Q2 I.

Variation
Illustrative Example:
W1 Solve the following problems about direct variation:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. If y varies directly as x and y = 48 when x = 16,
 illustrate situations that involve the following find the constant of variation and the equation.
variations: (a) direct; (b) inverse; (c) joint; (d)
combined. Solution:
 translate into variation statement a relationship a. To find the constant of variation:
between two quantities given by: (a) a table of Translate statement “y
values; (b) a mathematical equation; (c) a graph, y = kx varies directly as x” into
and vice versa. equation
 solve problems involving variation. 48= k(16) By substitution
48 k ( 16 ) To isolate k, divide both
=
A. DIRECT VARIATION 16 16 sides by 16
❑
Definition: ❑ The constant of
Direct Variation occurs when one quantity is
3=k variation k is equal to
equal to a constant k times the other quantity.
or 3
DIRECT VARIATION EQUATION: k =3
y=kx,
y b. To find the equation:
x is the constant of variation or Translate statement “y
where k =
y = kx varies directly as x” into
constant of proportionality.
equation
This statement can also be translated into the ff: The value of k from
“ y varies directly as x” k=3
solution (a)
“ y is directly proportional to x” and Substitute 3 to k in the
“ y is proportional to x”. y = (3)x
equation
The equation of the
These statements mean that for two quantities x y = 3x
variation
and y, whereas x increases, y also increases.
Similarly, as x decreases, y also decreases. 2. The table below shows a relation between the
distance in km(d) and the time in hour ( t ).
Illustrative Example: Find the constant of variation and the equation
Write the direct variation equation of the statement then
which describes the relation.
find its constant of variation
Time in 1 2 3 4 5
1. “The circumference C of a circle varies directly as the hour (t)
length of its diameter d” Distance 80 160 240 320 400
Solution: in km (d)
C = kd the direct variation equation
Solution:
For the constant of variation k:
a. To find the constant of variation:
C = kd From the data in the
C kd d 80 160 240 320 d
= = =
t 1 2
=
3
=
4
table,
t
is constant.
d d divide both sides by d
400
C = =80
5
d = k k =80 By definition, k is
the constant of
C variation.
or k= d b. To find the equation:
C
Therefore the constant of variation: k = d Distance in km(d) varies directly
d = kt
2.“The cost (F) of fish varies directly as the number (n) of as the time in hour (t )
kilos bought.”
Solution: k=80
Since k =80, substitute 80 to k.
Direct Equation: F = kn
F d = 80t The equation of the variation

Constant of variation: k = n

1
3. The graph shows the number of bottles n produced 80 5 q
= To solve for q, divide both sides
by a machine and the time t in hours the machine is
5 5 by 5
working. Find the constant of variation and the equation
which describes the relation. 80
=q
5
9000 The value of q is 16 when
number of bottles (n)

7200 16 = q p = 80
5400 or
3600 q = 16
1800
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 Solution 2
time in hours (t)
p p
Solution: Since q is
a constant, then we can write k = q .
From here, we can establish a proportion such that
a. To find the constant of variation
p1 p2
As shown in the graph, =
n 1800 3600 the ratio of n and t or q1 q 2 where p = 25, q = 5 and p = 80.
1 1 2
= = =900 n
t 2 4
t is constant. Substituting the values, we get
By definition, k is
k = 900 the constant of 25 80 p1 p2
variation.
= =
5 q2 q
Substitute to 1
q2
25 q 2=(80 )(5 ) Cross-multiply

25q2 = 400
25 q 2 400
=
b. To find the equation: 25 25 Divide both sides by 25
bottles n produced by a
q2 = 16
n = kt machine varies as the time
t in hours Therefore, q = 16 when p =80

