NCERT TEXT BOOK PROBLEMS SOLVED Two charges 5 x 10-§ C and —3 x 10-® C are located 16 cm apart. At what points on the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero. Solution: Given q,=5x10*C,q, =-3x10°C Let the potential be zero at a distance x from the charge g, = 5 x 10-° C ee 1) = 0.16 - x 1 Now, Ve—-%4_1 % ane, 1, 4ne) sxio-* _-(-3x10") wh ie, “ fi x (0.16- x) 3x=08-Sx ie, 8x=0.8 or x= 0.1 m A regular hexagon of side 10 cm Eom) GHC) has a charge 5pC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the centre of the hexagon. Solution: In Fig. 2.42, O is the | (suc) Fé+ centre of the hexagon ABCDEFA of each side 0.1 m. As is clear from the figure, OAB, OBC etc. are equilateral triangles. Therefore,OA OB = OC = OD = OE = OF =r = 0.1 m. As potential is scalar, total potential at O is Aspe) Buc) Fig. 2.42 ° 6 Vn 6x 1 9 2 2X10 X6xSx10™ _ 9 710° 4ney t 0. A spherical conductor of radius 12 em has a charge of 1.6 x 10-7 C distributed uniformly on its surface. What is the electric field (a) inside the sphere (b) just outside the sphere (c) at a point 18 cm from the centre of the sphere ? Solution: Given r = 12cm=0.12m, q=1.6 x 107 C. (a) Inside the sphere E = 0 (b) Just outside the sphere (say, on the surface of the sphere)9x10" x1.6x10" _ 498 N/C La E-——4. Arey 0? (0.12) \ 1.6x107 4 ‘ 9 =4.4x10°N/ (©) At r= 18 cm = 0.18 m, Bag 29x10 xO ee c Teo Y ates has a capacitance ir between the P! fs ; at he capacitance if the distance 4. A parallel plate capacitor wi pace between them is of 8 pF. (1 pF = 10-!2F) What will be #! between the plates is reduced by half and ae 5 filled with a substance of dielectric constant 6 ? i is ~ £04 8 pr » Solution: With air between the plates, capacitance d With dielectric substance between the plates, capacitance 1S Cy 2K S08 = 2204 1958-96 pF 5. Three capacitors each of capacit: (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? (b) What is the potential difference across each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 120 V supply. a. p ee see eee Solution: For seriés connection, qG° GG lance 9 pF are connected in series. eee “G99 9.9 3° Hence C, = 3pF e . V_ 120 p.d. across each capacitor = amnahe. 40 V 6. Three capacitors of capacitances 2 pF, 3 pF and 4 PF are connected in parallel. (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination ? (b) Determine the charge on each capaci i connected to 100 V supply. pacitor, if the combination is Solution: (a) For parallel connection, C, = C, +C, +C 7p TM C,=24+3+4= 9p 2 3 () For each capacitor, p.d. is same = C, V=2 x 100 = 200 pe my &= GV =3 x 100 =300 pc %=C3V=4 x 109 = 499 pc = 100 voltIn : parallel Plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 x 10m? and the distance between the plates is 3 mm, Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is i is capacitor is connected what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor 2 nea Solution: Given A = 6 x 103 m¢, d = 3 mm =3 x 10 m, V = 100 Volt (8:85%10"!)(6x109) An nee — &0A _ Capacitance Cale eens =1.77x10"'F Charge q=C V=1.77x10""! x100 =1.77x10°C. Explain what would happen if in the capacitor in Q. 7, a 3 mm thick mica sheet of dielectric constant = 6 were inserted between the plates (a) while the voltage supply remained connected (b) after the supply was disconnected. Solution: (a) While the voltage supply remained connected, voltage remains constant. Capacity increases to C' = KC = 6 x 1.77 x 107! F = 10.62 x 10" F Charge increases to q' = CV = 6 x 1.77 x 10"! x 10? C = 10.62 x 10° C. (b) After the