Assessment of performance:

Pr Pr
Transmission efficiency  100%  100%
Ps Pr  Ploss

VrNL  VrFL VrNL  VrFL

Voltage regulation  100%  LL LL
100%
VrFL VrFL
LL

Complex power loss, Sloss  S s  Sr

Active power loss, Ploss  Ps  Pr

How to calculate voltage, current, power factor at S.E.?
It needs circuit representation of transmission line.

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 5
 Using ABCD parameters:

Vs  AVr  BI r , I s  CVr  DI r
Note the direction of current at R.E..

Vs
At no load, I r =0  VrNL  and VrFL  Vr
A

Vs
VrNL  VrFL  Vr
A
 Voltage regulation   100%  100%
VrFL Vr

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 6
Transmission line constants:

Transmission lines are categorized as per length, as follows;

1. Short line: line length < 80km
2. Medium line: 80km  line length < 240km
3. Long line: line length  240km

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 7
 Performance Calculation of Short Line
Features: 1. Line length < 80km.
2. Voltage and power level are comparatively low.
3. Line parameters are assumed to lumped. Only r and  are considered,
c and g are neglected.

Form the circuit of short line, Vs  Vr  ZI r …(1) and Is  Ir …(2),

Using ABCD parameter, Vs  AVr  BI r …(3) and I s  CVr  DI r …(4)

Comparing equations (1) and (3) as well as equations (2) and (4) we get,

A  D  1, B  Z and C  0 …(5)

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 8
Expression of voltage regulation of short transmission line:

For short line, VrNL  Vs

Vs
VrNL  VrFL  Vr
A V  Vr
Voltage regulation  100%  100%  s 100%
VrFL Vr Vr
The phasor diagram for lagging load is shown
in Fig.6. In AOB,
OA2  OB 2  AB 2
 is very small. Hence, AB  OB

 OA  OB
Or, Vs  Vr   I r R cos r  I r X sin r 

 Vs  Vr   I r R cos r  I r X sin r 

and Vr  Vr [ as Vr is the ref phasor]

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 9
 Vs  Vr
Approximate Voltage regulation  100%
Vr

I r R cos r  I r X sin r
 100%
Vr
(for lagging load at R.E.)

I r R cos r  I r X sin r
 100%
Vr
(for leading load at R.E.)

I r R cos r  I r X sin r R

For zero voltage regulation,
 0  r  tan 1  
Vr X
(i.e., for leading load at R.E.)

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 10
Example-1: A 25 km long three phase overhead transmission line delivers 4 MW at 11kV at a
power factor 0.8 lagging. Line loss is 10% of the power delivered. Line inductance is 1.2mH
per phase per km. Calculate (a) sending end voltage (b) regulation

Solution. Line length, L=25 km, Line loss= 0.4 MW

Line reactance = X  2 f L  2  50 1.2 103  25  9.4248 

4 106 1
Line current = I  Ir    cos 0.8  262.4319   36.87 0

3 11103  0.8

0.4 106
 3I r2 R  0.4  106  R   1.9360 
2
3  262.4319

The ABCD parameters are, A=D=1, B=Z= (1.9360 + j 9.4248)  , C = 0

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 11
 11
Vs  AVr  BI r   103  1.9360 + j 9.4248  * 262.4319  36.870
3
= (8241.3+ j1673.8) V

 VsLL  14.5658 kV Ans.

VsLL
 VrLL
A 14.5658  11
Regulation  100%  100% =32.4167% Ans.
VrLL 11

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 12
Example-2: A 30 km long three phase overhead transmission line delivers 2 MW at 11kV at a
power factor 0.95 lagging. Line loss is 5% of the power delivered. Line inductance is 1.5mH
per phase per km. Calculate (a) sending end voltage and voltage regulation (b) power factor of
the load to make the voltage regulation zero and (c) the value of capacitor to be connected at
the receiving end to reduce regulation to zero.

