloring. Count the number of the
papilla in the circle and record it below.
• If there are between 0 and 5 papilla, then the subject is a “hypo-taster”. A hypo-taster is
more tolerant of bitter tastes. If there are between 5 and 15 papillae, then the subject has
average tasting capabilities. If there are more than 15 papillae found in this 1cm area, then
the subject is a “hyper-taster”. A hyper-taster is more sensitive to bitter tastes. Determine
whether the subject is a hypo-taster, average taster or hyper-taster and record it below
next to “Tasting abilities”.
• Repeat with another group member.

Note: if your lab does not permit the use of food items in the lab, leave the room before conducting
this experiment.

Subject #1: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 73

Subject #2: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

74 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION TWO: TASTE AND SMELL

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Tongue and Associated Structures

#1 lingual tonsils #4 fungiform papillae #7 circumvallate papillae

#2 palatine tonsils #5 filiform papillae #8 taste bud
#3 lingual papillae #6 foliate papillae #9 taste pore

Taste Pathway

#10 facial nerve (CN VII) #12 vagus nerve (CN X) #14 primary gustatory area
#11 glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) #13 thalamus

Nose

#15 superior nasal conchae #19 middle nasal meatus #23 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
#16 middle nasal conchae #20 inferior nasal meatus #24 olfactory foramina
#17 inferior nasal conchae #21 olfactory epithelium
#18 superior nasal meatus #22 olfactory glands

Olfactory Pathway

#25 olfactory epithelium #27 olfactory nerve (CN I) #29 olfactory tract

#26 olfactory receptors #28 olfactory bulb #30 primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 75

 STATION THREE: HEARING

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Outer Ear

#1 auricle (pinna) #3 lobule #5 external auditory canal #7 tympanic membrane

#2 helix #4 external auditory meatus #6 ceruminous glands

Middle Ear

#8 auditory ossicles #10 incus #12 Eustachian tube #14 round window

#9 malleus #11 stapes #13 oval window

Inner Ear

#15 bony labyrinth #18 cochlea #21 utricle

#16 semicircular canals #19 membranous labyrinth #22 saccule

#17 vestibule #20 semicircular canals #23 organ of corti

Auditory Pathway

#24 vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) #25 primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex

76 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Retina Tongue
Pigmented layer, Neural layer Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae

STATION FIVE: EYE DISSECTION

• First, determine the external surface features and structures of the cow eye. You should be
able to identify: the sclera, or the white of the eye, the cornea, which is the semi-transparent
layer covering the front part of the eye, and the optic nerve which protrudes from the
posterior portion of the eye. There may be periorbital fat or external muscles still attached
to the eye.
• Use dissecting scissors to cut away any fat or muscle attached to the eye.
• Using a scalpel, cut through the sclera along the frontal plane. When you remove the top of
the eye, the part containing the cornea, what will remain is the lens sitting on top of a jelly-
like mass known as the vitreous humor, it maintains the shape of the eye.
• Remove the lens and note how its composition is hard and similar to that of a marble.
Next, remove the vitreous humor and take note of the shiny, blue layer along the inside of
the back half of the eye, this is the retina.
• Moving back to the front half of the eye, depending on your initial halving of the eye, you
can remove the iris from the cornea. Now lay out the contents of the cow eye from the
most anterior through to the posterior portion of the eye and examine the structures.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 77

 STATION SIX: VISION

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Fibrous Tunic

#1 sclera #2 cornea

Vascular Tunic

#3 iris #5 lens #7 ciliary body

#4 pupil #6 choroid

Neural Tunic

#8 retina #12 pigmented layer #16 bipolar cells

#9 optic disc #13 neural layer #17 horizontal cells
#10 macula lutea #14 rods #18 ganglion cells
#11 fovea centralis #15 cones

Visual Pathway

#20 optic nerve #22 optic tract

#21 optic chiasm #23 primary visual area of the cerebral cortex

Eye Interior

#24 anterior chamber #26 posterior chamber

#25 aqueous humor #27 vitreous humor (body)

Muscles of the Eye

#28 levator palpebrae superioris #30 inferior rectus #32 medial rectus #34 inferior oblique
#29 superior rectus #31 lateral rectus #33 superior oblique

Lacrimal Apparatus

#35 lacrimal gland #36 superior lacrimal canaliculi #38 lacrimal sac
#36 lacrimal puncta #37 inferior lacrimal canaliculi #39 nasolacrimal duct

Conjunctiva

#40 palpebral conjunctiva #41 bulbar conjunctiva

78 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
POST-LAB 5 QUESTIONS

(3 point)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. List the structures in each layer of the eye. (0.5 points)

◦ Fibrous tunic:

◦ Vascular tunic:

◦ Neural tunic:

2. What is the olfactory pathway, starting from odorant to the primary olfactory area? How
does this pathway differ from other sensory pathways? (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 79

 3. Match the following structures with their corresponding descriptions. (1 point)

No. of
Name of Structure Descriptions
Structure

an area where odorants bind to receptors to produce a sensation that will be

1. Optic disc
perceived as smell

2. Round window contains approximately 100 taste buds

3. Fungiform papillae location of no visual activity, known as the “blind spot”

4. Vitreous humor contains the organs that sense dynamic equilibrium

5. Olfactory
contains the organs that sense static equilibrium
epithelium

6. Filiform papillae jelly-like mass that provides stability and structure to the eye

7. Semicircular canals provide friction, contains no taste buds

8. Retina contains approximately 5 taste buds

9. Auditory ossicles
(malleus, incus, and the smallest bones in the body; transmits vibrations that are key to hearing
stapes)

possess the following layers to allow for the transmission of stimuli to the optic
10. Circumvallate
nerve; pigmented layer, photoreceptor layer, outer synaptic layer, bipolar cell
papillae
layer, inner synaptic layer, ganglion layer

membrane between the inner and middle ear to allow for pressure changes to
11. Vestibule
equilibrate

4. Describe the path of sound traveling through the ear to CN (VIII). (list structures)(0.5
points)

5. Describe the function of the following muscles. Do they assist in intorsion, extortion,
abduction, adduction, elevation and/or depression of the eye? (0.5 points)

1. Superior Rectus-

2. Inferior Rectus-

3. Medial Rectus-

4. Lateral Rectus-

5. Superior Oblique-

6. Inferior Oblique-

80 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB 6: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 81

LAB 6: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Understand and identify the anatomical structures of the respiratory system on available
models.
• Deduce the pathway of air through the respiratory system.
• Determine the pathway of pulmonary circulation.
• Identify the various muscles involved in respiration.
• Recognize the hallmarks of lung histology.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The respiratory system is responsible for the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The
main specialized organs of this process are the lungs which house clusters of sac-like structures
known as alveoli. There are from 480 to 790 million alveoli which increase the efficiency of gas
exchange by increasing surface area to around 118m2 in men and 91m2 in women. The respiratory
system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli,
along with their accessory structures. These structures are divided into the upper and lower
respiratory systems, with the lower portion beginning at the larynx. The primary function of this
system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into the conducting zone, terminating at the
terminal bronchioles; then air flows into the respiratory zone, where the actual gas exchange occurs.

Though we view each system individually in this lab, it is important to keep in mind that all
organ systems overlap and work together in such a way that scientist are constantly discovering
new connections. One such example is the nose. Not only is it the primary entrance and exit for
respiration, but it also contains the olfactory epithelium, the primary structure of one of the special
senses, olfaction. Likewise, the pharynx is a structure shared by both the respiratory and digestion
systems.

Although both lungs functionally participate in respiration, they differ physically in various ways.
The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume
than the right. Another distinction between the two lungs is that the left lung contains the cardiac
notch, which makes space for the heart. Furthermore, whereas the right lung has three lobes, the
left lung has only two.

Though not visible on every model, each lung is surrounded by the pleura, which consists of two

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 83

layers called the visceral and parietal pleurae. They are important because they lubricate the lungs
and reduce friction during inhalation and exhalation.

Vocabulary for Respiratory System can be found on page(s) 169.