k = 900 Since k =900, substitute 5. The amount of paint P in galloons needed to paint
900 to k. the walls of the room varies directly as the area A of
The equation of the
d = 900t the wall. How many gallons of paint is needed to paint a
variation
wall with an area of 120 sq meters if 2 gallons of paint
4. If p varies directly as q and p = 25 when q = 5, what can cover a 48 sq meter wall?
is the value of q when p = 80?
Solution:
Solution 1
P P
Translate statement “p varies Since A is a constant, then we can write k = A . From
p= kq
directly as q” into equation
25 = k(5) Substitute p = 25 and q = 5 to P1 P 2
=
solve for k in the equation A1 A2
here, we can establish a proportion such that
25 k (5) To isolate k, divide both sides by where p1 = 2, A1 = 48 and A2 = 120.
= 5
5 5 2 p
= 2
25 48 120 Substituting the values
=k
5 The constant of variation k is 1 p
5=k equal to 5 = 2
or 24 120 Rewrite the equation in lowest term
k=5
Write the variation equation 120 = 24p2 Cross multiply
p = 5q
p= kq when k=5
120 24 p2
=
Substitute the given value of 24 24
80 = 5q p = 80 to solve for q Divide both sides by 24

2
 p2 = 5 The value of p2

Therefore, p2 = 5 gallons when A =120 sq meter.

B. INVERSE VARIATION

Solution:
Definition:
Inverse Variation occurs when one a. To find the constant of variation:
quantity is equal to a constant times the
inverse of the other quantity. k Translate statement “ y varies
y= inversely as x ” into equation
INVERSE VARIATION EQUATION:
x
k k Replace y with 3 and x with 2
y= 3=
x 2
and k = xy where k is the constant of
(2) 3=k Cross-multiply
variation or constant of proportionality and x
is a nonzero real numbers.
6=k The constant of variation
This statement can also be translated into the
or k is equal to 6
ff: or
k=6
“ y varies inversely as x” and
“ y is inversely proportional to x” b. To find the equation
These statements mean that for two k Translate statement “ y
quantities, x and y, whereas an increase in x
y= varies inversely as x” into
x
causes a decrease in y. Similarly, a decrease equation
in x causes an increase in y.
The value of k from
k =6
Illustrative Example: solution (a)
Write the inverse equation of the statement then find its
constant of variation 6 Substitute 6 to k in the
1. “The force (f) needed to break a board varies
y= equation
x
inversely with the length (l) of the board.”
Solution: 6 The equation of the
y=
x variation
k
f=
l the inverse variation equation

For the constant of variation: 2. Suppose a varies inversely with b . When b = 4,

1
k a=
f= 2 . Find a when b = 18.
l
Solution 1:
fl = k cross-multiply
a. To find the constant of variation:

or k = fl

2. “The time (t) required to empty a tank varies

inversely as the rate (r) of pumping”

k
t=
Inverse Equation: r

Constant of variation: k = rt

Illustrative Example:
Solve the following problems about inverse variation:

1. If y varies inversely as x and y = 3 when x = 2 .

find the constant of variation and the equation

3
 k Translate statement “ a varies
a= inversely with b ” into equation
b

1 k 1
=
2 4 Replace a = 2 and b = 4

Cross-multiply
(4)(1) = k(2)

4 = 2k

4 2k Divide both sides by 2

=
2 2

2=k

k =2 The constant of variation or

k is equal to 2

1
a 1= , b 1=4 b =18 .
b. To find a when b = 18 2 and 2
Let
k Translate statement “ a varies
a= inversely with b ” into
b 3. The graph shows the time (t) in hours taken by a car
equation
that travels uniformly from Iligan to Butuan at various
The value of k from solution speeds (v) in kph. Find the constant of variation and the
k =2 equation which describes the relation.
(a)

2 Replace b with 18
a=
18
Reduce to lowest term.
1 1
a= a=
9 9 when b = 18
Solution 2 Solution:
A proportion can also be used in relation to indirect
variation in solving problems where some quantities are a. To find the
constant of
known. The following proportions are two of several
variation:
proportions that can be formed.
x 1 y 1=k and x 2 y 2 =k k Translate statement “ t
t= varies inversely as v ”
v into equation
x 1 y 1=x 2 y 2
Since as speed
k = vt increases the time to
x1 x2 y1 y2 arrive decreases
= Divide each side by
y2 y1 (4)(30)=(3)(40)=(2)(60)=(1.5) From the data in the
(80)
table, vt is constant.
Because a and b are inversely proportional. =120

a 1 b1 =a2 b 2 k =120 The constant of

variation or k is
equal to 120
1 1
, b1
( 4 )=a 2 (18 ) a
Replace 1 - 2 = 4, and
2 b. To find the equation
b 2=18 .
Simplify
2=a2 (18 )
2 Divide both sides by 18 4
a 2=
18
1 Reduce to lowest term.
a 2=
9
 k Translate statement “ t
t= varies inversely as v” into
4. The numbers of hours, t, required to finish a certain v
equation
job varies inversely as the number of persons, N, on the
job. If 16 persons require 18 hours to finish the job, how The value of k from
long would it take 64 persons to finish the job? k =120
solution (a)

