CAPSTONE Ber men yw Ly: ENGLISH (Lecture#08) & Parallelism Y Voice @ Modals Tag Question @ fb.com/capstonebd (EM Capstone Education ¢ Panthapath : 01972-277866 Mouchak —; 01999-017011 Mirpur 1 01970-985421 Chittangong : 01970-985420Class Test on Lecture Sheet 07 Time: 10 minutes Obtained Mark: Total Marks: 10 1. If the reports have been examined last week, why haven't they been returned to the students? A. have been examined B. would have been examined C. was examined D. were examined E. had been examined 2, Had I realized how close I was to failing, I would not have gone to the party. ‘A. Had Lealized how close B. If would have realized how close C. Had I had realized how close D. When I realized how close E. If [realized how close 3. Technological advances may make it possible to build robots that resemble luman dexterity, adaptability, and sensory capabilities. A. that resemble human B. that resemble human beings in terms of C. that resemble human beings as far as D, resembling human beings regarding their E. resembling human 4, Mark scored poorly (A) on the test, which (B) is not surprising since (C) he did not prepare adequately @). No error (E). 5, Julius Caesar __a great historian if the making of history him the time and the inclination to write it A. could have been’ had allowed B. would be/allowed C. had been/ would have allowed D. would have been / could allow B. would be/ could 6. Recent Linguistic research has shed light on the role played by regardless of their gender. A. the way people speak: B. how people were spoken C. how do people speak D. people are speaking E. people speak 7, Itis no good angry at once A. getting B.to get C. for getting D.to being E, None of these 8. Thomas Edison’s the most significant (A) coutributions were his development of the first praetieal light (B) bulb and his design fora complete (C) electrical distribution system for lighting (D). No error (FE) 9, Were Ta rich man, I would have helped the poor: A. would helped B. would help C. would have helped D. will help E. must have helped 10. If Raihan had studied (A) regularly, he (B) would (C) have become (D) the manager of Capstone Education. No error (E). Page: 1Parallel Structure Parallelism is a similarity of grammatical form for similar elements of meaning within a sentence or among sentences. Examples Not Parallel: Abused children commonly exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: Withdrawal, rebelliousness, restlessness, and they are depressed. Parallel: Abused children commonly exhibit one or more of the following symptoms; Withdrawal, rebelliousness, restlessness, and depression Paired ideas are usually connected in one of three ways With a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, yet With a pair of correlative conjunctions such as either... or, not only... but also With a word introducing a comparison, usually than or as Error Examples Not Parallel: A good night's sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizing you for the following day. Parallel: A good night's sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you for the following day. ‘Not Parallel: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as to receive Parallel: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as recelving, Not Parallel: Raj likes both those who are popular and who are not as well-liked. Parallel: Raj likes both those who are popular and those who are not as well-liked. ‘Not Parallel: Shuvo is a man of many ideas and who knows how to express them. Parallel: Shuvo is a man who has many ideas and who knows how to express them, [Skill Builder 01] Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner. 2. The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed is lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low. 3. Although we were sitting at the front, the baseball game was as exciting to us as the people sitting in home plate. 4. Many people choose to seek employment in the rural rather than to face low salaries in the city. 5. We were dismayed to leam that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and they were uninterested to make new friends. More Practices: 1. His ambition was not only to study but also mastering the craft of journalism. [IBA 2004-2005] ‘A. not only to study but also mastering D. not oaly to study but also to master B. not only studying but to try and master E. to study, and, as well, to master C. not studying only, but also mastering 2. He has (A) not only (B) violated the law, but also (C) he has (D) escaped punishment. No error (F). Page: 23. The board reviewing the curriculum have found numerous courses that have become outdated and others that have become redundant in a changing world. [IBA 2012_Iune] A. The board reviewing the curriculum have found numerous courses that have become outdated and others that have become redundant in a changing world, B. The boaid is reviewing the curriculum have found numerous courses that have become outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world, C. The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that become outdated, and others have become redundant in a changing world D. The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that have became outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world. E. The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that have become outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world, 4. Itis far (A) rewarding to strive (B) and fail than (C) to success (D) without trying. No error (F). 5. Students in Bangladesh often (A) support themselves (B) by (C) tutoring, working in Restaurants, or they drive (D) Mishuks. No error (B). 