84 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 6

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the designated
structures.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structureEpiglottis
term

Epiglottis* is Superior to Vocal cords*

Hyoid bone is Anterior to

is Inferior to Cricoid cartilage

Carina is Medial to

Directly
is to Conus elasticus
Superficial

List two structures of the respiratory zone? (0.5 points)

List two structures of the conducting zone? (0.5 points)

Label the following structures of the larynx. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 85

Label the following structures or the respiratory system. (1 point)

86 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Label the following structures in the sagittal view of the upper respiratory system. (1 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 87

88 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to learn and label on the models provided.
Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an
alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write
the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete,
notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: UPPER RESPIRATORY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 nose #6 septal nasal cartilage #12 nasal conchae* #16 laryngopharynx #21 soft palate

#2 root #7 major alar cartilages #12 nasal meatuses* #17 lingual tonsils #22 uvula

#3 bridge #8 minor cartilages #13 pharynx #18 palatine tonsils

#4 apex #9 external naris #14 nasopharynx #19 pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

#5 lateral nasal cartilages #10 nasal cavity #15 oropharynx #20 hard palate

*There are Superior, Middle, and Inferior parts to these structures.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 89

 STATION TWO: LOWER RESPIRATORY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#22 alveolar
#1 larynx #8 corniculate cartilages #15 esophagus #29 middle lobe
sacs
#2 epiglottis #9 cuneiform cartilage #16 carina #23 alveoli #30 cardiac notch
#10 cricothyroid #31 horizontal
#3 vestibular folds #17 primary (main) bronchi #24 L/R lungs
ligament fissure
#4 vocal folds #11 cricoid cartilage #18 secondary (lobar) bronchi #25 apex of lung #32 oblique fissure
#5 thyrohyoid #12 cricotracheal #19 tertiary (segmental)
#26 base of lung #33 hilum
membrane ligament bronchi
#27 superior
#6 thyroid cartilage #13 tracheal cartilages #20 respiratory bronchioles
lobe
#28 inferior
#7 arytenoid cartilages #14 trachea #21 alveolar ducts
lobe

STATION THREE: MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Muscles of Inspiration

#1 diaphragm #2 external intercostals #3 scalenes #4 sternocleidomastoid

*Make note of which muscles are the primary muscles of inhalation, and which are the accessory
muscles.

Muscles of Exhalation

#5 internal intercostals #6 external oblique #7 internal oblique #8 transverse abdominis #9 rectus abdominis

90 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
 STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Lung
Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli

STATION FIVE: LUNG DISSECTION

• First, identify the trachea and observe if it is flexible or stiff, does it collapse in on itself?
Note the ringed structures along the trachea that support it and allow it to stay open.
Identify any other structures along the outside of the lungs and trachea such as the pleural
membrane or larynx if still attached.
• Lay the lungs where they both lay flat on the table. Using the dissecting scissors make a cut
along the frontal plane beginning at the top of the trachea and working your way down to
the branching of the primary bronchi.
• Cut along one of the bronchi, along the corresponding lung until you make a complete
frontal plane cut.
• Use the pins provided and label as many structures as you can identify. Your TA will come
around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s
sink.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 91

 STATION SIX: FLOW OF OXYGEN AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION

As a group, determine the path that oxygen travels starting from the nostrils to the alveoli. Be sure
to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the route of pulmonary circulation. Be mindful of the fact that several
structures are directly connected to the heart. Label the models/posters of this station with the #
that corresponds to the appropriate vessels involved in pulmonary circulation using the colored
tape. When you have finished, have your TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station,
remove all of the labels you have placed on the models/posters.

#1 pulmonary trunk #2 pulmonary arteries #3 pulmonary capillaries #4 pulmonary veins

92 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
POST-LAB 6 QUESTIONS

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1) Write a C if the listed structure is part of the conducting zone and an R if it is part of the
respiratory zone. Also, label whether the structure is part of the upper respiratory (U) or lower
respiratory system (L). (0.5 point)

Example: Larynx C , L

Alveoli ________________

Trachea ________________

Nasal cavity ________________

Bronchi ________________

Respiratory bronchioles ________________

Pharynx ________________

Alveolar ducts ________________

Terminal bronchioles ________________

2) Write the route that oxygen takes from when you inhale to the point of gas exchange with
carbon dioxide. (0.5 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 93

3) Give two unique characteristics of the pulmonary artery and vein. (0.5 point)

4) Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (0.5 point)

94 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
LAB 7: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 95

LAB 7: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Visually identify major components, vessels, and structures of a dissected heart.

• Determine the anatomical structures of the heart on available models.
• Determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart.
• List and accurately classify the distinct types of blood cells from histological slides.
• Recognize the features of cardiac tissue under a microscope.
• Identify the major blood vessels required for this lab.
• Distinguish between arterial and venous flow.

BACKGROUND

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the circulation of blood and transport of nutrients.
Large multicellular organisms developed such a system as a means of actively transporting
nutrients to the cells of the body. The heart is the organ of focus in this lab. It is divided into four
distinct chambers, which in concert work to circulate blood. When the heart beats, it pumps blood
into two different circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary circulation carries blood from
the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs and back to the left side of the heart, while
the systemic circulation carries blood from the left side of the heart to all the organs and tissues
of the body, then back to the right side of the heart. If it were possible to stretch out all of the
blood vessels in the body, they would measure 60,000 to 100,000 miles, enough circle the earth
roughly four times. The heart is an incredible organ capable, on average, of circulating roughly
2,000 gallons worth of blood each day. Furthermore, the heart is one of the few organs capable
of operating entirely apart from the central nervous system which makes it one of the hardest
working organs.

Blood is classified as liquid connective tissue and is vital in its roles of transportation, regulation,
and protection. It is made of distinct types of cells, mostly derived from bone marrow, and helps
maintain homeostasis. Plasma and cellular elements are the two main components of blood, where
plasma makes up 55% of blood and cellular elements make up 45%. Plasma is mostly water but
contains proteins and other solutes as well. The vast majority of cell elements are erythrocytes with
less than 1% comprising of leukocytes and platelets.

In this lab we will focus on the major blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Arteries are blood
vessels that always carry blood away from the heart; the blood they carry is oxygenated (exception:
pulmonary arteries). They generally have thicker walls than veins, the other major blood vessels
in the cardiovascular system. Veins carry blood toward the heart and carry deoxygenated blood

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 97

(exception: pulmonary veins). Both vessel types are formed by the tunica intima, tunica media, and
tunica adventitia.

Vocabulary for the Cardiovascular System can be found on page(s) 163-165.

98 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
PRE-LAB 7

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures
accordingly.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

pulmonary vein is proximal to right ventricle

auricle is superior to

is inferior to heart’s base

anterior interventricular sulcus is anterior to

is distal to ascending aorta

heart is medial to

is lateral to left ventricle

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 99

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

100 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the internal formations of the heart. (1 point)

Label the surface features of the anterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 101

Label the surface features on the posterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

102 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the major systemic arteries of the body. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 103

Label the major systemic veins of the body. (0.5 points)

104 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: HEART

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Orientation

#1 apex #2 base

Layers

#3 pericardium #4 epicardium #5 endocardium #6 myocardium

Surface Features

#10 left pulmonary #16 posterior interventricular

#7 superior vena cava #13 ascending aorta
artery sulcus
#8 right pulmonary
#11 coronary sulcus #14 descending aorta #17 epicardial fat
artery
#15 anterior interventricular
#9 inferior vena cava #12 arch of aorta #18 auricles
sulcus

Internal Structures

#19 papillary muscles #23 tricuspid valve #27 right atrium #31 left ventricle

#20 pectinate muscles #24 bicuspid valve #28 left atrium #32 interventricular septum
#21 chordae tendineae #25 pulmonary valve #29 interatrial septum #33 right bundle branches
#22 trabeculae carneae #26 aortic valve #30 right ventricle #34 left bundle branches

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 105

Coronary Circulation – Arteries

#35 coronary #37 posterior interventricular #41 branch of left coronary

#39 circumflex branch
arteries branch artery
#36 marginal #40 anterior interventricular
#38 right pulmonary artery #42 middle cardiac
branches branch

Coronary Circulation – Veins

#43 coronary sinus #45 great cardiac #47 left pulmonary

#44 anterior cardiac #46 small cardiac #48 right pulmonary

STATION TWO: MAJOR UPPER BODY VESSELS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Arterial Circulation

#1 brachiocephalic trunk #6 vertebral arteries #11 anterior cerebral artery #16 thoracic aorta
#2 common carotid #12 anterior communicating #17 abdominal
#7 basilar artery
arteries artery aorta
#3 internal carotid arteries #8 posterior cerebral artery #13 axillary arteries
#9 posterior communicating
#4 external carotid arteries #14 radial arteries
artery
#5 subclavian arteries #10 middle cerebral artery #15 ulnar arteries

Venous Circulation

#18 brachiocephalic veins #22 axillary veins #26 medial cubital veins #30 azygos vein
#19 internal jugular veins #23 brachial veins #27 radial veins #31 hemiazygos vein
#20 subclavian veins #24 cephalic veins #28 ulnar veins #32 accessory hemiazygos vein
#21 external jugular veins #25 basilic veins #29 median antebrachial veins

STATION THREE: MAJOR LOWER BODY VESSELS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

106 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Arterial Circulation

#1 suprarenal arteries #6 celiac trunk #11 external iliac arteries #16 anterior tibial arteries
#2 renal arteries #7 common hepatic artery #12 internal iliac arteries #17 posterior tibial arteries

#3 gonadal arteries #8 splenic artery #13 femoral arteries #18 fibular arteries

#4 inferior mesenteric artery #9 lumbar arteries #14 deep femoral arteries

#5 superior mesenteric artery #10 common iliac arteries #15 popliteal arteries

Venous Circulation

#19 ascending lumbar veins #24 hepatic portal veins #30 common iliac veins #35 popliteal veins
#20 gonadal veins #25 inferior mesenteric vein #31 internal iliac veins #36 small saphenous veins
#21 renal veins #26 splenic vein #32 external iliac veins #37 anterior tibial veins
#22 suprarenal veins #27 superior mesenteric vein #33 femoral veins #38 fibular veins
#23 hepatic veins #28 inferior phrenic vein #34 great saphenous veins

STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY & DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD COUNT

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Blood Vessels

Vein Artery

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 107

Blood Components

Leukocyte Thrombocyte

Erythrocyte

Leukocytes

Basophil Eosinophil

108 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 Neutrophil Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Cardiac

Cardiac muscle

Differential Blood count

• Place the blood smear slide under the microscope and focus it to 70x magnification.
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 109
 • Once you have isolated a portion of the smear, count the number of each type of blood
cell. Record the numbers below

Note: Platlets may not be visible at this magnification

• RBC: _________Neutrophils: _________

• Basophils: _________Eosinophils: _________
• Monocytes: _________Lymphocytes: _________

STATION FIVE: HEART DISSECTION

• Observe and identify all the surface anatomy of the heart.

