Inclusiveness

Identification and Differentiated services

(Group Assignment)

SUMITTED TO:-INS.
ERMIAS

SEP/2023 G.C

pg. i
Addis Ababa

Group members

NAMES ID SIGNITURE

ADANE SEIFU (012/14)

SEYOUM (045/14)
TEKELE
MULUKEN (038/14)
DEREJE
ALEM ASSEFA (059/14)

MULU GATU (0 /14)

ALAYU ASEGD ( /14)

pg. ii
 CONTENTS

 Cover
page.............................................................................................................i
 Group members…………………………………………...............................
…………….ii
 Contents…………………………………………………...............................
…………….iii

Page No.
3 Identification and Differentiated services...…................….……………….
.
……………..1
3.1 Impact of Disability and Vulnerability on daily
life..........................................1
1. Factors related to the
person.................................................................1
2. Economic Factors and
Disability...........................................................1
3. Political Factors and
Disability..............................................................2
4. Factors Psychological of
Disability..........................................................2

3.2 Personality
Disposition..........................................................................................5

3.3. The Family and

Disability....................................................................................5
4.
REFERENCE ..............................................................................................................
7

pg. iii
pg. iv
Chapter 3
3.Identification and Differentiated services
3.1 Impact of Disability and Vulnerability on daily life (page49-52)
1. Factors related to the person
• The following are often considered the most significant factors in
determining a disability's impact on an individual.
A. The Nature of the Disability:
• Disability be acquired (a result of an accident, or acquired disease)
or congenital (present at birth).
• If the disability is acquired, it is more likely to cause a negative
reaction than a congenital disability.
• Congenital disabilities are disabilities that have always been
present, thus requiring less of an adjustment than an acquired
disability.
B. The Individual’s Personality - the individual personality can
be typically positive or negative, dependent or independent, goal-
oriented or laissez-faire.
C. The Meaning of the Disability to the Individual - Does the
individual define himself/herself by his/her looks or physical
characteristics? If so, he/she is more likely to feel defined by
his/her disability and thus it will have a negative impact.
D. The Individual’s Current Life Circumstances - The individual‘s
independence or dependence on others (parents)

2. Economic Factors and Disability

• There is clear evidence that people with few economic assets are
more likely to acquire pathologies that may be disabling.

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 • Similarly, economic resources can limit the options and abilities of
someone who requires personal assistance services or certain
physical accommodations.
• The economic status of the community may have a more
profound impact than the status of the individual on the
probability that disability will result from impairment or other
disabling conditions.
• 3. Political Factors and Disability
• The political system, through its role in designing public policy,
can and does have a profound impact on the extent to which
impairments and other potentially disabling conditions will result
in disability.
• If the political system is well enforced it will profoundly improve
the prospects of people with disabling conditions for achieving a
much fuller participation in society, in effect reducing the font of
disability in work and every other domain of human activity.
4. Factors Psychological of Disability
• This section focuses on the impact of psychological factors on how
disability and disabling conditions are perceived and experienced.
• Several constructs can be used to describe one's psychological
environment, including personal resources, personality traits,
and cognition.
• For illustrative purposes four psychological constructs will be
briefly discussed: three cognitive processes (self-efficacy beliefs,
psychological control, and coping patterns) and one personality
disposition (optimism).
• Each section provides examples illustrating the influence of these
constructs on the experience of disability.
a) Social Cognitive Processes

pg. 2
 • Cognition consists of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and ways of
viewing the world, others, and ourselves.
• Three interrelated cognitive processes have been selected to
illustrate the direct and interactive effects of cognition on
disability.
These are self-efficacy beliefs, psychological control, and coping
patterns which all these are socially constructed
b) Self-Efficacy Beliefs
• Self-efficacy beliefs are concerned with whether or not a person
believes that he or she can accomplish a desired outcome
(Bandura, 1977, 1986).
• Beliefs about one's abilities affect what a person chooses to do,
how much effort is put into a task, and how long an individual will
endure when there are difficulties.
• Self-efficacy beliefs also affect the person's affective and
emotional responses.
• Under conditions of high self-efficacy, a person's outlook and
mental health status will remain positive even under stressful and
aversive situations.
• Under conditions of low self-efficacy, mental health may suffer
even when environmental conditions are favorable.
c) Psychological Control
• Psychological control, or control beliefs, is akin to self-efficacy
beliefs in that they are thoughts, feelings, and beliefs regarding
one's ability to exert control or change a situation.
• Self-generated feelings of control improve outcomes for diverse
groups of individuals with physical disabilities and chronic
illnesses.