supply was disconnected, charge remains constant. New capacity, C' = KC, = 6 x 1.77 x 10" F = 10.62 x 10°" F q_ 1.77x10° Toorxiom 1667 New voltage V'= A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor ? Solution: Given C = 12 pF = 12 x 10-8, V = 50 volt, U =? Scv8 =4(12x10-")(50°)=15x10%J. 2 2 A 600 pF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected to another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process ? Solution: Given C, = C, = 600 pF = 600 x 10-2 F = 6 x 10°! F, V, = 200 volt, V,=0 2 When 600 pF capacitor is connected to 200 V supply (Fig 2.43(a) ), charge on the capacitor is Q=CV=600 x 10722 x 200 = 12 x 108CRYO 200V a) ” Fig. 2.43 itor 12 (200)? = 6 x 10-5) and energy stored by the capacitor = 7 CV2= 600 x 10°? (200) “ cted to anot When the first capacitor is disconnected from the supply Le comeee cabal uncharged capacitor of same capacitance, [Fig. 2.43 (b)] the charg: Q } = 3=6x 108C. ae ! Vv The potential difference across each capacitor is = = 100 volt. Energy stored by each capacitor = 5¢(%) + x 600 x 10- x (1002 =3x 106) Total energy stored = 3 x 10%+3 x 106=6 x lo-ey Loss of energy = 12 x 10-6 x JQ-6= A charge of 8 mC is located at taking a small charge of Point Q (0, 4 em, 0) via a p 6x 10-65 the origin. Caleulai 2x 10°C fro) oint R (0, 6 ¢ te the work done in m a point P (0, 0, 3 cm) toa ‘m, 9 cm), Solution: In Fig.2.44 a charge 4 = 8 mC = 8 x 10°C is located at the origin O. Charge to be carried is R 2 x 10°C from P to Q, (0. Gem. Sem where OP=r 00=r9= 4c As p= 3em = 3 x 10-2m and M = 4 x 10-2 m Pp (0.0, Sem) electrostatic ; Y . - Therefore, Q | there is no relevance of Point R (0. dem. 0) F 1TVp and Vo are the potentials at P Fig. 2.4413. and Q respectively, work done in moving the charge q, from P to Q is W = 40(Vg- Ve) ta ta) 20/11 = 40 Greg tg 4M, tp | 4NE| TQ tp 9x10? 8107 (-2x10 ea 4x10? 3x10 t 2 1 =-144x10% xi0'(—j3)=1 joule A cube of side b has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the potential and electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube. Solution: The length of diagonal of the cube of each side b = ./3b? =bV3 by3 2 «. Distance between centre of cube and each vertex, Total electric potential at the centre of the cube due to 8 charges is 1 1 2 ves 1-9 Joa | 24. |__49 Arey t Ane, bv3 V3neqb Further, electric field at the centre due to all the eight charges is zero, because the fields due to individual charges cancel in pairs. Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 uC and 2.5 uC are located 30 cm apart. Find the potential and electric field (a) at the mid point of the line joining the two charges and (b) at a point 10 cm from this mid point in a plane normal to the line and passing through the mid point. Solution: Given q, = 1.5 C= 1.5 x 10% C, q, = 2.5 pC = 2.5 x 10- C, Distance between the two spheres = 30 cm = 0.3 m. 0. (a) For the mid point 0, = 1) = —-=0.15m [Fig 2.45 (a)] Total electric potential at O is 9x10" x(1.5+2.5)x10¢ 0.15 a1 | a2 hon = 2.4 x 105 volt.ty Resultant electric field at O is E = EB, - Ey = aa “yr Ane, ) 9x10" (2.510% - 15x10") = = 40 108 Vin (0.137 1 Ans 7 Direction of E is towards the charge q, (b) Let P be the point in a plane normal to the line passing throu mid point, where OP = 10 cm = 0.1 m, [Fig. 2.45 (b)] Now PA=PB=V0.15? +0. m=0.18m (i) Total potential at P is Bh thy Law 1 Ve— 41, I © Any PA” dney PB Tne, (PA)! 