• Orientate the heart so that the ventral side is facing you. The base of the heart should be
positioned right side up for dissection.
• Using your fingers or a probe, find the following at the base of the heart: pulmonary vein,
aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary trunk.
• Using the superior vena cava and pulmonary vein as guides, make a coronal incision using
the scapula.
• Observe and place pins on the following structures: R/L ventricles, R/L atriums,
interventricular septum, the valves, tissue layers (cardiac muscle, papillary muscles). Your
TA will come around and ask your goup to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s
sink.

STATION SIX: FLOW OF BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING

As a group, determine the flow of blood through the various structures and vessels of the heart. Be
sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located. Use
the rest of this page to draw out the pathway.

As a group, determine the different blood type in this station. Follow the procedure below in order
to do so.

• Obtain a blood-sampling tray and place two drops of the synthetic blood into the wells.
• Place two drops of the Anti-a “antibody” into the well labeled a. Using a toothpick, mix
well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Place two drops of the Anti-B “antibody” into the well labeled B. Using a toothpick, mix
well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Place two drops of the Anti-Rh “antibody” into the corresponding well. With a toothpick,
mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Using your knowledge of the interaction between blood antigens and their corresponding
110 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
antibodies, determine the blood type. Remember that if an antibody finds its targeted
antigens, it causes blood coagulation. If no coagulation occurs, this means that the blood
does not contain any of the antigens.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 111

POST-LAB 7 QUESTIONS

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. List the function of each cardiac layer and number the order from most to least superficial.
(0.5 point)

◦ Pericardium:
◦ Myocardium:
◦ Endocardium:
◦ Epicardium:

2. Explain why the left ventricle’s walls are thicker than the right ventricle’s. (0.5 point)

3. A child is stung by a bee and experiences an anaphylactic reaction. Upon observing the
pathology, you notice a large increase in the number of very large granulocytic white
blood cells whose granules obscure the nucleus. What type of cell did you observe? (0.5
point)

4. Correctly match the term with the correct order of blood flow through the heart. (0.5 point)

Venous blood enters the ______ from the ________ and ________ as well as the coronary
sinus, which converge into the the ________. From there blood passes the _______ valves
and enters the _______. The venous blood passes through the _______ and from there
branches off into the _______ and ______ before circulating through the _____. After

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 113

 being oxygenatated, the blood re-enters the heart through the ________ which converge
into the _______. Then the blood flows through the _______ into the ________. From
here, blood is ejected through the ________ into the ______ before entering the _______
and finally systemic circulation.

1. Superior vena cava

2. Inferior vena cava
3. Right atrium
4. Left atrium
5. Lungs
6. Pulmonary veins
7. Left pulmonary artery
8. Right pulmonary artery
9. Right atrioventricular valve
10. Mitral valves
11. Ascending aorta
12. Arch of aorta
13. Aortic semilunar valve
14. Pulmonary semilunar valve
15. Left ventricle
16. Right ventricle
17. Heart

5. What is the anatomical significance of the pericardium and epicardial fat? The visceral layer
of the pericardium is also known as the _________________? (0.5 point)

6. An individual who cannot coagulate properly is at risk of bleeding out with any significant
lesion. A reduction in what type of cell might cause this in such an individual? How does
this affect the composition of their blood? (0.5 point)

114 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 115

LAB 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Label the anatomical structures of the digestive system on available models.

• Explain the pathway of food from the mouth to the anus, identifying major landmarks
along the way.
• Deduce the pathway of major arteries and veins that supply the organs of the digestive
system.
• Identify the histology of the digestive organs on microscope slides.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract (also known as the alimentary canal), a
hollow muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus, and accessory organs, including the
liver and pancreas. Technically, until food is absorbed in the intestines it is considered to be outside
of the body. To promote absorption, the intestines have villi which contain hair-like structures
called microvilli. Like the alveoli of the lungs, microvilli substantially increase the surface area of
the intestines to between 180 to 300 m2 (the size of the average American home). Major structures
of the gastrointestinal tract include the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, and anus. These structures and organs form a hollow space from mouth to anus
and function to chemically and mechanically catabolize and absorb nutrients. Along the way
organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas release enzymes to aid digestion
and are known collectively as accessory structures.

The organs of the GI tract are made from four layers, the inner lining or mucosa, the submucosa
containing blood vessels and lymphatics, the muscularis or smooth muscle layer, and the outermost
layer or serosa/adventitia. Each layer plays a vital role in the digestive system ranging in their
capacity to form a protective barrier from the highly acidic contents of the stomach to supplying
hormones, producing muscle contractions and draining lymph. Furthermore, specialized cells
such as the foveolar, chief cells of the stomach are supporting cells which produce a protective
layer of mucus and gastric acid for digestion. Other supporting cells, such as the gastric
parietal cells of the stomach and the ductal and acinar cells of the pancreas release zymogens,
inactive forms of digestive enzymes.

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and coverers most
of the digestive organs. some organs are only partially covered by the peritoneum while others are
entirely uncovered. These organs are referred to as being retroperitoneal. Formed by the double
folding of the peritoneum is a continuous set of tissues known as the mesentery. This organ
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 117
was relatively recently reclassified as an organ after discovering its complex constitution. The
mesentery houses lymphatic vessels as well as providing a conduit for the blood vessels for the
small and large intestines.

Vocabulary for Digestive System can be found on page(s) 165-166.

118 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

PRE-LAB 8

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures
accordingly.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

gallbladder* is posterior to liver*

transverse colon is superior to

is inferior to small intestine

liver is anterior to

is distal to duodenum

jejunum is medial to

is lateral to left lobe of liver

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 119

Label all digestive organs of the GI tract. (1 point)

120 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the elements of the alimentary canal. (0.5 points)

Label the different aspects of the mouth. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 121

Label the major salivary glands and ducts. (0.5 points)

Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly. (0.5 points)

122 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the accessory organs, structures, and ducts of the digestive system. (0.5 points)

Label the structures and features of the large intestine. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 123

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: MOUTH

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Mouth

#1 labial frenulum #3 hard palate #5 uvula

#2 fauces #4 soft palate

Tongue

#6 tongue #9 fungiform papillae #11 circumvallate papillae #13 taste pore

#7 lingual frenulum #10 filiform papillae #12 taste bud #14 base

#8 apex

Teeth

#15 incisor #18 molar #21 root #24 pulp cavity #27 cementum

#16 canine #19 crown #22 enamel #25 pulp #28 periodontal ligament

#17 premolar #20 neck #23 dentin #26 apical foramen #29 gingiva

Salivary Glands

#30 submandibular #31 parotid #32 sublingual

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 125

 STATION TWO: ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Esophagus

#1 upper esophageal sphincter #2 lower esophageal sphincter

Stomach

#3 gastric pits #6 cardia #9 pylorus #12 circular muscle layer

#4 gastric glands #7 gastric body #10 pyloric sphincter #13 oblique muscle layer
#5 fundus #8 rugae #11 longitudinal muscle layer

STATION THREE: LIVER, GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Liver

#1 right lobe of liver #3 right hepatic duct #5 common hepatic duct #7 hepatic canaliculi

#2 left lobe of liver #4 left hepatic duct #6 hepatic lobule #8 falciform ligament

Gallbladder

#9 fundus of gallbladder #11 neck of gallbladder #13 common bile duct

#10 body of gallbladder #12 cystic duct

Pancreas

#14 acinar cells #16 islets of Langerahans #18 pancreatic head #20 uncinate process #22 pancreatic duct
#15 endocrine cells #17 pancreatic tail #19 pancreatic body #21 accessory duct

STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

126 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 Tooth
Parotid Gland
Enamel, Dentin, Pulp

Tongue Esophagus
Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae, Circumvallate
papillae, Taste bud, Taste pore Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 127