3- or 4-Item Lists The word and can also signal a list of three or four items. List Example X, ¥, and 2= apples, jackfiuits, and bananas LX, Y, Z, and W= apples, jackfinits, bananas, and peaches ‘Wrong: In today’s news, technology stocks are up, while the pharmaceutical, and energy, and retail sectors are down. Right: In today’s news, technology stocks are up, while the pharmaceutical, energy, and retail sectors are down, 6, There are now many kinds of dictionaries, such as a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms, a biographical dictionary, and a geographical dictionary with pronunciations given. [IBA 2009-2010] A. with pronunciations given D. that have pronunciations given B. that has pronunciations given E. that do have pronunciations given . With pronounciations’ given 7. This century began with war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age A. war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age. B. war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution surging, and a nascent communication age. CC. war in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age. D, war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and the communication age beginning, E. war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and saw the birth of the communication age. Modal Verbs Modal Verbs Expressing Examples ‘Strong obligation “You must stop when the traffic lights tum red. Must | Togical conclusion 7 He must be very tired. He's been working all certainty day long.Must not___| Prohibition ‘You must not smoke in the hospital Ability Tean swim can Peimission ‘Can Tse your phone please? Possibility Sinoking ean eause cancer Ability in the past ‘When I was younger I could run fast Could [Polite pennission Excuse me, could [just say something? Possibility Treould rain tomomow! Penmission May Tuse your phone please? Possibility, probability | Ttmay rain tomorrow! Polite pemnission Might I suggest an idea? Possibility, probability | Tmight go on holiday to Australia next year. Lack of necessityabsence | I need uot buy tomatoes. There are plenty of of obligation tomatoes in the fridge T should 7 ought to see a doctor. I have @ terrible headache Advice ‘You should / ought to revise your lessons He should ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long. Had better_| Advice ‘You d better revise your lessons May Might Need not 50 % obligation Should Ought to Logical conclusion ‘Modals — deduction (past) Have + past participle: When we use modal verbs to talk about the past they are followed by @ perfect infinitive. ‘Must + perfect infinitive: use must + perfect infinitive when we feel sure about something in the past. For Example: You must have been delighted when you heard you'd won the lottery. The thieves must have come in through the window. Look - it’s still open. ‘Oh no! Where's my car? Someone must have stolen it! ‘Might/ may/ could + perfect infinitive: use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something was possible but we aren't sure. For Example: ‘The thieves might have eseaped by car but we can’t be sure He should be here by now. He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something. I can’t find my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket but I just don’t know Can’t + perfect infinitive: use can’t + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didn’t happen in the past. “Can't have” is used in a similar manner to “must have”, but in the negative, For Example: 1 thought I saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him — he's in Greece this week. ‘You can’t have read the instructions properly, They're perfectly unclear. Could have: used to express that something was possible in the past, but in fact did not happen. For Example: I could have arrived earlier but I came out late (= it was possible for me to have arrived earlier) Should have/Ought to have: “Should have” and “ought to have” are used when something didn’t happen but it would have been better if it had. For Example: Page: 41, I should have studied harder. (= I didn't study very hard and so I failed the exam, I'm sorry about this now.) 2. Johny should have left early, and then he wouldn't have missed the plane. (= but he didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane). ‘Would have + past participle 1: Part of the third conditional. For Example: If Thad had enough money, I would have bought a car (ut I didn't have enough money, so I didn't buy a car) 2: we can also use would have + past participle to talk about something you wanted to do but didn't. This is very similar to the third conditional, but we dou't need an ‘if clause’. For Example: I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy. [Skill Builder 0: Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. Steve (might not be living/ might live) at home any more —Theard he was looking for a flat to rent 2. Check the post. That letter (should have arrived’ should arrive) by now. 3. Tazul didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became angry. Tazul (must have done/should have done) his homework, 4, Rayhan got highest marks in exam, He must study well 5. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ‘can just say a few things in the language. 6, Ishould have been paying mote attention to my English teacher but I was daydreaming too much. 7. 1 would be there for your birthday party but I was sick in bed with the flu.” ‘Would rather/ Prefer to Right: Sadib would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. Right: Abir prefers drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice. Right: Kamal prefers Coca-Cola to orange juice Right: I would rather go to class tomorrow than today. Right: I would rather have gone to class yesterday than today. Much rather ‘We can use much with would rather to make the preference stronger 1 would much rather make a phone call than send an email She would much rather they didn’t know about what had happened ‘Would rather that: when used two subjects Present Subjunctive: Right: We would rather that he travel in this train tomorrow. Present contrary to fact: Right: Alif would rather that his friend worked at the same office as he does. (His friend doesn’t work at the same office) Past contrary to fact: Right: Selim would rather that his friend had gone to class yesterday. (his friend didn’t go to class yesterday.[Skill Builder 0. Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. Steve would rather that we hadn't left yesterday, Maria would rather that she take the class last week. 3. My friends and I would rather go to school than playground, My friend and I prefer going to schoo! to playground. My family members would rather that I stay with them in the next vacation Sentence Completion Practices: 1. A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management training programs open them to women, women are only seventy-four percent of those programs. A. Protesting against B. participating in C. displeased by D. allowed in E. refused by 2. It was a war the chief advisor and his more prudent counselors wished to if they could and ‘were determined in any event to as long as possible A. provoked, delay B. denounce, deny C. instigate, conceal D. curtail, promote E. avoid, postpone 3 technologies created the factory system of mass production and specialization that allowed the industrial revolution, A. Innovative B. frenetic C. Nominal D. Meretricious E. Formed. 4. Because no comprehensive exist regarding personal reading practices, we do not know, for exaiple, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime. A. records B. instincts C. remedies D. proposals E. commercials 5. To list Begum Rokeya’s achievements in a fragmentary way is for it distracts our attention ‘from the themes of her work, A. unproductive, disparate B. misleading, integrating C. pragmatic, comprehension D. logical, important E. inevitable, unsettling Voice + The active version may sound better than the passive one, but both are right Active: The hungry students ate the pizza. Passive: The pizza was eaten by the hungry students, = Though passive voice has a reputation for sounding awkward, it is still a grammatically valid construction: Passive: It has been decided by Jason that he will not attend college. Active: Jason has decided not to attend college. = You do not have to make active or passive voice parallel throughout a sentence, For example: The shuttle launch took place flawlessly and was seen on television. = The passive infinitive is made up of to be with a past participle For example: The doors are going to be locked at ten o'clock, Page: 6‘You shouldn't have done that. You ought to be punished. = Some verbs which are very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-infinitive: be supposed to be expected to be asked to be told to Right: You are supposed to wear a uniform. * Inthe following examples, the second sentence is preferable .We are calling the first one is awkward and the second one is better: Awhoward: Ice cream was eaten at the party by the children Better: The children ate ice cream at the party. ‘Wer Passive Voice Geet FI 1 aca subjectes Sra eee rea ein passivend er eai8 SIT | GO: Y The bad people are punished. f8 By whom are they punished? 28 Fes en oT CA? "TAT A FRCS = “aITA subject BM AT Cel OA ATT passive-q Al SIT SK | CHM: ¥ Zaman stole my book. ¥ passive: My book was stolen by zaman or My book was stolen (crater =r ST =1T 1) Subject-ca ary Ber aCe | Y The thief was given to the police. ASAT ACHE PAT ITS: ¥ Anoma: Did you beat her? ¥ Muskan: Yes, she was punished, rae sqeare, cre Bort cata: ¥ You are invited to my house today ¥ All guests are requested to take rest for some time. 6, CH TC co HIT AICS Y The meeting was postponed. Tense Passive Voice- «Structure | Active to passive voice Present Indefinite | Subject (object of active)tam/ | Active: You Give Me A Book Tense is/ are+ v5 +by (to)+ object _| Passive: A book is given by you Present Continuous | Subject* am is! are* being* | Active: [am reading a book Tense vat by+ object Passive: A book is being read by me Present Perfect Tense | Subject* have been’ has | Active: She has broken the glass. beent vy+ byt object Passive: The glass has been broken by her. Past Indefinite ‘Subject was/ were+ V,+ byt | Active: Khan Jahan Ali dug a pond. object Passive: The pond was dug by Khan Jahan Ali Past Continuous Tense | Subject was being’ were | Active: Some children were helping the being +V,+ by+ object wounded man [20" BCS] passive: The wounded man was being helped Page: 7by some children ast perfect Tense Subject® had been* V, *by* | Active: He had eaten rice before Iwent there Object Clause Passive: Rice had been eaten by him before I went her. Future Indefinite Tense | subject shall be’ will be* | Active: She will cook rice Va by tobject Passive: Rice will be cooked by her Future Continuous | Subject* shall be being / will | Active: They will be reading books Tense be being + V;+by+ object__| Passive: Books will be being read by them. Future Perfect Tense | Subject+ shall have will | Active: he will have heard it by this time have+ Vj+ phrase! clause phrase Passive: It will have been beard by him by this time. Passive Voice with Double Object ‘Active: he did the unnecessary things for me. Passive: The unnecessary things were done for me by him. [Note: Active a5 2 object #3506 oF object 42 *E4 preposition aie =I 1 cer subject cl passive Ie =U] Interrogative Sentence: Yes/No question « Voice change ¥ Have you taken the examination? ¥ passive: The examination has been taken by you-»Assertive-4 ¥ passive: Has the examination been taken by you? Who «ree Passive eat Structure: By whom+ verb~ subject tense sept be! being been V,? Y Active: Who will help you? ¥ Passive: By whom will you be helped? Whom «me Passive IF Structure: Who+ A.Verb+ V;+ by* object? Y Active: Whom has he beaten?” ¥ passive: Who has been beaten by him? When are" Passive *i4 Structure; When* Verb+ be/ being/ been Vj+ object? ¥ Active: When will he read the book? ¥_ Passive: When will the book be read by him? What, Which, How, Why Passive 2m Structure: What/ Which/ How! Why*+ auxiliary verb+ be’ being/ been +V3+ by+ you ¥ Active: What has he done? ¥ Passive: What has been done by him? Imperative Sentence-4 passive +1" Fwy (Sentence Affirmative =): Let+ subject+ be+ V3+ by+ object ¥ Active: Type the letter without any delay. ¥ passive: Let the letter be typed without any delay (by yout reer Sar ee, REIT SSH «Te Sentence Negative «1 Passive #414 Structure: Let not} subject+ be+ V3 ¥ Active: Do not play football at noon, Y Passive: let not football be played at noon. Page: 8+b Never rai passive ara Stmcture: Let never+ subject be + V3 v Active: Never tell a lie ¥ Passive: Let never a lie be told. + aqAWs cK HfoAIES TaH object AAT Structure: Let AWS object bet VI" for active aSATF object Y Active: Buy him a shirt. ¥ Passive: Let a sist be bought for him, + Object #4-fsae ari Structure: Let Objectt bet Vg+ for + object ¥ Active: Let me write the letter ¥ Passive: Let the letter be written by me Rassive Voice of Factitive object Select, elect, nominate, make, call, name gf trasitive verb scr object ae ge aa atcera oe rena aM A A GE BTS object ITT = 1 «TF factitive object TW | TAF: ¥ Active: We made him captain. FO ¥ Passive: He was made captain by us. Passive of complex sentence Complex sentence-a wf Clause f Subject I Object a0 4011 Clause-a SefeafEE «Ic | ¥ Active: He showed me what she had bought. Object ¥ Passive: What she had bought was shown me by him. Subject [Skill Builder 01] Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. A clearly defined sales process that can be repeated time and time again to convert leads into paying customers will drive consistent revenue growth. 