2 106
Solution. Line current = I  I r    cos 1 0.95
3 11103  0.95

 110.4977  18.19490 A  104.97  j34.503 A

65
Line loss  2  10   1 105 W
100
1105
 3I r2 R  1105  R   2.7301
2
3 110.4977

Line reactance = X  2 f L  2  50 1.5 103  30  14.1372 

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 13
 The ABCD parameters of the line are, A=D=1, B=Z= (2.7301+ j 14.1372)  , C =0

11103
Vs  AVr  BI r   (2.7301  j14.1372)  110.4977  18.19490
3

= (7125.2 + j1389.8) V  7.2595  10311.03740 V

 VsLL  12.5738 kV

VsLL
 VrLL
A 12.5738  11
Regulation   100%   100% = 14.3073%
VrLL 11

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 14
 Alternatively,
I r R cos r  I r X sin r
Voltage regulation 
Vr
110.4977  2.7301 0.95  110.4977 14.1372  sin18.19490

Vr
774.3613
  100%  12.1930%
3
1110
3

The power factor angle at load to make regulation zero,

R  1  2.7301 
  tan 1
  tan    10.930
 lead 
X   14.1372 

Therefore the power factor at R.E. = cos   cos10.930 = 0.9819  lead 

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 15
 /
Say, I r be the R.E. current with p.f. 0.9819 (lead).

 3Vr I r/ cos   2 106

2 106
 I r/   106.9122 A
3
3 1110  0.9819

 I r/  106.912210.930 A

Reactive part of new receiving end current with p.f. 0.9819 (lead),

I r/ sin   106.9122  sin10.930  20.2715 A  capacitive 

Reactive part of old receiving end current with p.f. 0.95(lag).,

I r sin r  110.4977 sin18.19490  34.5029 A (inductive)

Current through shunt capacitor per phase, I c = 20.2715+34.5029 = 54.7744 A

8/25/2021 3:48 PM 16
 11103
Capacitive reactance per phase = X c   115.9456 
3  54.7744

1 1
Value of capacitance per phase    2.7453  10-5 F
2 fX c 2  50 115.9456

= 27.453 F/phase  star connected 

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 17
 Performance Calculation of Medium Transmission Line

1. 80km  line length < 240km

2. Voltage and power level are comparatively higher.
3. Line parameters are assumed to lumped. All the parameters r , , c and g are considered
but in lumped form.

Two types of representation is possible: 1.Nominal pi model and 2. Nominal T model

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 18
8/27/2021 2:31 PM 19
 ABCD parameter of nominal- model

By KCL at node m,
Y
I  I r  I c1  I  I r  Vr
2

By KVL from R.E. to S.E., Vs  Vr  IZ

 Y   Y 
 Vr   I r  Vr  Z  I  I r  Vr 
 2   2 

 YZ 
Vs  1  Vr  ZI r …(6)
 2 
By KCL at node n,
Y Y Y Y  YZ  
I s  I  I c 2  I r  Vr  Vs  I r  Vr  1  Vr  ZI r 
2 2 2 2  2  
 Y Y Y 2Z   YZ 
    r 1 
V   Ir
2 2 4   2 

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 20
 Using ABCD parameter,
Vs  AVr  BI r …(3)

and I s  CVr  DI r …(4)

 YZ   YZ 
 I s  Y 1   r 1 
V   Ir …(7)
 4   2 

 YZ 
and Vs  1   Vr  ZI r …(6)
 2 
Comparing equations (6) and (3) as well as equations (7) and (4) we get,

 YZ   YZ 
A  D  1   , B  Z  and C  Y 1   …(8)
 2   4 
8/27/2021 2:31 PM 21
So S.E. voltage, current, power factor along with transmission line loss and transmission
efficiency can be calculated. Note that,

AD  BC  1  Reciprocal network and A  D  Symmetrical network

 YZ   YZ 
Similarly for nominal T model: A  D  1   , B  Z 1    and C  Y
 2   4 
Vs
VrNL  VrFL  Vr
A
Voltage regulation  100%  100%
VrFL Vr

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 22
 Example 3: A three phase 120 km long line has a resistance of 0.05 ohm/km/phase, a
reactance of 0.4 ohm/km/phase and a capacitive admittance of j1.5106 mho/km/phase.
Calculate ABCD parameters of the transmission line considering nominal pi model. Calculate
the sending end voltage, current and power factor if the transmission line delivers a load of
25 MW at 132 kV and at 0.9 lagging power factor at receiving end.