 Pancreas Liver
Acinar cells, Endocrine cells, Islets of Langerhans Hepatic lobules, Hepatic canaliculi

Duodenum Large Intestine

Lumen, Villi, Mucosa, Submucsa, Muscularis, Externa
Lumen, Crypts of Lieberkühn, Mucosa, Submucosa,
Serosa Muscularis externa, Serosa

Vermiform appendix

128 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 STATION FIVE: SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Small Intestine

#1 microvilli #4 submucosa #8 enterocytes #11 ampulla of Vater #14 ileum

#2 vili #6 muscularis #9 plicae circulares #12 sphincter of Oddi #15 ileocecal valve

#3 mucosa #7 serosa #10 duodenum #13 jejunum

Large Intestine

#16 crypts of Lieberkühn #20 serosa #24 right colic flexure #28 sigmoid colon #32 rectum
#17 mucosa #21 cecum #25 transverse colon #29 teniae coli #33 anal canal
#18 submucosa #22 vermiform appendix #26 left colic flexure #30 haustra #34 anal sphincter
#19 muscularis #23 ascending colon #27 descending colon #31 epiploic appendices #35 anus

Miscellaneous

#36 peritoneum #38 greater omentum #40 mesoappendix

#37 mesentery of transverse colon #39 lesser omentum

STATION SIX: FLOW OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

As a group, determine the route boluses take through the various organs of the digestive tract. Be
sure to identify the location of each structure on the vocabulary list of this lab section.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 129

POST-LAB 8 QUESTIONS

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory
structures. (0.5 point)

2. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 131

 3. Match the terms with their corresponding descriptions. (0.5 points)

Name of No. of
Description
Structure Structure

the largest salivary glands that produce approximately 25% of the saliva produced
1. Ileum
daily

2.
passageway for liquids, foods, AND air
Gallbladder

3. Fauces the modified muscularis of the large intestine

4. Parotid structures on the tongue that provide friction, allowing the tongue to move food in
glands the oral cavity during mastication efficiently

5. Filiform
the terminal portion of the small intestine
papillae

6. Pulp
where bile made in the liver joins the bile stored in the gallbladder
cavity

7. Pharynx the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

8. Rugae inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

9. Common
storage area for bile
bile duct

10. Teniae
folds of the inner wall of the stomach
coli

4. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (0.5)

5. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures
not be classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (0.5 point)

6. A patient with cancerous growths in their salivary glands undergoes surgery to have them
removed. How might this affect the digestive processes? (0.5 points)

132 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 9: URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 133

LAB 9: URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Analyze reproductive and urinary organ tissues under the microscope.

• Complete the dissection of the kidney and accurately identify (with a pin) all structures of
the kidney using the corresponding vocabulary list.
• Learn about the organs of the urinary system: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra,
as well as the structural elements of the nephron and label on any available models.
• Compare and contrast the elements of the male and female reproductive systems and their
associated accessory glands.
• Recognize homologous structures of the male and female reproductive systems.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The urinary system is one of excretion, elimination and reabsorption. It is made from four organs,
only one of which produces urine (the kidney). Nephrons, the smallest functional unit of the kidneys,
are found in numbers of one to two million within the kidney and can filter up to 400 gallons of
cycled blood, daily. The kidneys receive more blood than the heart, liver, or even the brain and
have vital functions such as the regulation of pH, blood pressure, concentration of blood solutes
and concentration of red blood cells. The remaining three organs (ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra) facilitate urine storage and secretion. Of these organs, only the urethra is anatomically
distinct between males and females.

The reproductive system is designed to propagate a species and therefore has two primary
functions: the production of gametes (n) and sex hormones. Male gametes are referred to as sperm
cells, whereas female gametes are called ova. Reproduction is very metabolically taxing especially
for the female. To illustrate, mature ovum can contain as many as 600,000 mitochondria; to
reference, liver cells and cardiac muscles cells contain 2,000 and 5,000 mitochondria respectively.
The role of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female
reproductive tract. Although they originate from similar primordial tissues, the female and male
reproductive systems differ in gonad type, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. Male
gonads are referred to as testes while the female gonads as ovaries; both are the sites of their
respective gametogenesis. The hormones produced by the gonads are crucial to the reproductive
system and sexual development, including primary and secondary sexual development, tissue
regeneration, and production of gametes.

Humans are a sexually dimorphic species, which mean that there are distinguishing secondary sex
characteristics. The hormones that influence male primary and secondary sexual development are
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 135
called androgens. The hormones that influence female primary secondary sexual development are
called estrogens. In females, this entails the development of breasts which are specialized sweat
glands. Males also have mammary tissue but their development is arrested early. Similarly, the
thyroid cartilage is enlarged and commonly referred to as an Adam’s apple in males but not so in
females.

A developing fetus remains anatomically undifferentiated a will either develop

characteristically male or female anatomy. At some point of gestation, the fetus will develop both
Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, anlagen of the male and female reproductive systems. As a result,
there are several elements of the male and female reproductive systems which are homologous.
Such structures share developmental and evolutionary origins but are not necessarily similar
in function. The following are the homologous structures of the male and female reproductive
system: labia majora – male scrotum; labia minora – shaft of penis; clitoris – glans penis; paraurethral
gland – prostate gland; greater vestibular gland – bulbourethral gland.

Vocabulary for the Urinary and Reproductive systems on page(s) 172 and 168.

136 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

PRE-LAB 9

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures
accordingly.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

scrotum* is posterior to penis*

kidneys is superior to

is inferior to urinary bladder

pubic symphysis is anterior to

is distal to prostate gland

uterus is medial to

is lateral to urethra

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 137

Label the structures and regions of the left kidney. (1 point)

Label the structures of the nephron. (0.5 points)

138 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the structures of the bladder. (0.5 points)

Label the parts of the male urinary/reproductive systems. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 139

 Label the structures of the male reproductive system. Label the structures of the male reproductive system. (0.25
(0.25 points) points)

140 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the parts of the female urinary/reproductive system. (0.5 points)

Label the structures of the breasts. (0.25 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 141

Label the structures of the uterus. (0.25 points)

142 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: URINARY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 renal fascia #11 renal pelvis #21 external urethral orifice #31 proximal convoluted tubule

#2 adipose capsule #12 renal hilum #22 cortical nephron #32 descending loop of Henle

#3 renal capsule #13 ureter #23 juxtamedullary nephron #33 ascending loop of Henle

#4 renal cortex #14 urinary bladder #24 juxtaglomerular apparatus #35 distal convoluted tubule

#5 renal medulla #15 detrusor muscle #25 renal corpuscle #36 collecting duct

#6 renal lobe #16 rugae #26 glomerulus #37 papillary duct

#7 renal pyramid #17 urinary trigone #27 podocyte #38 minor calyx

#8 renal columns #18 internal urethral sphincter #28 bowman’s capsule #39 major calyx

#9 renal papilla #19 external urethral sphincter #29 capsular space

#10 renal sinus #20 urethra #30 renal tubules

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 143

Blood Vessels

#40 renal artery #43 arcuate arteries #46 glomerular capillaries #49 cortical radiate veins #52 renal vein
#41 segmental arteries #44 cortical radiate arteries #47 efferent arterioles #50 arcuate veins
#42 interlobar arteries #45 afferent arterioles #48 peritubular capillaries #51 interlobar veins

STATION TWO: REPRODUCTIVE – MALE

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 pubic symphysis #11 head of sperm #21 seminal vesicles #31 prepuce of penis

#22 bulbourethral (Cowper’s)

#2 dartos muscle #12 midpiece of sperm #32 external urethral orifice
glands
#3 cremaster
#13 tail of sperm #23 ejaculatory ducts #33 root of penis
muscle
#4 scrotum #14 seminiferous tubules #24 prostatic urethra #34 bulb of penis
#5 scrotal septum #15 straight tubule #25 intermediate urethra #35 crus of penis
#36 suspensory ligament of
#6 testis #16 rete testis #26 spongy urethra
penis

#7 lobules #17 epididymis #27 penis #37 spermatic cord

#8 leydig cells #18 ductus (vas) deferens #28 corpus cavernosum #38 deep muscle of perineum
#19 ampulla of ductus
#9 sertoli cells #29 corpus spongiosum
deferens

#10 sperm #20 prostate glands #30 glans penis

STATION THREE: REPRODUCTIVE – FEMALE

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#10 isthmus of uterine #19 fundus of

#1 pubic symphysis #28 vaginal orifice #37 breast
tube uterus
#20 body of
#2 placenta #11 broad ligament #29 mons pubis #36 areola
uterus
#3 ovary #12 round ligament #21 isthmus #30 vulva #39 nipple
#13 uterosacral #40 mammary
#4 ova #22 cervix #31 labia majora
ligament glands
#5 ovarian ligament #14 uterus #23 external os #32 labia minora #41 lobule
#42 lactiferous
#6 uterine (Fallopian) tube #15 endometrium #24 internal os #33 vestibule
ducts
#43 lactiferous
#7 fimbriae of uterine tube #16 myometrium #25 vagina #34 clitoris
sinus
#8 infundibulum of uterine #35 external urethral #44 mammary
#17 perimetrium #26 fornix
tube orifice ducts
#45 mammary
#9 ampulla of uterine tube #18 uterine cavity #27 rugae #36 vestibular glands
alveoli