41 +42) 9x10"(1.5x10%4+2.5x10%) 9x10? x4x10 ~ 0.18 0.18 (ii) Electric field at P due to q, is Dawry 10° 7 6 By =, SIO oyoscto Vi", along AP produced, trey (PAY (0.18) Electric field at P due to q, is (a) (b) Fig. 2.45. Ina hydroge of about 0.53 A. (a) (b) () Solution: Given 4; (a) If potential energy is zero at infi -6 Oven =0.69x10° Vin! along BP produced. 0.5556 or 2=cos™ 7 or 5 =00s 0.5556 =56.25° +, @=112.5° IE} + E} +2E,E, cos 2% 4.2105 x6.9 10° x( $x 108Vm iy Let a be the angle which resultant intensity E makes with Ey. E,sin0 0.69 x 10° x 0. Oe - tana =———— 7 =~) 1° nk E, +E, c0s0 0.42x10° +0.69 10° ce sin 112.5°=0.9239 and cos112.5°= -0.38) 0.688 tan = 288 4.3 or a = tan 0.16 n atom, the electron and proton ° “1 (4-3) = 76.9% are bound at a distance Estimate the potential energy of the system in eV, taking the zero of potential energy at infinite separation of electron from proton. What is the minimum work required to free the electron, given that its KE in the orbit is half the magnitude of potential energy obtained in (a) ? What are the answers to (a) and (b) above, if zero of potential ° is taken at 1.06 A separation ? energy = 1,6 x 10° C, = + 1.6 x 107 190, r= 0.53 x 101 m ° nity, then at F = 0.53 As potential 1 ade energy ““4ney= 43.47 10°" joule 0.53x10°"" 43 -19 aa 2-27. 1TeV (“0 LeV = 1.6 x10-%) Ox I (b) K.E. in the orbit = 7 27.16)eV = 13.58 eV Total energy = K.E. + P.E, = 13.58 - 27.16 = -13.58 eV Work required to free the electron = 13.58 eV (c ° Potential energy at a separation of r, = 1.064 is 1 quay 9x10? x(L.6x10°°) ane, 1.06x10"" ; on Potential energy of the system, when zero of PE. is taken at r,=1.06 A is » v= =27.16 $213.58) = 13.58 - 27.16 = ~ 13.58 eV. If one of the two electrons of a hydrogen molecule is removed, we get a hydrogen molecular ion (H}). In the ground state of Hj , the two =-21.73«10"”. 13.58 eV. ° ° protons are separated roughly by 1.5 Af and electron is roughly 1A from each proton. Determine the potential energy of the system. Specify your choice of zero of potential energy. Solution: charge on electron = -1.6 x 10° C = q, charges on protons = 1.6 x 10°! C = qy, qs Ty) = distance between q, and q, = otk De peu W x S fs 3 1 13 = distance between q) and q; = 1. Ty, = distance between q, and q, = 1A = 107! m Taking zero of potential energy at infinity, potential energy of the system is va] aide , 9243, 4341 4mey| fi2 hs noxt0? (1.6107?) (16x10) (-L6x10°) (1.6«10"?)(-1.6x10"") = in 7 + wo" 15x10" ix1o” 0 7 cw |i 6) + C6] oamaaann SULT 816. qwo char, d conducting spheres of radit wand bare conne or by aw . onnected to ¢ other a 4 a what is the ratio of electric fields at the wurfac of 9 spheres ? Use the re: « ourfaces oF two sphe j ‘ he result obtained (o explain why charge densit » shar ode ‘ ye densily o the sharp and pointed ends of a conductor ty higher than on it i " portions? " pn its Matter Solution: Ee charge flows from the sphere at higher potential to the other at lower potential,till their potential become equal, After sharing, if 0 and Q, are the charges on two spheres at potential Y, “ ue Q _ av. a ¢ vy Where C, C, are the capacities of two spheres. Let a and b be the radii of the two spheres. Since capacitance ~ radius, have et Qe Vv aot we hi Cb Q b Ratio of surface density of charge on the two spheres is GQ 0, 4a” Q ba? Hence ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of two spheres Eo P E, 6, @ An electrical technician requires a capacitance of 2uF in a circuit across a potential difference of 1 kV. A large number of 1pF capacitors are available to him, each of which can withstand a potential difference of not more than 400 V. Suggest a possible