2. Unfortunately, many startups are struggled to generate accurate forecasts when revenue is dependent on closing deals 3. Still, the way he coped was by spending all his energy completing every task flawlessly. 4. Cleatly defined sales stages is made it much easier to accurately predict sales and conversions, 5. You can also offer surveys or questionnaires that ask questions like “What factors do you consider when purchasing this product?” More Practices: 1. No school policies forbid a teacher from scolding a student or to call the student's parent based on accusations A. a teacher from scolding a student orto call _—_-B. a teacher to scold a student or call C. that teachers scold a student or call D. the scolding by a teacher of a student or calling of E. scolding by teachers of a student or calling of 2, Setting a precedent that lasted more than a century, George Washington disappointed the people insisting that he should run fora third term as president. A. insisting that he should B. insisting him to . and their insistence that he D. who insisted that he E. who insisted him to Page: 93. The letter from the scholarship committee (A) said that he had selected (B) to be one of the recipients of (C) the prestigious $10,000 scholarship because of his excellent grades (D) and volunteer work. No error (F). 4, Ittook (A) Donna many weeks to perfect (B)her pirouette, but when she finally mastered it, she wouldn't stop (C) being shown off (D) in front of us, No error (FE) 5. Ldon’t think (A) I've ever_seen (B) such a_wide array (C) of neglected animals before Lbegan volunteering (D) at the shelter. No error (E). Tag Questions 1. In the present form of be: In an affirmative statement, if the subject is “I”, the auxiliary changes to aren't in the tag. T'm sitting next to you, aren't 1? 2. With let’, the tag is shall we? Let’s go to the beach, shall we? 3. With an imperative, the tag is will you? Close the window, will you? We use an affinnative tag after a sentence containing a negative word such as never, hardly, nobody Nobody lives in this house, do they? 5. When the subject is nothing, we use “it” in the tag, Nothing bad happened, did it? Ifthe subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone or everyone, we use “they” in the tag. Everybody asked for me, didn’t they? If the main verb in the sentence is have (not an auxiliary verb), it is more common to use do in the tag. She had a great time, didn’t she? With used fo, we use “didn’t” in the tag. ‘You used to work here, didn’t you? We can use affirmative tags after affirmative sentences to express a reaction such as surprise or interest. You're moving to Brazil, are you? ‘Commands A command is an imperative statement. ‘+ Help me carry these boxes up the stairs. © Walk down the street for two blocks, and then turn right ‘Negative commands: When we want to tell someone not to do something: For example: Don't smoke. It is very bad for your health. ‘Negative commands with "let's" ‘When we want to say that we should not do something, we can use "let's" and the word "not" and then the verb in infinitive. For example: Let's not watch television tonight. Let's not worry about that until it becomes a real problem kill Builder 0: Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful! 2. Everyone wants to be happy in his life, doesn’t it? 3. Let's not discuss unless he makes sure of the matter. Page: 104, You have enough money, haven't you? 5. You used to go skating very often, didn’t you? How to Use “Used To”: ‘We can use “used to” to talk about a past habit or state For Example: He used to live in Dhaka. (but he doesn’t now) He used to go on holiday to Scotland every year. (but he doesn’t now) To make the negative: use “didn’t” + use + to + verb. For example: He didn’t use to smoke. ‘To make the question: For example: Did she use to smoke? To talk about past habits in English, you can also use would + infinitive: For Example: ‘We would go to Scotland every year when I was a child ‘We would travel there by car overnight. Be used to: ‘We use ‘be used to + verb-ing’ to talk about things which feel normal for us or things that we are accustomed to Tm used to getting up early, so I don't mind doing it (= getting up early is normal for me, it's what Iusually do), My little daughter is used to eating lunch at noon. So she was grumpy yesterday when we didn't eat until one. Note that we make the negative or the question with the verb ‘be! in the normal way. The ‘used to doesn't change: ‘+ Lucy isn't nsed to staying up late, so she's very tired today. + Ate your children used to walking a lot? ‘We can also use ‘be used to + noun, which has the same meaning: + Tve lived in the UK almost all my life, so Im used to rain (= rain is normal for me). + That football team always loses, so they'te used to disappointment! Get used to: ‘We can use ‘get used to + verb-ing’ to talk about the change of not normal to normal. © Don't worry if your new job is hard at first. You'll get used to it. ‘+ Ittook me a few months to get used to living in Japan. At first everything seemed very different, but then ‘gradually it became normal for me. [Skil Builder 0. Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer It took me a while, but Tused to speaking another language every day. She didu't use to like chocolate, but she does now. ‘When I was a student, we would often have a drink after class on Friday. Horseback riding has been frightening for me, but Iwill get use to it. My father dida’t use to take his donkey to school on Mondays, because it was needed at the farm. Page: 1More Practices: 1. Analyzing Alex’s medical reports, the doctor suggested that he be on bed rest for one month, eat healthy foods and stay away from alcohol. ‘A. Analyzing Alex’s medical reports, the doctor suggested that he be on bed rest for one month, B, Analyzing the medical reports of Alex, the doctor suggested that he should be on bed rest for one month, C, Analyzing his medical reports, the doctor suggested Alex that he should be on bed rest for one month, D. Analyzing Alex’s medical reports, the doctor suggested that Alex be on bed rest for one month, E. Analyzing his medical reports, the doctor suggested Alex to be on bed rest for one month 2. Despite all their talk about pollution control, large organizations have so far done very little to control ecological damage. A. Despite all their talk about pollution control, B. In spite of the fact of their having talked about pollution control _C. Besides their having talked D. Although they talk about all pollution control, E. In addition to their talkings 3. tis probable that the prototype cellular motor might be ready for testing around the end of next vear. A. might be ready for testing around the end of next year B. may be ready for testing about the end of next year C. might be ready for testing toward next year’s end D. will be ready for testing toward the end of next year E, should be ready for testing toward the end of next year Prepositions Prepositions of Time 1. For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in: J first met John in 1987. It's always cold in January. 2. For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on ‘We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday. Christmas is on December 25" 3. Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until and throughout. ‘The concert will be staged throughout the month of May. Teamed how to drive during the holidays He usually arrives around 3pm. Prepositions of Place: Here are a few common prepositions and examples: On Used to express a surface of something: I put an egg on the kitehen table ‘The paper is on my desk Used to specify days and dates: The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays, Twas bom on the 14th day of June in 1988 Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: He is on the phone right now. She has been on the computer since this morning. Used to indicate a part of the body: ‘The stick hit me on my shoulder Iwear a ring on my finger: Page: 12At Used to point out specific time: I will meet you at 12 p.m. ‘The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m. Used to indicate a place: There were lnmndreds of people at the park. We saw a baseball game at the stadium. Used to indicate an email address: Please email me at [email protected]. Used to indicate an activity: He laughed at my acting, Lam good at drawing a portrait In Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, and year: She always reads newspapers in the morning. In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks Used to indicate a location or place: She looked me direetly in the eyes. I am currently staying in hotel. Used to express while doing something: In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times, Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: Tbelieve in the next life. We are not interested in gambling, Prepositions of Movement Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off; down and into Across: refers to moving from one side to another Rebecea is swimming across the lake Through: refers to moving directly inside something and out the other end ‘The train passes through the tunnel Up, over, down, past and around: Indicate directions of movement He went up the hill. ‘We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma's house. ‘The horse runs around the tack all morning. I walked past several hotels on my way to the petrol station Onto Used to show movement into or on a particular place: I slipped as I stepped onto the platform. 1. Verbs with prepositions i Verb +to Belong to _: The house belongs to Md. Hamidur Rahman Listen to ‘The audience listened to the musie in silence. Speak to Thaven’t spoken to anyone about this. Talk to Could I talk to you for a minute, Kamal? Page: 13Apologize to. : You must apologize to him for your mistake. il, Verb +at Laugh at Nobody laughs at my jokes. Look at Look at me. Shout at He was angry, so he shouted at me to go away. Arrive at: They artived at their hotel at ten o*elock. Aimat Sam aimed at the target Knock at: He kmocked at the door. Stare at ‘Why ate you staring at me? Stay at Talways stay at home on Sundays. Smile at She smiles at everyone. ii, Verb + for Apologize for : Iimust apologize for being so late. Apply for T'd like to apply for the job you advertised. Ask for ‘We finished the meal and asked for the bill Look for ‘What are you looking for? Pay for T'll pay for the food. Prepare for — : George has to prepare for the examination. Wait for How long have you been waiting for the bus? Seatch for: I've been searching for my keys for hours. ly. Verb + on Count on You can count on me Depend on It depends on the weather. Relyon ‘You can’t rely on the post. It is always late. Concentrate on: Concentrate on the road when you are driving. vy. Verb + into Bump into: [fell down because someone bumped into me. Crash into: The car crashed into the tree. Drive into: The driver drove the car into the garage. vi. Verb + about Talk about: We are talking about money. Care about Tdon’t care about the cost. ‘Complain about: They complained about the terrible weather Dream about : I dreamed about you last night, Eva. Speak about: They were speaking about their holidays. Talk about: 1am going to talk about our new product. Think about: What are you thinking about? Write about: You should write a book about your life. 2. Incorrect insertion Fatema’s husband accompanied with her. (X (not) with) ‘Ask for a teacher if you don’t know how to answer the question. (X for) No one will believe in what you said. (X in) They drank up all the juice. (X up) We didn’t enter into the room. (X into) Page: 14‘Do you want to join with them? (X with) Amy went to the cinema on last Saturday. (X on) She went to there last night. (X to) Did you remove away the chair? (X away) Don't discuss about my boss, (X about) 3. Different Prepositions ~ Different Uses I. Agree ‘We agree with a person ‘We agree to an opinion ot idea ‘We agree about a topie for discussion ‘We agree on a decision