144 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Urinary

Kidney

Bowman’s capsule (renal corpuscle), Glomerulus

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 145

Male Reproductive

Testis
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubules, Lobules

Human Sperm
Head, Midpiece, Tail

146 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Female Reproductive

Mammary gland Uterus

Mammary alveoli, Lobule, Ducts Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

Ovary
Placenta
Mature (Graafian) follicle

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 147

 STATION FIVE: KIDNEY DISSECTION

• Upon receiving your kidney, identify the renal hilum, from which the renal artery, renal
vein, and ureter protrude (it is also the indented portion of the kidney).
• Now lay the kidney on its broadest most flat portion, with the renal hilum facing opposite
your dominant hand (if you are right-handed, the hilum should be facing left).
• Using the scalpel from your dissection kit, cut the kidney in half lengthwise from the side,
meaning, your scalpel should begin at the anterior, medial section of the kidney and work
its way down to the posterior medial section. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the
scalpel.) Continue making these incisions with your scalpel until you have separated the
halves of a kidney
• Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your
lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s
sink.

STATION SIX: FILTRATE PATH AND BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEY

As a group, determine the route of urine through the various ducts of the kidney, originating at
the glomerulus and ending with the urethra. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the
structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the course of blood through the vessels of the kidney.

Note: The following three pages are left blank for the purpose of drawing out these two pathways.

148 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

POST-LAB 9 QUESTIONS

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)

No. of
Name of Structure Description
structure

1. ureters Area where renal vessels and ureters converge

2. kidney urination

3. renal capsule nephrons located deep in the renal medullas

4. micturition smooth muscle of the bladder

5. rugae of the
organ of urine production
mucosa

6. hilum includes Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

7. collecting duct folds in the bladder when empty

8. detrusor a structure where nephrons drain urine into

9. renal capsule collagen membrane around the kidney

10. juxtamedullary
tubules that conduct urine from the kidney to bladder
nephrons

2. Write down the path of urine from the point of origin to secretion. (0.5 point)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 149

 3. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)

Name of No. of
Description
Structure structure

1. Ductus- vas-
produce sperm and testosterone
deferens

2. Areola small convoluted tubules and site of spermatogenesis

3. Testes conduct sperm to the urethra during ejaculation

4. Mammary gland produces an ovum, estrogen, and progesterone

5. Fimbriae a gland in mammals that produces milk

6. Corpus
cavernosum and ducts that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
spongiosum

7. Labia major pigmented area around the nipple

8. Seminiferous the larger outer folds of the vulva surrounding the inner folds; contain adipose
tubules tissue and hair

9. Ovaries erectile tissues that form the bulk of the penis

10. Lactiferous
small fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
ducts

4. What is unique about the location/position of the kidneys? (0.5 point)

150 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 10: THE MUSCULAR AND
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 151

LAB 10: THE MUSCULAR AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Name the anatomical structures of integumentary and muscular systems on available

models.
• Distinguish between the types of muscular tissue from histology slides.
• Determine the layers of the integument from histology slides.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

The body’s first line of defense against pathogens and other microbes is the skin. The skin is multi-
layered and it functions to maintain homeostasis, retain water, synthesize vitamin D and regulate
body temperature (thermoregulation). It is made of two chief layers: the epidermis, made of closely
packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue which houses
blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis,
which is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues. One of skin’s accessory structures,
nails, are considered to be specialized structures of the epidermis found at the tips of fingers
and toes. Other accessory structures, sudoriferous glands, produce sweat which cools the body by
evaporation. Skin is the largest continuous organ of the body, encompassing approximately 16
percent of our body weight.

The muscular system is an intricate network of contractile tissue which works antagonistically
in order to move the body. The action of walking requires roughly 200 different muscles alone.
Besides skeletal muscles, there are also cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle is
found uniquely in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system.
Smooth muscle is the type of muscle involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis which
propel boluses through the GI tract. Skeletal muscle is also known as striated muscle, as is cardiac
muscle. As you approach the muscles in this lab, make note of which muscles may be named after
their shape and which ones may be named after their location or their attachments to the skeleton.
Individually, all cells, with the exception of sperm, are unable to move on their own. Nevertheless,
with bones as there scaffold, muscles are able to produce movent through a complex series of
metabolic reactions.

Vocabulary for Muscles and Integumentary systems can be found on page(s) 166-167 and 166.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 153

PRE-LAB 10

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures
accordingly.

(1 point)

directional
Name of a structure is to Name of the second structure
term

trapezius* is proximal to pectoralis major*

diaphragm is superior to

is inferior to scalenes

rectus abdominis is anterior to

is distal to biceps femoris

pectoralis minor is medial to

is lateral to external oblique

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 155

Label the major muscles. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

156 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the major muscles of the body. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 157

Label the muscles of the head. (0.25 points)

158 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.25 points)

Label the major abdominal muscles. (0.25 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 159

Label the major muscles of the lower leg. (0.25 points)

160 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Label the layers of the epidermis. (0.5 points)

Label the layers of integument and accessory structures. (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 161

LAB ACTIVITIES

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models
provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them
on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided,
write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When
complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

STATION ONE: MUSCLES OF THE UPPER BODY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

#1 epicranial aponeurosis #7 nasalis #13 zygomaticus minor #19 sternocleidomastoid

#2 front belly of occipitofrontalis #8 orbicularis oculi #14 zygomaticus major #20 platysma
#3 occipital belly of occipitofrontalis #9 levator labii superioris #15 buccinator #21 sternohyoid
#4 temporalis #10 levator anguli oris #16 risorius #22 scalenes
#5 auricularis superior #11 depressor anguli oris #17 orbicularis oris
#6 procerus #12 depressor labii inferioris #18 mentalis

Muscles of the Eye

#23 levator palpebrae superioris #25 medial rectus #27 inferior recuts #29 superior oblique

#24 lateral recuts #26 superior rectus #28 inferior oblique #30 trochlea

Muscles of the Arms

#33 clavicular part of #35 #37 biceps

#31 deltoid #39 brachioradialis
deltoid coracobrachialis brachii
#32 acromial part of #40 extensor
#34 spinal part of deltoid #36 triceps brachii #38 brachialis
deltoid digitorum

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 163

 STATION TWO: MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND ABDOMEN

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

#1 trapezius #7 teres major #13 pectoralis minor #19 internal intercostals

#2 levator scapulae #8 teres minor #14 serratus anterior #20 external intercostals

#3 splenius capitis #9 rhomboid major #15 recuts abdominis #21 diaphragm

#4 supraspinatus #10 rhomboid minor #16 external oblique

#5 infraspinatus #11 latissimus dorsi #17 internal oblique

#6 subscapularis #12 pectoralis major #18 transversus abdominis

STATION THREE: MUSCLES OF THE LOWER BODY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when
applicable.

#1 gluteus maximus #7 vastus lateralis #13 gracilis #19 extensor digitorum longus

#2 gluteus medius #8 vastus intermedius #14 adductor longus #20 fibularis longus

#3 gluteus minimus #9 hamstrings #15 pectineus #21 tibialis anterior

#4 quadriceps #10 biceps femoris #16 sartorius #22 flexor digitorum longus

#5 rectus femoris #11 semitendionosus #17 gastrocnemius #23 tibialis posterior

#6 vastus medialis #12 semimembranosus #18 soleus

164 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 STATION FOUR: HISTOLOGY – MUSCLE

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle
Intercalated discs

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 165

 STATION FIVE: HISTOLOGY – INTEGUMENTARY

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/
sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed
beneath each slide.