arrangement that requires minimum number of capacitors. Solution: Required capacitance, C = 2 HF Potential difference, V= 1 kV = 1000 volt Capacity of each capacitor, C, = | HF Maximum potential difference across each, V' = 400 volt Let n capacitors of 1 wF each be connected in series in a row and m such rows be connected in parallel as shown in Fig.2.4. As potential difference across each row = 1000 volt, 000 “. Potential difference across each capacitor = 1000 _ y= 400 n18. we have n = 3 As n has to be a whole number (not less than 2.5), F A I h, in series = — Capacitance of each row of 3 condensers of | pF each, 1 . ger. m 7 => «. Z=2orm=6 Total capacitance of m such rows In parallel 3 3 sonxm=3x6=18 : itor: Anns! -. total number of capac! ted in six parallel rows onnec! Hence 18 capacitors of 1 F each should bee each row containing three capacitors in serles. What is the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between the plates is 0.5 em. [You will realise from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of uF or less- However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of very minute separation between the conductors]. , 5 Solution: We have C= 2 F, d = 0.5 om = 5 x 10% m, A= ? . c= EA For parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates aT 107 a = 2x0 <7 =1.13x10°m? which is too large. & 8.85x10 For smaller area, capacitance is smaller. Obtain equivalent capacitance of the following network, Fig.2.47. For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and voltage across each capacitor. (CBSE 2008) Solution: The equivalent circuits of network in Fig.2.47are shown in Fig.2.48 C= 100 pF In Fig.2.48 (c), as 100 pF and 200 pF -— capacitors are in series, p.d. across them are is in the ratio 2:1. Potential difference across C, is — C= 200 pF C= 200 pre F00v 1. Vy=300%2 _ sg p , ‘ ay OV | +—4 and charge on C, is Sai D0 DE U=CV4=(100x10-) 209 = 2 x 19-8 Fig. 2.47 Pd, across 200 pF = 300 ~ 209 = 109 yi f 7 . he L . } ho joo pl —{}—- raph 200 pl 100 pl yd MV i+— SOON —+! 3H0N (a) (b) ra) Fig. 2.48 This must be the p.d. across Cc, ie V, = 100V o Charge on C vis qy=C, V,= (100 x 10-!2) x 100 = 10-8 C Also, p.d. across Cy, C; in series = 100 V pd. across C, and p.d. across C; are V, uy =50V Charge on Cy is qy = C,V, = (200 x 10- ry, x 50 =totc Charge on C; is q, = C,V; = (200 x 10°!) x 50 = 10-8 C. 20. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90 cm? each and are separated by 2.5 mm. The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply (a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by the capacitor ? (b) View this energy as stored in the electrostatic field between the plates, and obtain the energy per unit volume (u). Hence arrive at a relation between u and the magnitude of electric field E between the plates. Solution: Given A = 90 cm? = 90 x 10~m? = 9 x 10-3m2, d= 2.5 x 1073 m, V = 400 volt, (a) aa stored in the capacitor is - 3 07 x9x 10 (41 uetey? lL eoA ye _ 885x107? x9x107( 00) eee 2d 2x2.5x10% (b) Volume of capacitor = A x d = 90 x 10 x 2.5 x 10-3 m3 = 2.25 x 10-5m? 2.55x 10% 25s 1 .25 x10" Energy/volume =u fA y2 _2d volume Ad Ad v2 Asus Vv But a7 E,electric field21. 