but agree to a proposal ii, Anxious Anxious about means worried about Anxious for or anxious to indicates an eagerness to do something. iii. Care Care about means develop interest for Care for means like ly. Eager Eager for something Eager to do something v.End At the end means at the point where something stops Come to an end means finished In the end means finally or at last Without end means never reaching an end ‘vi. Speak Speak to someone Speak for means act as a spokesman vii. Time Behind time means late In time means early enough but not late From time to time means occasionally Atall times means always Inno time means very soon On time means at the right time Reading Comprehension Practice Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and even death, Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain conditions. There are a number of conditions, fiom deep snow on the ground to human crror, that cause flooding.Whea deep sow melts it cteates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land. Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They ean form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too. Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a seat tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometers, cover the ground in meters of mud and debris, and drown and crush everything and creature in their path Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great deal about when floods ate likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen ean help us reduce the damage they cause. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the reading passage? A. droughts B. large lakes C. poorly builtroads DD. melting snow _E. River erosions A broken human-made dam is compared to what? Aa tsunami B.atidal wave C.abrokenice dam —D. overflowing —_E, None of these 3. How far can dam water travel when itis unleashed from a broken dam? A. less than 10 kilometers B. tens of kilometers C. thousands of kilometers D. teus of thousands of kilometers downstream E. less than | kilometers Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems? ‘A. the ground cannot absorb more moisture B. the ground is too hard, so the water runs off C. the ground forms a kind of dam D. it remains frozen E. None of the above SR nd 1. The lines is busy; someone should be using the telephone now. [BRDB (Officer)-09, wa 7731-50] Avmust be using —_B. should be using C. must have used D, should have used 2. After working all day, you _been tired. A. might B. must have C. have got D. must 3. Sohag received a waming for speeding. He so fast. [rer phe Sar arise (certeo)-3¢] A. should have driven B, shouldn’t have drive C. could have driven D. couldn't have driven Page: 164, My cousins did not help when I was in deep trouble, But they A. should have help me then B. should help me then C. should have helped me then D. ought to help me then, 5. Try hard lest you fa/fa. (oq ececes ee CRRA aR, HoSNRE 34] A. may B. should C. might D. would 6. I would rather die Isom erorre Frat 38) A.tobeg B. than beg C. for beg D. then beg Used to (do)/ Be used to (doing) 7. Choose the correct sentence A. Would that I could enter the palace! B, Would that I had been in the palace! C. Would that I have been in the palace! D. Would that I should entered the palace! 8. English (to speak) in many parts of the world, fe! fue fate 6 Fmacen wxircen aie iiES, m5 farsa afar-33] A. English is spoken in many parts of the world. B. The English is spoken in many parts of the world. C. English is being spoken in many parts of the world. D. English is being spoken in many parts of the world Miscellaneous question of right form of verbs 9. He found the gold coin ___ the floor. lefeert esicra mew fore 34-30] ‘Aas he had cleaned B. while he cleans C. which he is cleaning. while cleaning 10. Unfortunately, their house while they were at the restaurant celebrating their anniversary. le arecern aS FRC oR (HFETA)-26] A. got burgled B. went burgled C. burgled D. had burgled 11, Which of the following is a correct sentence? igatfe war gear "ew Sorfarr-o8] A. She denied that she had been written the letter B. She denied that she had written the letter. . She denied she wrote the letter. D. She denied that she has written the letter. 12. Tam used ___ that television show all the time as it always helps me to know about the contemporary issues of the world A to watch B. watching C. to watching D. to be watched 13. How many times not to do that? A. have I told you B. have I told C. haven't I told D, [told you 14, We must get the house __ before mother comes A. clean B. cleaned C. to be cleaned D. cleaning 15, Choose the correct sentence. A. What are you doing for the last four hous? ~—_-B. What have you been doing for the last four hours? C. What did you doing for the last four hours?‘ D, What ate you done for the last four hours? Page: 1716. She said her chemistry professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep) in the class, some of the students (talk) about their plans for the weekend. A. slept, talked B. were sleeping, were talking Chad slept, talked. slept, had talked 17, Which one is the correct sentence? [eepietl s “faa eT <0] A. He said that the earth goes round the sun. B. He said that the earth went round the sun. C. He said that the earth had gone round the sun. D. He had said that the earth had been going round the sun. 18. on this bench is much more pleasant than in the office. A. Lying, sitting B. Lieing, sitting C. To lie, to sit D. To lie, sitting 19, Identify the correct sentence, REICY GoCoMEseT aT FETE (HP)->8] A. Robin enjoys hunting rabbits, socializing with friends, and to read comics. B, Robin enjoys to hunt rabbits, socializing with friends, and to read comics, . Robin enjoys hunting rabbits, socializing with friends, and reading comics. D. Robin enjoy hunting rabbit, socializing with friends, and reading comics, 20. In an admission test, to answer correctly’ accurately is more important than INCC Bank (TO)-11] A. you finish quickly B. finishing quickly C. quick finish D. to finish quickly 21, Which one is correct? A. She is not and does not intend to nm for political office B. She is not running and does not intend to run for political office. C. She has not and does not intend to run for political office. D. She is not running and do not intend to nun for political office. 