Human scalp w/hair follicle

Skin of palm
Epidermis, Dermis, Arrecotr pili muscle, Sebaceous gland,
Epidermis, Dermis, Papillary layer, Reticular layer
Dermal papilla, Hair follicle, Hair bulb

Squamous epithelium

166 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

 STATION SIX: INTEGUMENTARY

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of
the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check
your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

SKIN

#1 epidermis #5 stratum spinosum #9 papillary layer #13 hypodermis superficial fascia

#2 stratum corneum #6 stratum basale #10 reticular layer #14 lamellated corpuscles
#3 stratum lucidum #7 epidermal ridges #11 dermal papillae #15 thin (hairy) skin
#4 stratum granulosum #8 dermis #12 subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) #16 thick (hairless) skin

#17 squamous epithelium

Hair

#18 pili #20 hair root #22 bulb

#19 hair shaft #21 hair follicle #23 arrector pili muscles

Glands

#24 sebaceous #26 eccrine sweat #28 ceruminous

#25 sudoriferous #27 aprocrine

Nail

#29 nail body (nail plate) #31 lunula #33 nail bed
#30 free edge #32 eponychium (cuticle)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 167

POST-LAB 10 QUESTIONS

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _________________________

1. What muscles, in the dermis are responsible for erecting hair follicles? (0.5 points)

2. While examining a patient’s eye, a doctor instructs them to move their right eye upward, to
the left. Which muscles of the eye were utilized to perform this task? (0.5 points)

3. What muscle of the cervical region has two origins? (0.5 points)

4. What is the primary muscle used for normal breathing? Which additional muscles are
utilized to increase inspiration and expiration during strenuous exercise? (0.5 points)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 169

VOCABULARY

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 171

VOCABULARY

ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

Body Planes Anatomical regions

Frontal (Coronal) Cephalic
Transverse Ocular
Sagittal Auricular (Otic)
Buccal
Directional terms Nasal
Anterior (Ventral) Oral
Posterior (Dorsal) Axillary
Proximal Cubital
Distal Antecubital
Superior Carpal (Carpus)
Inferior Palmar
Lateral Thoracic
Medial Abdominal Umbilical
Deep Lumbar
Superficial Inguinal
Parietal Pubic
Visceral Gluteal
Patellar
Abdominal regions Popliteal
Right hypochondriac Crural
Epigastric Sural
Left hypochondriac Tarsal (Tarsus)
Right lumbar Pedal
Umbilical Planter
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric (Pelvic)
Left iliac

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 173

TISSUES

Basic tissue types Connective tissues

Epithelial Connective tissue cells:
Connective Fibroblasts
Muscle Macrophages
Nervous Plasma cells
Mast cells
Epithelial Tissues Adipocytes
Classification of Epithelial tissue:
*Based on arrangement of layers* Connective tissue fibers:
Simple Collagen fibers
Pseudostratified Elastic fibers
Stratified Reticular fibers

*Based on cell shapes* Extracellular matrix:

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

*Based on function*
Covering and lining
Glandular
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Absorptive
Transitional epithelium

174 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

BONES AND BONE MARKINGS

Classification of the bones Axial skeleton skull

Long bone Frontal bone
Short bone Parietal bone
Flat bone Temporal bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone

Bone histology and formation Occipital bone

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification Foramen Magnum
Osteoprogenitor cells Ethmoid bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Spongy Bone Sphenoid bone
Trabeculae Sella turcica
Compact bone Zygomatic bone
Osteon Mandible
Lamellae Maxilla
Lacunae Palatine bone
Nasal bone
Parts of the bone Vomer
Epiphysis Lacrimal bone
Metaphysis Hyoid bone
Epiphyseal Line/ Plate
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 175

Special features of the skull
Zygomatic arch Thoracic Cage
Zygomatic process of temporal bone Sternum
Temporal process of zygomatic bone Ribs
Sutures
Coronal sutures Clavicle
Sagittal sutures
Scapula
Vertebral column Acromion
*Parts of the typical vertebra* Glenoid cavity
Body of the vertebrae Coracoid process
Vertebral foramen Supraspinous fossa
Lamina Infraspinous fossa
Spinous process Humerus
Transverse process Head
Trochlea
Regions of the vertebral column Capitulum
Cervical region (recognize atlas and axis vertebral) Medial epicondyle
Transverse foramen (in cervical vertebrae only) Lateral epicondyle
Atlas (C1) Coronoid fossa
Axis (C2) Olecranon fossa
Dens of axis
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacrum
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disc

176 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Ulna Femur
Olecranon (Olecranon process) Head of femur
Coronoid process Neck of femur
Trochlear notch Greater trochanter
Head Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Radius Medial condyle
Head
Styloid process Patella

Carpals Tibia
Metacarpals Medial malleolus
Phalanges
Fibula
Hip bones Head
Ilium Lateral malleolus

Ischium Tarsals
Metatarsals
Pubic arch Phalanges
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum Blood Supply
Periosteal arteries/veins
Nutrient artery/veins

SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVES

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 177

Coverings of the spinal cord External anatomy of the spinal cord
Vertebral column Anterior (ventral) median fissure
Spinal meninges Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater Cross section of the spinal cord
Subarachnoid space Grey matter
Pia mater Posterior (dorsal) gray horn
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Anterior (ventral) gray horn
Epidural space Lateral gray horn
White matter
Spinal cord Posterior (dorsal) white columns
Spinal cord segments Lateral white columns
Cervical segments Anterior (ventral) white columns
Thoracic segment Central canal
Lumbar segment:
Sacral segment
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

Plexuses and peripheral nerves Spinal nerves

Cervical plexus Anterior (ventral) root
C1-C5 Posterior (dorsal) root
Phrenic nerve Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
Brachial Plexus Spinal nerve
C5-C8, T1 Rami communicantes
Median nerve
Radial nerve Number of spinal nerves
Ulnar nerve Cervical nerves (8)
Lumbar plexus Thoracic nerves (12)
L1-L4 Lumbar nerves (5)
Sacral plexus Sacral nerves (5)
L4-L5, S1-S4 Coccygeal nerves (1)
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Dermatomes

178 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Nervous system divisions Brain Anatomy

Central nervous system Cerebrum
Peripheral nervous system Frontal lobe
Somatic nervous system Temporal lobe
Autonomic nervous system Parietal lobe
Sympathetic Occipital lobe
Parasympathetic Insula
Corpus callosum
Sensory = afferent Basal Nuclei
Motor = efferent
Limbic System
Grey matter Amygdala
White matter Hippocampus
Gyrus pl. gyri Cingulate gyrus
Central sulcus
Cerebellum
Meninges Cerebellar hemispheres
Dura mater Vermis
Folia
Arbor vitae
Falx cerebri
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Arachnoid mater Thalamus
Pia mater Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Ventricles Pituitary gland
Lateral ventricles (2) Infundibulum
Interventricular foramen Medial eminence
Third ventricle Brain stem
Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain) Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle Pons
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Midbrain
Choroid plexuses Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior and inferior colliculi
Reticular formation

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 179

Cerebral Cortex Organization
Primary sensory cortex – postcentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex – precentral gyrus
Primary visual cortex – occipital lobe
Primary auditory cortex – temporal lobe
Broca’s speech area – for making speech
Wernicke’s area – for understanding speech

Cranial Nerves and their function

I. Olfactory – sensory
II. Optic- sensory
III. Occulomotor- motor + parasympathetic
IV. Trochlear- motor
V. Trigeminal – motor + sensory, mostly sensory
VI. Abducens- motor
VII. Facial – motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly motor
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)- sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal- motor + sensory + parasympathetic
X. Vagus- motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly parasympathetic
XI. Spinal accessory – motor
XII. Hypoglossal- motor

180 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 181

Sensation Somatic motor pathways (to voluntary muscles)

Perception 2-neuron pathway

Sensory modality Sensory tracts

Medial-lateral rule Posterior (dorsal) columns (fine touch and vibration)

First synapse in the medulla oblongata

Somatic Sensory Pathways Crosses to the other side in the medulla

First order neurons Gracile fasciculus

Second order neurons Cuneate fasciculus

Third order neurons Spinothalamic tracts

First synapse in the spinal cord at the level of entry

Dorsal root ganglion Crosses to the other side at the level of entry

Posterior gray horns Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature)

Thalamus Anterior spinothalamic tract (crude touch)

Primary somatosensory area Spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious)

Sensory homunculus Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Conscious motor tracts

Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

Lateral corticospinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tracts

Upper motor neurons

Pyramidal cells in precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

Pyramids of medulla

Decussation of pyramids (most fibers cross to the other side)

1st synapse in spinal cord at the level of exit

Lower motor neurons

Motor homunculus

Internal capsule

Subconscious motor tracts

Rubrospinal tract

182 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Tectospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

Reticulospinal tract

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WORD LIST

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 183

Preganglionic neuron Sympathetic division
Autonomic ganglion Lateral horns T1 to L2
Postganglionic neuron Sympathetic ganglia
Preganglionic vs postganglionic fibers Sympathetic trunk
Dual innervation Prevertebral ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
Autonomic Plexuses
Cardiac plexus Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) division
Celiac (solar) plexus Vagus nerve
Superior mesenteric plexus Sacral parasympathetic neurons
Inferior mesenteric plexus Parasympathetic ganglia in the walls of the target organs
Renal plexus
Hypogastric plexus
SPECIAL SENSES