Solution. Given data: Line length, L=120 km,

Pr  25MW, VrLL  132 kV, cos r  0.9 (lag)

Z   0.15  j 0.4   120   6  j 48   48.37354682.8749840 

Y  j1.5 106 120  j1.8  104

 YZ 
A  D  1     0.9957  j 0.00054   0.9957 0. 03110

 2 
B  Z =(6  j 48)  48.373582.8750 
 YZ 
and C  Y 1     4.86 108  j 0.000179611  0.000180  90.01550
 4 
8/27/2021 2:31 PM 23
 132
Vr  kV = 76210.235533 V
3

25 106
Ir    cos 1 0.9  109.3  j 52.96 
3 132 103  0.9

 121.496269  25.8419330 A

Vs  AVr  BI r   7.9079 104  4.9720 103   79235.2713223.5976920 Volt

VsLL  3Vs  137.239516 kV

I s  CVr  DI r = 108.9  j38.98  115.666319  19.6959940 A

s  19.6959940  3.5976920  23.2936860

 p.f. at S.E. =  
cos s  cos 23.2936860  0.9185 (lag)

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 24
Ps  3Vs I s cos s  25.253 MW

S s  3Vs I s* and S r  3Vr I r*

Ploss(MW) =0.253474, Efficiency = 98.996280%,

Vs
 Vr
A
Voltage regln   100% =4.420411%,
Vr

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 25
 Direct solution from circuit model

H.W. 1. Try to solve the problem direct from circuit and draw phasor diagram.
2. Try to solve the problem using nominal T model.

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 26
 Example 3: A three phase 120 km long line has a resistance of 0.05 ohm/km/phase, a
reactance of 0.4 ohm/km/phase and a capacitive admittance of j1.5106 mho/km/phase.
Calculate ABCD parameters of the transmission line considering nominal pi model. Calculate
the sending end voltage, current and power factor if the transmission line delivers a load of
25 MW at 132 kV and at 0.9 lagging power factor at receiving end. Draw phasor diagram

Solution. The problem is already solved and we obtained,

132
Vr  kV = 76210.235533 V (Reference phasor)
3

I r  121.496269  25.8419330 A

Vs  AVr  BI r  79235.2713223.5976920 Volt

I s  CVr  DI r  115.666319  19.6959940 A and s  23.2936860

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 27
Drawing of phasor diagram using ABCD parameters:

Scale: For voltage: 1cm=10 kV, For current: 1cm=20 A

Voltage and current components in phasor diagram:

All the angles are w.r.t.Vr.

Voltage phasors (in cm) : Vr  7.600 , AVr  7.60.030 , BIr  0.657.030 , Vs  7.9<3.60

Current phasors (in cm) : Ir  6.125.80, CVr  0.7900, DIr  6.125.80, Is  5.819.70

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 28
Example 4: Solve Example 3 by solving the circuit. Draw phasor diagram.

Y
I c1  Vr  j 6.8589 A
2
By KCL at node m,

I  I r  I c1  109.35  j 52.96   j 6.8589

 109.35  j 46.11  118.6672  22.860 A

By KVL from R.E. to S.E.

Vs  Vr  IZ   79.079  j 4.9720  103  79235.27133.60 V

VsLL  3Vs  137.2395 kV

Y
Ic2  Vs   0.4475  j 7.1171  7.13117493.600 A
2
By KCL at node n, I s  I  I c 2  108.90  j38.983  121.4963  19.700 A

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 29
 s  19.700  3.60  23.30
 p.f. at S.E. =  
cos s  cos 23.30  0.9185 (lag)

Ps  3Vs I s cos s  25.25 MW

Again, S s  3Vs I s*  3  79235.27133.60 121.496319.700 VA

  25.253474  j10.872565 MVA  27.49455723.290 MVA

Pr 25
Efficiency= 100%   98.996280%
Ps 25.25

and Ploss=0.253474 MW

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 30
 At no load, by KVL from R.E. to S.E.,

Y
Vs  VrNL  I c1Z  VrNL  VrNL Z
2
 YZ 
 VrNL 1  
 2 

 YZ 
VrNL  Vs 1  
 2 
 79579.0413.57 0 V
VrNL  VrFL
Voltage regulation  100%
VrFL
79579.041  76210.236
 100%  4.420411%
76210.236

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 31
Phasor diagram from direct calculation:

All the angles are w.r.t.Vr.