22. A 4 uF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnect, from the supply and is connected to another uncharged 2 HF capacito, How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is dissipated in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation ? Solution: C, = 4 WF, V, = 200 volt . . Lay tb ~6 a Initial electrostatic energy stored in C, is U, Soci a5 X4xld x(200) = 8 x 107 joule. When 4 wp F capacitor is connected to uncharged capacitor of 2 pF, charge flows and both acquire a common potential total charge _ CV, _ 4x10 x200 _ 800 = —L= = volt totalcapacity C,+C, (442)10 6 . Final electrostatic energy of both capacitors 1 6, 800, 800 _ 2 « (C,+C,)V? = 5 x6x10 xp Xo = 53x10 joule «. Energy dissipated in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation =U, — Up= 8 x 107 — 5.33 x 107 = 2.67 x 10- joule A spherical capacitor has an inner sphere of radius 12 cm and an outer sphere of radius 13 cm. The outer sphere is earthed and the inner sphere is given a charge of 2.5 uC. The space hetween the concentric spheres is filled with a liquid of dielectric constant 32. (a) Determine the capacitance of the capacitor, (b) What is the potential of the inner sphere ? (c) Compare the capacitance of this capacitor with that of an isolated sphere of radius 12 cm. Explain why the latter is much smaller? Solution: Let r, and r, be the radii of the inner sphere and outer sphere respectively. r, = 0.12 m, r, = 0.13 m, q = 2.5 WC, K = 32 (a) Capacitance of spherical capacitor is Cotne, Kafe «1 __32x0:12x013 Tt, 9x10 (0.13-0.12)107 =5.5x10” farad (b) Potential of the inner sphere is V=4. c24. © Capacity of an isolated sp! 7 a here of radius R 12 x 10 m is Ci = ATE, R= oeia 0.12=1.33x10" farad The capacity of an iso! i lated sphere is much smaller because in S a capacitor, ter sphere is earthed, potential difference decr ance c , jal di : lecreases and capacita cylindrical ¢: i a ar ete two co-axial cylinders of length 15 cm and fiven a charge of 355 ac eee is earthed and inner cylinder is i eo e the capacitance: the potential of the inner cylinder. Neglect end Sn system a 0 ing ol field lines at the ends.) Solution: L = 15 x 10m, r, = 1.4 x 10°? m, rH=lsx 10-*m, q = 3.5 uC = 3.5 x 10-6 coulomb. Capacitance of the cylindrical capacitor is Qnegl _ 2negh ws.(* | 2.303 van(4 | Ty th nx 885x102 x15x10% __2nx8.85x15x107"4 2) 2.30. Ss 2.303 bso 303 [logig |-5—logio!-4] =1.2x107! farad 1.4x107 6 potential of the inner cylinder is Y= = 35x10 = 2.9x104 volt 12x10 A parallel plate capacitor is to be designed with 9 yollege rating 1 KV A paralinaterial of dielectric constant 3 and dielectric strensih about 107 Wing “Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field ¢ material can tolerate without break down, i.e., without starting to conduct electricity (hough partial ionisation. For safety, we should Tike “6 ficld never to ree ae ey 10% of the dielectric strength]. What minimum area of the Hates is required to have a capacitance of 50 PF? Solution: Given V = 1 kV = 1000 volt; Kee, Dielectric strength = 107 V/m As electric field at the most should be 10% of dielectric strength, «Be 10% of 107 Vim = 108 V/m, A= 2 C= 50 PF = 50 x 10°2Fio Vv As E=—, we have aa ¥ = 1000 _ 193m d E 10° Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric is cath ttA Cd _ 50x10 X10" 1.9107 m? dg Area A= 3 x8.85%10" In a Van de graaf type generator, a spherical metal shell is to be a 15 y 10° volt electrode. The dielectric strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is 5 x 107 Vm7!. What is the minimum radius of the sphericay shell required ? (CBSE 2008) [You will learn from this exercise why one cannot build an electrostatic generator using a very small shell, which requires a small charge to acquire a high potential.] Solution: V = 15 x 106 volt, Dielectric strength = 107 Vm", E=5 x 107 Vm"! =? 6 As Bo™, ro¥al5xl0 T E 5x10" 0.3m