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 185

Eyeball Muscles of the eye
Anterior cavity (has 2 chambers) Superior rectus
Aqueous humor Inferior rectus
Posterior cavity (not chamber! See powerpoint.) Lateral rectus
Vitreous humor Medial rectus
Lens Superior oblique
Fibrous Tunic Inferior oblique
Sclera Palpabrae
Cornea Conjunctiva
Vascular Tunic Lacrimal glands
Iris Ear
Pupil External (outer) ear
Ciliary bodies Middle ear
Choroid Inner ear
Neural Tunic External ear
Retina Auricle
Macula lutea External auditory (acoustic) meatus (canal)
Fovea centralis Tympanic membrane
Optic disc (blind spot) Ceruminous glands
Layers of the retina from outside of the eyeball to the
Middle Ear
inside)
Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones Auditory ossicles
Bipolar cells Stapes
Ganglion cells Incus
Axons form optic nerve (CN II) Malleus
Horizontal cells Oval window
Amacrine cells Auditory (Eustachian) tube
Inner ear- bony labyrinth Olfaction
Semicircular canals Olfactory epithelium
Vestibule Olfactory receptor cells
Cochlea Olfactory nerve CN I
Perilymph Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Olfactory foramina
Inner ear- membranous labyrinth Olfactory bulb
Semicircular canals Olfactory tract
Ampulla
Cupula Taste
Urticle 5 primary tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami
Saccule Taste buds
Lingual papillae on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx,
Cochlea
epiglottis
Endolymph Filiform papillae
Maculae Fungiform papillae
Otoliths Circumvallate papillae
186 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK
Scala media Innervated by
Scala tympani CN VII
Organ of Corti CN IX
CN X

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 187

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORD LIST

188 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Upper respiratory system Trachea and bronchial tree
Nose Tracheal cartilages
Root Carina
Bridge Primary (main) bronchi (L/R)
Apex Secondary (lobar) bronchi
naris (narises) Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Nasal Cavity Bronchioles
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle,
Terminal bronchioles
inferior)
Nasal meatuses (superior, middle,
Respiratory bronchioles
inferior)

Pharynx Alveolar ducts

Nasopharynx Alveolar sacs
Oropharynx Alveoli
Laryngopharynx Type I Alveolar Cells
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) Type II Alveolar Cells
Surfactant
Lower respiratory system
Larynx Lung external features
Epiglottis Superior Lobe
Vocal cords Inferior Lobe
Glottis Middle Lobe
Larynx cartilages Cardiac Notch
Thyroid cartilage Horizontal fissure
Cricoid cartilage Oblique fissure
Cuneiform cartilage Apex of lung
Corniculate cartilage Base of lung
Arytenoid cartilage Hilum
Coverings of lungs Muscles of Exhalation
Parietal pleura Internal Intercostal Muscles
Visceral pleura External oblique
Pleural cavity Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Primary muscles of inhalation Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles Blood Supply to respiratory system
**Note the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
Accessory Muscles of Inhalation
**
Scalenes Systemic circulation
Sternocleidomastoid Bronchial arteries
Coverings of lungs Bronchial veins
Parietal pleura Pulmonary circulation
Visceral pleura Pulmonary trunk
Pleural cavity Pulmonary artery
HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 189
 Pulmonary veins

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Blood components Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Blood plasma Thrombopoiesis
Plasma proteins Myeloid stem cell
Albumins Megakaryocyte
Globulins
Fibrinogen Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Serum Myeloid stem cell line
Formed elements Granular leukocytes
Erythrocytes Neutrophils
Leukocytes Eosinophils
Platelets Basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Blood Cell Formation Monocytes
Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis) Macrophages
Red bone marrow
Pluripotent stem cells Lymphoid stem cell line
Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) T cells
Erythropoiesis B cells
Reticulocytes Natural killer cells
Hemoglobin
ABO blood group system
Rh blood group system

190 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

BLOOD VESSELS

Blood circuits Types of blood vessels

**Know difference between arteries and
Pulmonary circulation
veins**
Systemic circulation Arteries
Coronary circulation Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
Hepatic portal circulation Muscular arteries (distributing arteries)
Anastomoses (collateral arteries) Arterioles (resistance vessels)
Arterio-arterial (2 or more arteries supplying blood to the same capillary
Capillaries
bed)
Arterial-venous (bypassing capillary beds) Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Layers of blood vessel walls Sinusoid capillaries
Tunica interna (intima) Veins
Tunica media Venules
Tunica externa (adventitia)
Vasa vasorum

Major blood vessels of pulmonary circulation Blood flow to the brain

Pulmonary trunk Aorta
Pulmonary arteries Right/left common carotid artery
Pulmonary capillaries Right/left internal carotid arteries
Pulmonary veins Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Major arteries of systemic circulation Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)
**Make note of the paired branches vs unpaired arteries and
Left/Right middle cerebral arteries
veins**
Aorta Left/Right ophthalmic arteries
Ascending aorta
Arch of the Aorta Arteries of the upper limbs
Left/Right subclavian arteries (note the differences in their
Descending aorta
origins)
Brachiocephalic trunk Left/Right axillary arteries
Common carotid artery Left/Right brachial arteries
Internal carotid artery Left/Right radial arteries
External carotid artery Left/Right ulnar arteries
Carotid sinus
Common iliac artery

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 191

Arteries of abdominal cavity Veins of the upper limbs
Celiac trunk Left/Right radial vein
Superior mesenteric artery Left/Right ulnar vein
Inferior mesenteric artery Left/Right median cubital vein
Left/Right brachial vein
Arteries of the lower limbs Left/Right axillary vein
Left/Right common iliac arteries Left/Right cephalic vein
Left/Right femoral arteries Left/Right subclavian vein
Left/Right popliteal arteries Left/Right brachiocephalic veins
Left/Right anterior tibial arteries Superior vena cava
Left/Right posterior tibial arteries
Left/Right fibular (peroneal) arteries Hepatic portal circulation
Hepatic artery
Veins Portal vein
Superior vena cava Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava Veins of the lower limbs
Left/Right fibular (peroneal) veins
Veins of the neck and head Left/Right posterior tibial veins
Left/Right internal jugular Left/Right anterior tibial veins
Left/Right external jugular Left/Right popliteal veins
Left/Right subclavian vein Left/Right great saphenous veins
Left/Right brachiocephalic veins Left/Right femoral veins
Left/Right common iliac veins
Inferior vena cava

192 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

HEART

Cardiac muscle histology Layers of the heart wall

Cardiac myocytes Pericardium
Striated
Mononucleated
Intercalated discs Visceral layer (a.k.a. epicardium)
Epicardium (same as visceral layer of
pericardium)
External features of the heart Myocardium
Base Endocardium
Apex
Auricles Internal heart anatomy
Coronary sulcus Right/Left atria
Anterior interventricular sulcus Pectinate muscles
Posterior interventricular sulcus Interatrial septum
Foramen ovale
Positioning of the heart Right/Left ventricles
Mediastinum Interventricular septum
Behind the sternum Fibrous skeleton
Rotated to the left
*Make sure you know what parts of the heart form anterior, posterior, inferior,
right and left surfaces

Heart valves and associated structures Coronary Circulation

Cusps (leaflets) Left coronary artery
Right atrioventricular valve – tricuspid valve Anterior interventricular branch
Left atrioventricular valve – bicuspid (mitral valve) Circumflex branch
Chordae tendineae Right coronary artery
Papillary muscles Posterior interventricular branch
Pulmonary semilunar valve Marginal branch
Aortic semilunar valve
Great cardiac vein
Cardiac conduction system Middle cardiac vein
Sinoatrial (SA) node Small cardiac vein
Atrioventricular (AV) node Anterior cardiac veins
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) Coronary sinus
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 193

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Main Four Elements of the System Lymphatic organs

Lymph Red bone marrow
Lymphocytes Thymus
Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues Afferent lymphatic vessels
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels and circulation Spleen
Lymphatic capillaries White pulp
Lacteals Red pulp
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymph trunks Lymphatic tissues
Intestinal trunk Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Bronchomediastinal trunks Aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s Patches)
Subclavian trunks Tonsils
Jugular trunks Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Palatine tonsils
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) Lingual tonsils
Right Lymphatic duct

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Parts of the digestive tract (top-down) Layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial)
Oral cavity (mouth) Mucosa (digestive epithelium)
Esophagus Submucosa
Stomach Muscularis
Duodenum Serosa/adventitia
Liver *Innervation of the gut *
Pancreas Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)
Gallbladder Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)
Jejunum
Ileum Peritoneum
Colon Parietal layer
Cecum Visceral layer
Appendix Peritoneal cavity
Ascending colon Greater omentum
Transverse colon Lesser omentum
Descending colon Mesentery
Sigmoid colon Intraperitoneal organs
Rectum Retroperitoneal organs
Anal canal
Anus

194 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

Parts of digestive tract in detail Teeth (denten)
Mouth Crown
Buccal (oral) cavity Neck
Lips (labia) Root
Uvula Enamel
Hard palate Dentin
Soft palate Pulp cavity
Palatoglossal arch
Root canal
Palatopharyngeal arch
Tonsils Apical foramen
Salivary Glands Incisors
Parotid glands Canines
Submandibular glands Premolars (Bicuspids)
Sublingual glands Molars (Tricuspids)
Saliva
Tongue Pharynx
Papillae Deglutition (swallowing)
Fungiform papillae Esophagus
Circumvallate (vallate) papillae Lower esophageal sphincter (lower esophageal valve) (LES)
Filiform papillae
Lingual frenulum