Scale: For voltage: 1cm=10 kV, For current: 1cm=20 A

Voltage phasors (in cm) : Vr 7.600, IZ 0.6600,Vs 7.940

Current phasors (in cm) : Ir =6.1260, Ic1 =0.3900, I =5.9230, Ic2 =0.4940,

Is =5.8200,

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 32
Performance calculation for long transmission line:
1. Line length > 240km
2. Voltage and power level are very high.
3. All the line parameters are considered as distributed parameters.
4. Two types of representation is possible
1. Equivalent pi model 2. Equivalent T model

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 33
Consider an infinitesimal element of length dx at a distance x from receiving end.

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 34
 Assuming dI  0,
dV
dV  zdx  I   zI …(1)
dx

Assuming dV  0,
dI
dI  ydx  V   yV …(2)
dx

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 35
 dV dI
 zI …(1)  yV …(2)
dx dx

d 2V dI
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x, z
dx 2 dx

d 2V dI
  yzV …(3) [substituting from (2)]
2
dx dx

Solving equation (3), V  A1e yz x  A2e  yz x …(4)

1 dV 1 
From (1) I   yz A1e yzx  yz A2e yzx 
z dx z  

I 
y  A e yz x  A e  yz x  …(5)
z  1 2 

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 36
 z
Let us assume ,  yz and Z c 
y

Then equations (4) and (5) can be re written as

V  A1e x  A2e x …(6)

1  x
and I A1e  A2e x  …(7)
Zc  

At x  0, V  Vr and I  I r .

Then from equations (6) and (7), A1  A2  Vr and A1  A2  I r Zc

Solving for A1 and A2 , A1 

Vr  I r Z c 
and A2 
Vr  I r Z c 
2 2

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 37
 Putting A1 and A2 in equation (6) we get

V  A1e x  A2e x


Vr  I r Zc  e x  Vr  I r Zc  e x  V  e x  e x   I Z  e x  e x 
r r c
2 2 2 2
 V  Vr cosh  x  I r Zc sinh  x …(8)

V
Similarly from equation (7), I  r sinh  x  I r cosh  x …(9)
Zc

At x  L (length of the line), V  Vs . and I  I s Then from equations (8) and (9),

Vs  Vr cosh  L  I r Zc sinh  L …(10)

Vr
Is  sinh  L  I r cosh  L …(11)
Zc

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 38
Using ABCD parameter, Vs  AVr  BI r …(12) and I s  CVr  DI r …(13)

Comparing equations (10) and (12) as well as equations (11) and (13) we get,
1
A  D  cosh L, B  Z c sinh L  and C  sinh L
Zc
So S.E. voltage, current, power factor along with transmission line loss and transmission
efficiency can be calculated. Note that,

AD  BC  1  Reciprocal network and A  D  Symmetrical network

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 39
Important information:

Propagation constant,   yz   g  jc  r  j     j 

  attenuation constant (neeper) and   phase shift constant(rad/m)

Characteristics impedance, Zc 
z

 r  j  ohm
y  g  jc 
. For lossless transmission line , r  0 and g  0

  yz   jc  j   j c  j

   c
z
and Zc   ohm
y c

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 40
 Note that:
cosh  L  cosh   j   L  cosh  L cos  L  j sinh  L sin  L

sinh  L  sinh   j   L  sinh  L cos  L  j cosh  L sin  L

Characteristics impedance:

Characteristics impedance or surge impedance , Zc 

z

 r  j  
y  g  jc 

For lossless transmission line , r  0 and g  0 and Zc  

c
D 1
If,  0.2 ln
/
mH/phase/km and c   F/phase/km
r D
18ln
r

Then Zc   377ohm  400 ohm

c

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 41
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL):

Vr2
SIL  Pr with Zc  3
Zc
If Vr in kV and Zc in ohm then SIL will be in MW.