22. ‘Who planted this tree here?’ The correct passive voice of this sentence is- [37® BCs] A. By whom was this tree planted here? B, Who the tree had been there by whom? . The tree was planted there by whom? D. By whom had the tree been planted here? 23. The correct passive of “Sheila was writing a letter’ is- [16® Bes] A.A letter was writing by Sheila B.A letter was being writing by Sheila C.A letter was being written by Sheila D. A letter was been written by Sheila 24, Choose the correct indirect form of the following sentence: He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you’ A. he said that he didn’t believe you B. He said he had not believe you C. He told me that he did not believe me D. He told me he wouldn't believe me 25. Choose the correct form (passive) of: “Who will do the work?” [26" BCS] A. Who will be done the work? B. Who will done the work? C. By whom will the work be done? D. Whom will the work be done? 26, ‘We read novels’. Passive voice form- A. Novels is read by us B. Novels are read by us C. Novels are read by we? D. Novels are being read by us Page: 1827, ‘Nobody believes a liar.’ The comect passive form of the above sentence is [cen ace Boreas aestA-209] A.A liar is never beloved by anyone B. A liar should not be believed by anyone C.A liaris not believed by anybody D. A liar is believed by nobody 28. [know him. (make passive) [30" BCs] A. He is known by me B. He was known to me C. He has been known by me D. He is known tome 29. Identify the correct passive form- “He is going to open a shop’. [26" BCS] A. He is being gone to open s shop. B. A shop is being gone opened by him. C.A shop will be opened by him. D. A shop is going to be opened by hin 30. Choose the passive form of “Who will do the work?” [26 BCS] A. Who will be done the work? B, Who will done the work? C. By whom will the work be done? D. Whom will the work be done? 31, The passive form of the sentence “You made him cook rice” is- PRAFS Fews sacra Soren erat (Ff) 30x) A. He was made to cook tice. B, He was made cook rice. C. He is made to cook rice. D. He had made to cook rice. 32, The correct active form of the sentence “Let it be done”. Is- aqey aims uPcsiba 2oyp; aa ane farmer meraal Pers S035] A. Doit B, Let me do it C. Ihave done it D. It is done by me 33. The correct passive form of the sentence “I saw him fall from the tree” is- lenis star eer eee fr fioraca Faoe RHE (TTR) S03] A. He was seen by me to fall from the tree B. The tree was seen to fall by me. C. He was seen to fall fiom the tree by me. D. He was seen falling from the tree by me. 34, Who is calling me? (Passive) [s¢ew Pisrs Fiat « erera “TF 203] A. By whom am I called? B. By whom Iam called? C. By whom I was called? D. By whom am I being called? 35. "Do you see the flower?” Identify the correct passive form of the above sentence. (fe sesrray/FasI/ate, ee], FIT ob] A. Is the flower was seen by you? B. Is the flower being seen by you? C. Has the flower seen by you? D. Is the flower seen by you? 36. Change the voice- “Where did you see him?” frreTort sh fener cree sree afba/ remit feos (er) 2038] A. Whete did the seen by you? B. Where was he see by you? C. Where was seen by you? D. Where was he seen by you? 37. “Rice sells cheap” is- lefem=t aesrrcra Pifetram Fare aAeTA me TEA MAO 303] A. Passive voice B. Active voice C. Both D. None Page: 1938. Change into active form: “I was surprised to see that he had been beaten black and blue.”- [BB AD 2018 & BSC Officer (5 Banks) 2018) A. I was surprised to see he had been beaten black and blue. B. It surprised me to see that he had been beaten black and blue. . Itwas surprising that he had been beaten black and blue, D. That he had been beaten black and blue was surprising 39, Change the voice: Can you help me to scoop out seeds from melon? IBB Officer 2018] A. Can I be helped by you B. Can Ihelped by you C. Could Thelped by you D. Can I been helped by you 40. Unfortunately, their house __ while they were at the restaurant celebrating their anniversary. [BSC Officer (5 Banks) 2018] A. got burgled B. went burgled C. burgled D. had burgled Al. Identify the right passive voice of “It is impossible to do this.” [38" BCs] A. Doing this is impossible B. This is impossible to be done . This is must be done D. This can’t be done 42. The correct passive form of You must shut these doors’ is- [35" BCS] A. These must be sliut doors B. Shut the doors you must C. Shut must be the doors D, These doors must be shut 43, “All his pupils like him’ arerfce >1%% passive form =o (atefiee veel Fre s0, are. a1efie nels Frew o8, Raion fie mba OBI Fs 98] A. Heis liked by all his pupils B. He was liked by all his pupils C. He is like by all his pupils. D. He is being liked by all his pupils. 44, Change the into passive: “The city planner is making all the arrangements.” (wots ane afer. sa] A. The all arrangements have been made by the city planner B. All arrangements are making by the city planner. C. The all arrangements had been making by the eity planner D. All the arrangements are being made by the city planner. 45, [knew him, Make it passive voice, [afaes's Taft ararstt-o¢ , 7a arate nxt Freryp] A. He is known to me. B. He was known to me. C. He was known with me. D. He was known by me. 46, Change into active form: ‘I was surprised to see that he had been beaten black and blue.” Farce 2afae ster (ftena)-sb, axe! ark (AD)-d>1 A. was surprised to see that he has been beaten black and blue. B. It surprised me to see that he had been beaten black and blue. . Itwas suprising that he had been beaten black and bine. D. That he had been beaten black and blue was surprising, 47. The food (A) that Hafiz is cooking (B) in the kitchen is smelling (C) delicious (D). [srert® 9% Sar IRATE (GATT) 3, RTT, (TCA GRA HOTA, Fda] Page: 2048, Identify the error in the following sentence: Even with (A) a calculator, you must have basie understanding (B) of mathematics if one expects (C) to solve complex problems correctly (D). 