Stomach Pancreas
Rugae Pancreatic duct
Lesser curvature Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
Greater curvature Sphincter of Oddi
Acini (exocrine cells)
Fundus Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) (endocrine cells)
Body
Pylorus Liver
Pyloric sphincter Right lobe
Left lobe
Mucosa of the stomach Quadrate lobe
Gastric glands Caudate lobe
Gastric pits Hepatocytes
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 195

Bile ducts Large intestine
Right and left hepatic duct Teniae coli
Common hepatic duct Haustra
Common bile duct Appendix
Cecum
Portal triad of liver lobules Ileocecal sphincter (Ileocecal valve)
Hepatic artery Colon
Hepatic portal vein Ascending colon
Central vein Transverse colon
Hepatic veins Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Gallbladder Rectum
Cystic duct Anal canal
Anus
Small intestine
Circular folds (plicae circulares) Blood supply of GI Tract
Villi Sinusoid capillaries
Lacteals
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal sphincter (ileocecal valve)

196 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

URINARY

Kidneys Filtrate pathway (Nephron)

Ureters Cortical nephron
Urinary bladder Juxtamedullary nephron
Urethra Renal corpuscle

Kidney
Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fat Afferent arteriole
Renal fascia Efferent arteriole
Renal cortex Proximal convoluted tubule
Renal medulla Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Renal pyramids
Renal papilla
Renal columns Distal convoluted tubule
Renal sinus Collecting duct
Minor calyx Papillary duct
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal hilum
Renal artery
Renal vein

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 197

Urinary bladder
Detrusor muscle
Trigone
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

Blood flow through kidney

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular/vasa recta capillaries
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
Inferior vena cava

198 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscle cell (Myofibers) Muscles of the head and neck

Sarcolemma Mouth movement:
Sarcoplasm Orbicularis oris
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Zygomaticus major and minor
Risorius
Connective tissues of the muscle Mentalis
Endomysium Depressor labii inferioris
Perimysium Depressor anguli oris
Epimysium Levator anguli oris
Muscle fascicles Buccinator
Tendons Depressor labii superioris
Aponeuroses
Eye movement:
Organization of fascicles Corrugator supercilii
Parallel muscle fibers Levator palpebrae superioris
Triangular muscle fibers Orbicularis oculi
Pennate muscle fibers
Unipennate muscle fibers
Bipennate muscle fibers
Multipennate muscle fibers
Circular muscle fibers

Muscles of the eyes and their action

Superior rectus- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and medially (adduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)
Superior oblique- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and laterally (abduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion)
Levator palpebrae superioris- elevates upper eyelids (opens eyes)
Inferior oblique- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and laterally (abduction) and rotates them laterally (extorsion)
Inferior rectus- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and medially (adduction), and rotates them laterally (extorsion)
Lateral rectus- moves eyeballs laterally (abduction)
Medial rectus- moves eyeballs medially (adduction)

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 199

Muscles of respiration Rotator Cuff Muscle (SITS)
External intercostals Supraspinatus*
Diaphragm Infraspinatus*
Scalenes* Teres minor*
Sternocleidomastoid* Subscapularis*
Internal intercostals Teres major*
Rectus abdominis Coracobrachialis
Internal oblique
External oblique Muscles of upper limb
Transverse abdominis Deltoid
Biceps Brachii (long and short
head)
Triceps Brachii (medial, lateral, and
long head)
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

JOINTS AND ARTICULATIONS

Joints (Arthroses) Classification of joints based on range of motion

Fibrous joints Synarthrosis
Sutures Amphiarthrosis
Syndesmoses Diarthroses
Gomphosis
Interosseous membranes

Cartilaginous joints Classification based on mechanics of movement

Synchondroses Plane joints
Symphyses Hinge joints
Pubic symphysis Pivot joints
Epiphyseal cartilages
Intervertebral articulations and ligaments
Synovial joints Intervertebral discs
Synovial cavity Nucleus pulposus
Synovial membrane Anulus fibrosus
Synovial fluid Supraspinous ligament
Articular cartilage Interspinous ligament
Articular capsule (joint capsule) Anterior longitudinal ligament
Accessory structures Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Menisci

200 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Skin (Cutaneous membrane) Cells of epidermis

Epidermis Keratinocytes
Dermis Melanocytes
Hypodermis- Subcutaneous (subQ) layer Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)
Thin (hairy) skin Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
Thick (hairless) skin

Pigmentation of skin
Melanin Dermis
Eumelanin Papillary region
Pheomelanin Areolar tissue
Dermal papillae
Layers of epidermis Reticular region
Stratum basale (germinativum) Tension lines (lines of cleavage)
Epidermal ridges
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

Accessory structures of the skin Nails

Hairs Nail body (plate)
Shaft Free edge
Hair follicle Nail root
Hair matrix Lunula
Papilla of the hair Hyponychium
Bulb Nail bed
Hair root plexus Eponychium (cuticle)
Arrector pili muscle Nail matrix

Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebum
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Cerumen

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 201

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland

“short” vs “long” axons Left and right lateral lobes
Supraoptic nucleus Isthmus
Paraventricular nucleus Follicles
Follicular cells – cuboidal epithelium
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) Thyroglobulin
Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Parafollicular cells
Infundibulum Parathyroid Glands
Medial eminence Chief cells- PTH
Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Oxyphils
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
Pituicytes Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
Herring’s bodies Adrenal cortex

Blood supply
Hypophyseal portal circulation Zona reticularis- gonadal steroids
Superior hypophyseal artery Adrenal medulla
Fenestrated capillaries Chromaffin cells- epinephrine
Hypophyseal veins
Inferior hypophyseal artery

Pancreas Other endocrine organs

Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) Thymus
Alpha cells- glucagon Skin
Beta cells- insulin Vitamin D
Delta cells- somatostatin Kidneys
F cells- pancreatic peptide (PP) Calcitriol
Acinar cells, acini (exocrine) Testes
Interstitial cells- testosterone
Pineal Gland
Pinealocytes- melatonin Ovaries
Calcifications Follicular cells– estrogens

202 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

IMAGE CREDITS

Images are individually licensed as noted below.

LAB 1

“Planes of body” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Abdominal Quadrant Regions” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Directional Terms” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Regions of Human Body” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1916 Leukocyte Key” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC by 3.0.

“Compact bone” by Lord of Konrad is in the public domain. It was accessed via Wikimedia
Commons.

“1313 Spinal Cord Cross Section” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“Renal corpuscle” by Ed Uthman is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

LAB 2

“705 Lateral View of Skull-01” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“707 Superior-Inferior View of Skull Base-01” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.1.

“Vertebra Superior View” by BodyParts3D/Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

“Right scapula – close-up – anterior view” by Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.1 JP.
“Right scapula – close-up – posterior view” by Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.1 JP.

“804 Humerus and Elbow” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“805 Ulna and Radius” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“810 Femur and Patella” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“811 Tibia and fibula” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

LAB 3

N/A

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 203

LAB 4

“1306 Lobes of Cerebral CortexN” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“PSM V46 D168 Mesial view of the human brain” is in the public domain. It was accessed via
Wikimedia Commons.

“Blausen 0896 Ventricles Brain” by BruceBlaus is licensed under a CC BY 3.0 Unported license.

“1320 The Cranial Nerves” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

LAB 5

“1402 The Tongue” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1403 Olfaction” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1404 The Structures of the Ear” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1412 Extraocular Muscles” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“1413 Structure of the Eye” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

LAB 6

N/A

LAB 7

“2014ab Coronary Blood Vessels” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2008 Internal Anatomy of the HeartN” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2005 Surface Anatomy of the Heart” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2120 Major Systemic Artery” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2131 Major Systemic Veins” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

LAB 8

“2401 Components of the Digestive System” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2402 Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2406 Structures of the Mouth” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2408 Salivary Glands” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2414 Stomach” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 .

“Liver Gallbladder SI” by Andrea Campo-Velez is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

“Blausen 0604 LargeIntestine2” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

204 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 9

“2610 The Kidney” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2611 Blood Flow in the Nephron” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2605 The Bladder” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Figure 28 01 01” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Image from page 1340 of ‘Cunningham’s Text -book of anatomy’ (1914)” is in the public domain.
It was accessed via the Internet Archive Book Images Flikr.

“Image from ‘Anatomy of the Human Body’ (1918) ” Is in the public domain. It was accessed
via Wikimedia Commons.

“Figure 28 02 01” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Figure 28 02 09” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

LAB 10

“1105 Anterior and Posterior View of Muscles” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1106 Front and Side Views of the Muscles of Facial Expressions” by OpenStax is licensed under
CC BY 4.0.

“1107 The Extrinsic Eye Muscles” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1112 Muscles of the Abdomen” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 .

“1123 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“502 Layers of epidermis” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“501 Structure of the skin” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 205