CHAPTER 4: CASH FLOW

Sources of Cash Flow

• Operating Activities
• Investing Activities
• Financing Activities
Operating Activities (Revenue Accounts, Expense Accounts, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable)
- Receipts (Inflow)
▪ Sale of goods
▪ Royalties, fees, commission, and other revenues
- Payments (Outflow)
▪ Supplier of goods and services
▪ Employees
▪ Taxes
▪ Interest Expense
▪ Operating Expense
Investing Activities (Non-Current Assets, Notes Receivable Account, Debt Securities)
- Receipts (Inflow)
▪ Sale of property and equipment
▪ Sale of investments in debt or equity security
▪ Collection of notes receivable
- Payments (Outflow)
▪ Acquiring property and equipment
▪ Acquiring debts or equity security
▪ Making loans to others generally in the form of notes receivable
Financing Activities (Owner’s Equity, Withdrawal, Notes Payable Account)
- Receipts (Inflow)
▪ Investments by owners
▪ Issuance of notes payable
- Payments (Outflow)
▪ Withdrawals of the owner
▪ Settle notes payable
Creating Cash Flow Statement
Name of Company
Statement of Cash Flows
for the Year End Month Date, Year
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash Inflows
Cash Outflows
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities (Sum of Inflow and Outflow)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash Inflows
Cash Outflows
Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities (Sum of Inflow and Outflow)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash Inflows
Cash Outflows
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities (Sum of Inflow and Outflow)
Net Increase or Decrease in Cash (Sum of All Net Cash Provided by Operating, Investing, Financing)
Cash Balance at the Beginning of the Period (Given)
Cash Balance at the End of the Period (Net Increase or Decrease in Cash Less Cash Balance at the Beginning of
the Period)
CHAPTER 5: FINANCIAL SATEMENT ANALYSIS
3 Ways of Financial Statement Analysis
• Horizontal Analysis
• Vertical Analysis
• Analysis through ratio interpretation
Horizontal Analysis
𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
Vertical Analysis
Balance Sheet
Assets Base: Total Asset
Liabilities and Capital Base: Total Liabilities and Capital
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
Income Statement
Base: Net Sales
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
CHAPTER 6: FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
Types of Ratios:
• Activity Ratios
• Liquidity Ratios
• Solvency Ratios
• Profitability Ratios
ACTIVITY RATIOS
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙

Operating Cycle Formulas

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 365
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 = ′ =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑦 𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 365
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 365
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = ′ =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑎𝑦 𝑠 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒚𝒍𝒆 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

LIQUIDITY RATIO
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑸𝒖𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
SOLVENCY RATIO
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐹𝑂 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
PROFITABILITY RATIO (Margins)
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
PROFITABILITY RATIO (Returns)
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 + 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