Solution 1 120 Substitute 120 to k in the

t= equation
k Translate statement “t v
t= varies inversely as N” into
N equation 120
t=
k v
Replace t with 18 and N
18= The equation of the
16 with 16
variation
or
(16 )18=k Cross-multiply
tv=120
k =288 The constant of variation or
k is equal to 288

Write the variation equation

288 k
t= t=
N N with the value of k
substituted

288 Substitute N=64 to solve

t= Illustrative Example:
64 for t
Write the joint equation of the statement then find its
constant of variation
t = 4.5 It takes 4.5 hrs or 4 hrs 1. “a varies jointly as the product of b and c” then solve
and 30 mins for 64 for the constant of variation.
persons to finish the job Solution:

Solution 2 a = kbc the joint equation

Because t and N are inverse proportion, thus, we have To solve for k:

the equation,
a = kbc
t 1 N 1=t 2 N 2 because t and N are inversely proportional. a kbc
=
bc bc Divide both sides by bc
t =18 , N 1 =16 and
Let 1
N 2 =64 .
a
=k
bc
18(16 )=t 2 (64 ) Replace
t 1 with 18 , N 1 with 16, a
k=
and
N 2 with 64. bc
or
288=t 2 64 Simplify
2. “The area (A) of a triangle varies jointly as its base
Divide both sides by 64 (b) and its height (h)”
t 2=4 . 5
A
k=
Joint equation: A = kbh constant: bh

3. “The volume (V) of a rectangular solid varies jointly as

the product of its length (l), width (w) and its height (h)”
C. JOINT VARIATION

Definition: V
k=
Joint equation: V = klwh constant: lwh
Joint variation occurs when one quantity varies
directly as the product of two or more other Illustrative Example:
quantities. Solve the following problems about joint variation:

JOINT VARIATION EQUATION: 5

y
k=
y = kxy and xy
1. z varies jointly as x and y and z=6 when x=10 and 2. The area (A) of a rectangle varies jointly as its length
y=8. (l) and its width (w). The area of a rectangle (A)= 72cm2
when l =12 cm and w = 2 cm. Find the area (A) if the
Find the following: length (l)= 18 cm and its width (w)= 5 cm.

a. k or the constant of variation Solve for k or the constant of variation:

b. equation of the relation
c. the value of z when x=4 and y=30. Translate statement “The
area (A) of a rectangle
a. Solve for k or the constant of variation A = klw varies jointly as its length
(l) and its width (w)” into
equation
Substitute the given values
72= k(12) (2)
of A, l and w to the
72 = k (24)
equation
72 24 ¿
=k(24)¿ ¿ To isolate k, divide both
24 ¿ sides by 24
72
=k
24
3=k
The constant of
k=3
variation k
To find the Area (A)

Translate statement “z
z = kxy varies directly as x and y”
into equation

6= k(10) (8) Substitute the given

values of z, x and y to the
6 = k (80) equation

6 80¿
=k(80)¿ ¿
80 ¿ To isolate k, divide both
b. equation of the relation sides by 80
3 6
k= =k
Since 40 , therefore the equation for the 80

relation/equation is
z=
3
40
xyz 3
=k
Reduce ( 806 ) to the
40 lowest term.

3 The constant of
c. the value of z when x=4 and y=30.
k=
40 variation k
z = k ( x ) ( y) Translate statement “y
varies directly as x” into
equation

3 Substitute the values of k, x Solution: the length (l)= 18 cm and

z= (4 )(30 ) and y in the equation then
40 its width (w)= 5 cm:
simplify
3 360 A = 3lw the joint equation where k=3
z= (120 )=
40 40
A = (3)(18)(5) Substitute k= 3, l=18, w= 5
z=9 The value of z
A = 270 Multiply