49, Diligence and honesty, as well as (A) being intelligent (B), are (C) qualities which I look for when (D) I interview applicants of admission test. [BCSIC «a arcana af T-3b] 50, Identify the correct passive form of the sentence: ‘Do you know them?” [39® BCS] A. Are they known by you? B. Would they known by you? C. Are they known with you? D. Are they known to you? CEM 51. He has not only violated the law, but also he has escaped punishment. A. not only violated the law, but also he has escaped punishment B. violated not only the law but also he has escaped punishment C. violated not only the law, but he escaped punishment D. not only violated the law, ut also escaped punishment E. not only violated the law, but has escaped punishment 52. Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go toward Lower taxes or increased spending on social programs. ‘A. over if a budget surplus should go toward lower taxes or increased spending B. about a budget surplus going toward lower taxes or increasing spending C. about if lower taxes should come from a budget surplus or spending increases D, concerning a budget surplus and it’s going toward lower taxes ot ineteased spending E. over whether a budget surplus should go toward lowering taxes or increasing spending 53. Rebecca likes to (A) spend time with her son (B) by participating im (C) his activities, like riding bikes, playing video games and she watches (D) his favorite movies. No error (E). 54. Raised in a large and noisy family, it was only when I went away to college that I learned how refreshing solitude could be. A. it was only when I went away to college that I learned how refreshing solitude could be. B. when I went away to college I leamed how refreshing solitude could be. C. going away to college I leamed how refreshing solitude could be. D.1did not learn how refreshing solitude could be until I went away to college E. [did not leam how reffeshing solitude could be until I go away to college 55, The university science library, as most libraries, prohibits students to borrow rate, expensive, ot popular reference materials; such materials are designated for use in the library only. A. as inost libraries, prohibits students to borrow B. like most libraties, prohibits students from borrowing C. as most libraries, will prohibit a student from borrowing D. like most libraries, prohibits students to borrow E. like most libraries that prohibit a student from borrowing 56. On the verge of bankruptcy less than five years ago, many observers consider Gulfstream one of the most remarkable tumarounds in recent corporate history A. many observers consider Gulfstream, B. Gulfstream is considered by many observersC. many observers regard Gulfstream to be D. Gulfstream, according to many observers, is to be considered E. it is considered by many observers that Gulfstream is 57, Neither Edward's Market, which is located in the heart of the city, nor Prime Meats, which has several branches in the suburbs, carry grass-fed beef, A. carry B. are carrying CC have carried D. catries E. do carry 58. Once you have established (A) a fan base, no matter how (B) big or small it is just start (C) performing at live events (D). No error (E). 59. This provides a better (A) understanding how (B) the market works for the poor (C) and what interventions are needed (D) to facilitate their inclusion. No error (E). 60, Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year. ‘A. mandate that the state budget be balanced 'B. mandate the state budget to be balanced C. mandate that the state budget will be balanced D. have a mandate for a balanced state budget E, have a mandate to balance the state budget 61. The bus was already crowded (A) when it arrived; (B) I barely manage (C) to find room to sit (D). No error (8). 62. Amy does not want that she studies tonight, but her coursework requires that she writes a new essay. A. that she studies tonight, but her coursework requires that she write B. she studies tonight, but her coursework requires that she write. C. to study tonight, but her coursework requires that she writes. D. that she studies tonight, but her coursework requires that she writes E. to study tonight, but her conrsework requires that she write 63, Australia is the flattest (A) and dry (B) of the continents, as well_as (C) the oldest and most isolated @). Nocrror (E). 64, There are (A) far too many in the society who are (B) content with injustices and inequalities around (©) them, or are resigned (D) to the sufferings they endure. No error (E). 65. The researchers asked to find out how the merger influence shareholders and affect the overall industry, AL were: would B.hadbeen can C. were can D-hadbeen.... could E. were... will 66, “I was looking forward receiving a quick reply of my mail from you.” Which correction should be made to this sentence? A. change was to am, B. insert to before receiving C. remove quick D. replace looking forward with expecting E, No correction is required 67, [ thought it was time I Jaid all my cards on the table and inform him that Thad no intention of going into a partnership. Atobecandid B.tobediscreet C. being playful. being immoral _E. None of these Page: 2268. A turncoat is when someone is a traitor to a group or society to which he owes it to be loyal. A. is when someone is a traitor to a group or society to which he owes it to be loyal. B. is when a person does treachery to a group or society to which he owes it to be loyal. C. is someone who betrays a group or society to which he owes loyalty. D. isa person which betrays a group or society to which he owes being loyal E. is where you betrays a group or society to which you should be loyal 69. Economic conditions demand not only cutting wages and prices but also to reduce inflation raised tax rates. A. not only cutting wages and prices but also to reduce B. we not only cut wage and prices but also reduce . to not only cut wages and prices but also to reduce D. not only to cut wages and prices but also to reduce 70. The two lawyers interpreted (A) the statue differently (B), and (C) they needed a judge to settle its (D) dispute. No error (B). [Skill Builder Answ. and thoroughly ‘and lacked motivation. SBOL 3. as exciting to us as ro the people Correct . disagreeable, and uninterested to make “More Practice [1D 2D 35 aD SD GA might not be living should have arrived SB 02 . should have done must have studied Correct 6. Correct would have been ~ Coireet 2. Had taken 3. Comect prefer going to school to going to playground 5.Correct SB O03 ‘Sentence .B 2E 3A ; 5.B Completion * Page: 23