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Maders Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Longenbaker Solutions Manual

The nervous system and endocrine system regulate the body and maintain homeostasis. There are two types of cells in the nervous system - neurons which carry nerve impulses, and neuroglial cells which support and nourish neurons. Nerve impulses are propagated by a change in polarity along neurons. Transmission between neurons occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia. The peripheral system receives sensory information and the central system integrates it to initiate responses carried out by the peripheral system to effector organs.

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156 views2 pages

Maders Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Longenbaker Solutions Manual

The nervous system and endocrine system regulate the body and maintain homeostasis. There are two types of cells in the nervous system - neurons which carry nerve impulses, and neuroglial cells which support and nourish neurons. Nerve impulses are propagated by a change in polarity along neurons. Transmission between neurons occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia. The peripheral system receives sensory information and the central system integrates it to initiate responses carried out by the peripheral system to effector organs.

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8 The Nervous System

Chapter Summary
The nervous system and the endocrine system are responsible for regulating and coordinating the body
parts, and maintaining homeostasis. There are two types of cells within the nervous system, neurons,
which carry nerve impulses, and neuroglial cells, which serve to support, protect, and nourish the neurons.
Nerve impulses result from a change in polarity that is propagated along the length of a neuron. Synapses
are the spaces between adjacent neuron endings and transmission of an impulse across a synapse is
dependent upon chemicals called neurotransmitters. There are two major divisions of the nervous system,
the central nervous system (CNS), composed of the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS), composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia. The PNS receives sensory
information from both the internal and external environments. That information is integrated within the
CNS and the appropriate responses are initiated. The PNS then carries impulses to the appropriate
effector organs. The brain is divided into four major regions: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum,
and brainstem. These regions perform specific functions. The spinal cord contains the synapses between
neurons forming reflex arcs. It also contains nerve tracts, which are composed of fibers that conduct
impulses to and from the brain. The PNS is subdivided into the somatic motor nervous system, which is
primarily concerned with reactions to outside stimuli, and the autonomic motor nervous system, which
regulates the functioning of the internal organs. The two divisions of the autonomic motor nervous
system have opposing effects on internal organ functioning, with the sympathetic division regulating the
―fight or flight‖ response and the parasympathetic division regulating the ―rest and digest‖ response.

Chapter Outline
8.1 Nervous System
A. Divisions of the Nervous System
B. Nervous Tissue
1. Neuron Structure
2. Types of Neurons
C. Nerve Signal Conduction
1. Resting Potential
2. Action Potential
3. Conduction of Action Potentials
D. Transmission Across a Synapse
E. Graded Potentials and Synaptic Integration
F. Neurotransmitter Molecules
8.2 Central Nervous System
A. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
B. The Spinal Cord
C. Structure of the Spinal Cord
D. Functions of the Spinal Cord
E. The Brain
F. The Cerebrum
1. Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex
2. Association Areas
3. Processing Centers
4. Central White Matter
5. Basal Nuclei
G. The Diencephalon
H. Limbic system
I. The Cerebellum
J. The Brain Stem

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© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
8.3 Peripheral Nervous System
A. Types of Nerves
1. Cranial Nerves
2. Spinal Nerves
B. Somatic Motor Nervous System and Reflexes
C. Autonomic Motor Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
D. Sympathetic Division: ―Fight or Flight‖
E. Parasympathetic Division: ―Rest and Digest‖
8.4 Effects of Aging
8.5 Homeostasis

Suggested Student Activities


1. Demonstrate some simple reflexes (patellar tendon; withdrawal reflex) and discuss the pathway
involved.
2. Using a model of the brain, locate all the major regions and structures.
3. Give reports on infections that affect the brain and meninges.
4. Discuss how various illicit drugs and toxins affect the functioning of the nervous system.

Answers to Learning Outcome Questions


1. brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
2. axon 15. a. sensory neuron
3. effector organs b. interneuron
4. sodium, inside c. motor neuron
5. synaptic cleft d. sensory receptor
6. acetylcholinesterase e. cell body
7. meninges f. dendrites
8. interneuron g. axon
9. electroencephalogram (EEG) h. myelin sheath
10. learning. memory i. node of Ranvier
11. cerebellum j. axon terminal
12. cerebrum
13. cranial, internal organs
14. sympathetic, parasympathetic

Answers to Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise


1. neuro/patho/genesis - development of disease of the nervous system
2. an/esthesia - without sensation
3. encephalo/myelo/neuro/pathy - disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
4. hemi/plegia - half paralyzed (paralysis of one half of the body)
5. glio/blast/oma - tumor of germ (developing) glial (glue) cells—brain tumor
6. sub/dural hemo/rrhage - bursting forth of blood beneath the dura—bleeding into the spinal fluid
between the dura and arachnoid layers of the meninges
7. cephalo/meter - an instrument to measure the head
8. meningo/encephalo/cele - hernia of meninges (coverings) and brain through a defect in the skull
9. neuro/rrhaphy - to stitch a nerve
10. atax/ia/phasia - inability to arrange words into sentences
11. cerebro/vascular accident – occlusion of a blood vessel in the brain
12. dura/plasty – formation at the dura mater
13. brachy/cephalic – abnormally short skull
14. arachnoid/itis – inflammation of the arachnoid

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© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

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