pg. 3
 • Self-efficacy beliefs are concerned with whether or not a person
believes that he or she can accomplish a desired outcome
(Bandura, 1977, 1986).
• Beliefs about one's abilities affect what a person chooses to do,
how much effort is put into a task, and how long an individual will
endure when there are difficulties.
• Self-efficacy beliefs also affect the person's affective and
emotional responses.
• Under conditions of high self-efficacy, a person's outlook and
mental health status will remain positive even under stressful and
aversive situations.
• Under conditions of low self-efficacy, mental health may suffer
even when environmental conditions are favorable.
c) Psychological Control
• Psychological control, or control beliefs, is akin to self-efficacy
beliefs in that they are thoughts, feelings, and beliefs regarding
one's ability to exert control or change a situation.
• Self-generated feelings of control improve outcomes for diverse
groups of individuals with physical disabilities and chronic
illnesses.
d) Coping Patterns
Coping patterns refer to behavioral and cognitive efforts to
manage specific internal or external demands that tax or exceed a
person's resources to adjust.
Generally, coping has been studied within the context of stress.
Having a disabling condition may create stress and demand
additional efforts because of interpersonal or environmental
conditions that are not supportive.
Several coping strategies may be used when a person confronts a
stressful situation.

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 These strategies may include the following: seeking information,
cognitive restructuring, threat minimization, relaxation.
In general, among people with disabling conditions, there is
evidence that passive, avoidant, emotion-focused cognitive
strategies (e.g., catastrophizing and wishful thinking) are
associated with poorer outcomes, whereas active, problem-
focused attempts to redefine thoughts to become more positive
are associated with favorable outcomes.
Active coping is a significant predictor of mental health and
employment-related outcomes
3.2 Personality Disposition
• Optimism is a personality disposition that is included in this
chapter as an example of a personality disposition or trait that can
mediate how disabling conditions are experienced.
• Optimism is the general tendency to view the world, others, and
oneself favorably.
• People with an optimistic orientation rather than a pessimistic
orientation are far better across several dimensions.
• Optimists tend to have better self-esteem and less hostility
toward others and tend to use more adaptive coping strategies
than pessimists.
• Psychological interventions directed at altering cognition
lead to improved outcomes (i.e., achievement, interpersonal
relationships, work productivity, and health) across diverse
populations and dimensions.
3.3. The Family and Disability
• The family can be either an enabling or a disabling factor for
a person with a disabling condition.
• Even among people with disabilities who maintain a large
network of friends, family relationships often are most

pg. 5
 central and families often provide the main sources of
support.
• This support may be instrumental, informational (providing
advice or referrals), or emotional (giving love and support).
• Optimism is a personality disposition that is included in this
chapter as an example of a personality disposition or trait that can
mediate how disabling conditions are experienced.
• Optimism is the general tendency to view the world, others, and
oneself favorably.
• People with an optimistic orientation rather than a pessimistic
orientation are far better across several dimensions.
• Optimists tend to have better self-esteem and less hostility
toward others and tend to use more adaptive coping strategies
than pessimists.
• Psychological interventions directed at altering cognition
lead to improved outcomes (i.e., achievement, interpersonal
relationships, work productivity, and health) across diverse
populations and dimensions.

pg. 6
 4. Reference books

1. Modules of inclusiveness education book

2. Flynn, E. (2011) from rhetoric to Action: implementing the UN convention
on the rights of Persons with Disabilities.
3. Halder, S. and Assaf, L. C. (2017) Inclusion , Disability and Culture: An
Ethnographic Perspective Traversing Abilities and Challenges.

pg. 7