Classification of ResearchBy PURPOSE * Basic Research Develop and Refine Theory * Applied Research Problem Solution method * Action Research Practitioners attempt to study their problemsBasic Research (Fundamental / Pure Research) It builds up broad generalizations, principles and theories of education. Result: discovery of useful concepts such as those of motivation, reinforcement, concept formation. Example: “Constructivism approach in mathematics teaching and assessment of mathematical understanding” (Monoranjan Bhowmik, Vidyasagar Teachers’ Training College) Characteristic. Educational theories and principles Use wide range of methods Highly specific hypothesis are developed Careful attention + error is reduced Complex analysis of data Generalization remain confined to books and research reportApplied Research (Functional Research) * The Primary function of research in education is to improvements for education * Who used: Teachers, educational planners, administrators, curriculum specialists. * Example: “Educational innovations and pedagogical beliefs: The case of a professional development program for Indonesian teachers” (Cher Ping Lim, Jo Tondeur, Henny Nastiti and Jeremy Pagram, The Honk Kong Institute of Education)Action Research * The process by which practitioners attempt to study their problems scientifically in order to guide, correct and evaluate their decisions and action. * Who used? Primary Purpose of basic research is the extension of knowledge whereas the purpose of applied research is the solution of an immediate practical problem. * Example: “Teachers investigate their own work: An introduction to the methods of action research." (Altrichter, H., Posch, P., & Somekh).By STRATEGIES * Quantitative Method * Qualitative MethodQuantitative Method * Itis the systematic empirical investigation of observable Phenomena via, statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. * Objective of Quantitative Research: The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. * Example: Quantitative Method Can instruction & Emotional Support in the first Grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure? (Bridget K. Hamre & Robert C. Plante: University of Virginia)Qualitative Methods + Akind of research in which we do not use statistical procedures. * Objective of Qualitative methods: It focuses on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meaning he / she attributes to them. * Example: Qualitative Method Adequate schools and inadequate Education: the life history of a Sneaky Kids. (Harry F. Wolcott: University of Oregon )Difference between Quantitative Research & Qualitative Research Numerical data Hypothesis and research procedures started before beginning the study. Large Relies on statistical procedures Little interaction Control Statistical We live in a stable and predictable world that we can measure, understand, and generalized about. Survey Research Correlation Research ‘Causal Comparative Experimental Research Single Subject Experimentation Non-Numerical data + Visual data Research problems and methods evolve as understanding of topic deeper. ‘Small Relies on categorizing and organizing data into pattern. Extensive interaction Interest Narrative Meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context that is different for people and groups; therefore, the world has many mea Narrative Research Ethnographic Case study