SIL is called natural power of transmission line.

At any point of transmission line, Qind  I 2 and Qcap  V 2c

V2  V
If Qind  Qcap  I  2
 V c 
2
    Zc
I2 c I c

So there will be no reactive power deficit or surplus in case of SIL.

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 42
 SIL  3
Vr2
, Zc 
z

 r  j 
Zc y  g  jc 
Improvement of SIL

1. Use of higher transmission voltage.

2. Reduction in effective Zc using compensation.

a) Reduction in effective using series capacitive compensation.

X Leffective  X Lline  kX cseries capacitor

b) Increase in effective c using shunt capacitive compensation.

Bceffective  Bcline  Bcshunt capacitor

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 43
Ferranti effect: The line current becomes capacitive at no load or low load condition for
long and medium transmission line. The receiving end voltage becomes more than sending
end voltage due to this reason. This phenomenon is called Ferranti effect.

Remedy: Shunt inductive compensation.

8/27/2021 2:31 PM 44
Measurement of Zc and ABCD parameters:

We know, Vs  AVr  BI r and I s  CVr  DI r

Voltmeter, ammeter and phase angle meter are connected at S.E. side.

A) If R.E. short circuited, Vr  0.

Then VsRS  BI rRS and I sRS  DI rRS
VsRS B
Then Z sRS   …(1)
I sRS D
B) If R.E. open circuited, I r  0.
VsRO A
Then VsRO  AVrRO and I sRO  CVrRO and Z sRO   …(2)
I sRO C

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 45
 Vs   A B  Vr 
In matrix form,      I 
 s 
I C D  r
1
Vr   A B  Vs  1 D  B  Vs   D  B  Vs 
         
 r 
I C D 
  s
I  AD  BC   C


A   I s   C A   I s 

R.E. voltage and current in terms of S.E. voltage and current are given by

Vr  DVs  BI s and I r  CVs  AI s

Voltmeter, ammeter and phase angle meter are connected at R.E. side.
C) If S.E. short circuited, Vs  0.

Then VrSS   BI sSS and I rSS  AI sSS

VrSS B
Then Z rSS   …(3)
I rSS A

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 46
D) If S.E. open circuited, I s  0.

Then VrSO  DVsSO , I rSO  CVsSO

VrRO D
Then Z rSO    …(4)
I rRO C
By solving equations 1,2,3 and 4 we can obtain the desired parameters.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 47
Equivalent circuit representation:
1. Equivalent pi model
For long line,

A  D  cosh L, B  Z c sinh L 

1
and C  sinh L
Zc
ABCD parameter of the equivalent- model:

 Y /Z / 
A  D  1   , B  Z /

 2 
 Y Z 
/ /
and C  Y 1 
/

 4 
z z sinh L z sinh L sinh L
 Z /  Z c sinh L  sinh L  L  yz L  zL
y y L y L L
sinh L
Z /  Z
L

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 48
 Y /Z /
Again equating A, 1  cosh L
2
Y /Z /
  cosh L  1
2
L 2 L L
2sinh 2
2sinh 2sinh 2
Y / cosh L  1 2  2  y 2 L
  
2 Z/ Z c sinh L z z  L L  L 2
sinh L  2sinh cosh 
y  2 2  2

L L L
tanh tanh tanh
y 2 L L 2 Y 2
 yz y
z L 2 2 L 2 L
2 2 2
L
/ tanh
Y Y 2
 
2 2 L
2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 49
For lossless transmission line,

 Z /  Z c sinh L  sinh  j  L
c

 j sin L  j L  j  cL  j L  jX L
c c c


 sinh j  L  
e j  L  e j  L  
 j sin  L 
 2 
 
Y/ jB
Similarly,  c
2 2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 50
2. Equivalent T model

L
tanh
sinh L /
Z Z 2
Y Y
/
and 
L 2 2 L
2

Calculation of permissible length or frequency:

VsNL
A  Vs  AVr  BI r 
VrNL

 1
YZ

VsNL
 1
 g  jc  r  j  L2

VsNL
2 VrNL 2 VrNL

Therefore frequency or line length can be calculated.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 51
 Travelling wave interpretation of long transmission line:

R.M.S. voltage at a distance x from R.E., V  A1e x  A2e x

where,
A1 
Vr  I r Z c 
=A  = A e j 1
1 1 1
2
V  I Z 
and A2  r r c = A2  2  A2 e j 2
2
  yz   g  jc  r  j     j 
Then the expression of instantaneous voltage at at a distance x from R.E.,

v  2V sin t  Im  
2Ve jt

 v  Im  2  A1e x  A2e  x  e jt 

 Im   2 A1 e j 1 e
  j  x
 A2 e j 2 e   
   j   x jt
e

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 52
  v  Im  2 A1 e x e 
j t   x  1 
 2 A2 e  x e 
j t   x  2 

 2 A1 e x sin t   x 1   2 A2 e x sin t   x  2  …(1)

Equation (1) can be written as, v  vi  vr

vi  incident wave and vr  reflected wave

  attenuation constant (neeper) and   phase shift constant(rad/m)

2
Note that,   2   


9/1/2021 2:31 PM 53
9/1/2021 2:31 PM 54
  2 A1 e x sin t   x 1   2 A2 e x sin t   x  2 
Similarly, i  ii  ir

Therefore instantaneous voltage and current at point of a long transmission line can
decomposed into two waves traveling in opposite direction.

Velocity of wave propagation:

d dx  
 t   x   2   0    velr 
dt dt  

Similarly, veli  

For lossless transmission line ,   c
  1
velr     velocity of light  3 108 m/s  f 
  c c

9/1/2021 3:07 PM 55
 Matching condition: If R.E. is loaded with Zc (i.e., SIL) then
Vr
 Z c  Vr  I r Z c
Ir

then A1 
Vr  I r Zc  =V Vr  I r Zc  =0
r and A2 
2 2
V  A1e x  A2e  x

x Vr  x
V
In that case, incident  Vr e and Vreflected  0 ; I incident  e and I reflected  0
Zc
x Vr  x
V  Vr e and I  e  V  Z  at any point of the line 
Zc c
I
Advantages SIL:
1. No reactive power issue.
2. No reflected wave at R.E. all the power will be consumed by the load.
3. Minimum voltage drop in the line.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 56
Tuned power line:

If A  1 then cosh L  1  sinh L  0

In that case, Vs  Vr and I s  I r .

The line is called tuned power line.

Let’s consider lossless transmission line. Then,

cosh L  cosh jL  cos L


 cosh j  L  
e j  L  e j  L


cos  L  j sin cos  L  cos  L  j sin cos  L

 cos  L 
 2 2 
 

 cos L  1  L   n  L  n

n 1 n n 
 cL  n  L   vr  fn
 c  2f 2

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 57
Electrical length of a line:
2
Electrical length,   L  L

Transmission lines:
1. Short line: line length < 80km,   5
0

2. Medium line: 80km  line length < 240km, 50    150

3. Long line: line length  240km,   150

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 58
Example 5: A 50Hz, 500 km long line has series impedance z = (0.02 + j 0.45)
ohm /km/phase and shunt admittance y = j 2.5  10-6 mho/km/phase. Calculate (i)
the characteristic impedance, (ii) the attenuation constant (iii) the phase constant
(iv) velocity and (v) wave length of traveling wave in the line.
Solution: z = (0.02 + j 0.45) ohm /km/phase and y = j 2.5  10-6 mho/km/phase

z  0.02  j 0.45 
Zc    424.37  j9.43  424.47  1.270 
y j 2.5 106
  yz   0.02  j 0.45  j 2.5 106

 1.061184 103 88.730  2.356441105  j1.060922 103 
  2.356441 105 neeper ,   1.060922 103 rad/km
 2  50
vel    296119.13 km/s
 1.060922 10 3

296119.13
50  296119.13     5.922383 km
50
9/1/2021 2:31 PM 59
Example 6: Solve problem 3 considering distributed line parameters. Do it yourself.

9/1/2021 2:31 PM 60