6
Therefore if l= 18 cm and w= 5 cm then Area is k=6 Constant of variation
270 sq. cm.
(6 )(4 ) To solve for h when m=4, and
D. COMBINED VARIATION h=
8 n =8 substitute the values of
Definition:
Combined variation refers to a situation in which
24 m = 4, n = 8 and k = 7
h=
one quantity varies directly or jointly and inversely 8
as the other quantities.
Example of Combined Variation Equation:
h=3 Therefore h = 3, when m=4
kxy wz and n=8.
w= k=
z or xy
Illustrative Example:
wherean
Write k isequation
the constant
to theofstatement
variation and
or constant
find the of Q2 Mathematics A
proportionality
constant of variation. Name: ___________________________ Sectio
1. “a varies directly as b and inversely as c” W1 Subject Teacher: Mrs. Justin P. Galinato
kb
a=
Combined Equation: c A. Multiple Choice. Directions: Choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write ONLY the letter of your answer
To solve for the constant of variation k:
on the blank (2 pts each)
kb
a=
c _____1. The cost C of meat varies directly as its weight w
ac = kb cross-multiply in kilograms can be translated to:
k k
C= w=
ac kb a. C = kw b. w c. C
d. w= kC
= _____2. The amount (A) of money raised in a concert to
b b divide both sides by b, to
the number (n) of tickets sold is an example of what
isolate k
kind of variation?
a. direct b. inverse c. joint d. combined
ac
=k _____3. In the variation equation M = 2t. What happens
b to M when t is doubled?
ac a. M is halved c. M is tripled
k=
or b is the constant of b. M is doubled d. M becomes zero
variation _____4. What mathematical statement describes the
2. “m varies directly as n and inversely as the graph below?
square of p”
kn
m=
Combined Equation: p2 and
2
mp
k=
constant: n
Illustrative Example:
Solve the problem below about combined variation:
2 3 3
1. If h varies directly as m and inversely as n, and h=14 a. y = x b. y = x c. y = 6x d. x = y
3 2 2
when m=7 and n=3. Find h when m=4 and n=8. _____5. If p varies directly as q and p = 18 when

Solve for k: q = - 6, then k is __________.

1 1
km Translate to mathematical statement −
h= a. -3 b. 3 c. 3 d. 3
n or equation
_____6. Atmospheric pressure (P) varies inversely as the
k (7 ) Substitute the given h = 14, m=7,
altitude (h) can be translated to:
14=
3 n=3
k k
14(3) = k(7) Cross-multiply and simplify P= h=
a. P = kh b. hc. Pd. k= Ph
42 = k(7)
_____7. The number of persons n needed to do a job
42 k (7 ) varies inversely as the number of days d to finish the job
= To isolate k, divide both sides by 7
7 7 Simplify can be translated to:
6=k

7
 k k
d= n=
a. d = kn b. n c. d d. n= Pd

____8. What mathematical statement describes the

graph below?
_____15. Which of the following is twice the value of T
lw=36 when P=9 and Z=6?
a.
l a. 108 b. 216 c. 54 d. 36
=w
. 36 Solution: 5 points
b
l
=36
c. w
w
=l
. 36
d

Bonus Question: Bonus of 5 points if solved correctly

The value of y varies directly with the square of x and
the cube of z. If y = 24 when x = 1 and z = 2, then what is the
value of y when x = 3 and z = 1?

Parent’s
____9. If y Name
varies & Signature
inversely as x and y = 4 when x = 9,
find y when x = 12.
a. 3 b. 4 c. 36 d. 48
_____10. Which of the following is the equation of
variation translates the statement “c varies jointly as g
and f “
a. K = cgf c. G = kcf
b. c=kgf d. F=kcg
____11. Which of the following situations illustrates
combined variations?
a) A varies directly as B and inversely as C
b) B varies jointly as D and E and inversely as M
c) P is directly proportional to Q and inversely
proportional to R
d) All of the above
_____12. The cost (C) of labor varies jointly as the
number of workers (W) and the number of days (D) they
work. If 10 men working 8 days each are paid Php560.
Which of the following is the value of the variation
constant?

a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9
_____13. T varies directly as the square of P and
inversely as Z and T=12 when P=3 and Z=6. Using k as
the constant of variation, which of the following is the
equation of variation?

2
kp
a. T = c. T = kpz2
z
kz pz
2
b. T= 2 d. T=
p k

_____14. Which of the following is the value of the

variation constant?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
Solution: 4 points