BASIC

ELECTRONICS.CD
INFO

Best Viewed at
800X600
Last Updated:
January 10, 2003

Previously Internet
Guide to Electronics
Site. Welcome! This website allows you to
NEW & NEWS: browse the subject of ELECTRONICS. If you
are just starting the learning journey, I hope
Your Projects you'll make use of the simple nature and
graphical content of this site. Feel free to look
Basic Electronics around. Don't worry -- there are no tests at the
FAQ end of the day. If you would like to contact me
regarding this site, email me at
[email protected]
John Adams - Author

( Place mouse over symbol to see selection in

LCD screen then view explanation in the
Email Me browser's status window. Non-Javascript
browsers, scroll down for link explanations.)

THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE
BOARD|REF/DATA/TOOLS
BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC ELECTRONICS.CD INFO

ABOUT|EMAIL|WHATS NEW!

THEORY
Gain the basic understanding of electronic principles that you will be making
use of later. This includes Ohm's Law, Circuit Theory, etc.

APPLY IT!
Putting the theory to work. This includes sections on how to solder,
multimeters, and of course, PROJECTS!

COMPONENTS
Learn about various electronics components.

MESSAGE BOARD
Post your basic electronics related questions here for others to answer and read.
REFERENCE, DATA AND COOL TOOLS!
Resistor color code info, plenty of calculators, chart, electronics data and other
cool tools! VERY POPULAR PAGE

BOOKS/MAGs
A list of books and magazines relating to the subject of electronics. Includes
direct links to amazon.com for ordering online.

LECTRIC LINKS
A list of top-rated Electronics-related sites on the Web.

BASIC ELECTRONICS.CD INFO

This site will be extended onto a multimedia CD that will soon be available.
Find out more information here.

ABOUT
I have been an author in the electronics/computer industires for 5 years. This
section is about myself as well as my theories of the Internet and Electronics.

EMAIL
Your comments are always welcome. Due to recent time constrainsts, please
direct all questions regarding electronics to the Message Board and I will
answer the ones I am able to there.

Advertising on Basic Electronics.com

Click here to find out more about placing banner ads on this site or exchanging
links.

NOTES:
Beginners - I've visited nearly 2500 electronics related websites while
researching my book, Howard W. Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry. There was a mysterious lack of electronics sites with beginners
information. Most of them assumed you knew something about electronics
already. Not so with this site. I want to take you through the complete basics in
an attempt to give you a stronger base in electronics knowledge. Hopefully
these pages will help. Thanks.

Browse - It is my belief that the subject of electronics should be first browsed

and not taught. Most people get started into electronics (myself included) by
trying to accomplish one specific task. They don't want a degree in electrical
engineering but they do want a simple understanding to make their projects
work. This is how I have approached the subject in this web site and with the
Basicelectronics.CD.

Meter Notes: I am still working out the Javascript for this so forgive me if it is
not working with your browser yet. Netscape 3, 4 should work fine as well as
MSIE 4 and 5.

Legal: Copyright 1995 - 2003 * John Adams

All information, including text, pictures and graphics are Copyright 1998 - 2003 * John Adams. If you wish to
use any item from the site, please contact the author.
 THEORY | LAST SECTION | CIRCUITS EXPLAINED | MAIN

Theory of Electronics

The following sections cover the basic principles,

ideas, concepts, laws, and formulas behind
electronics. Don’t be tempted to construct an
electronics-based career or hobby on a weak
foundation. Fully understanding these basic
theories will allow you to build that skyscraper
upon a firm foundation of concrete knowledge.

More sections will be added when ready.

CIRCUITS EXPLAINED:
Find out what a circuit is composed of and the various types of circuits.

VOLTAGE, CURRENT & RESISTANCE EXPLAINED:

Learn the three basic measurements in electronics and what they really mean.

OHMS LAW EXPLAINED:

Please learn this one well. It is the basis of electronics. Your future learning depends
on you knowing this one inside and out.

OHM'S CALCULATOR:
Simple Javascript Ohm's Calculator to help you determine circuit values.
 RESISTOR COLOR CODES:
Simple primer to help answer your basic resistor questions.

RESISTOR COLOR CALCULATOR:

This is a COOL javascript resistor color codes calculator - even has a graphic of a
resistor with adjustable color bands. Thanks to Danny Goodman for this treat.
NOTE: You will need a Javascript enabled browser such as Netscape 3.0 or higher or
MSIE 4.0. I don't think older versions of MSIE will work.

UNDERSTANDING AND CALCULATING SERIES, PARALLEL & COMBINATION

CIRCUITS
These are the basic rules and calculations for series, parallel and combination circuits -
- Just as important to learn well as Ohm's Law.

SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS:
A list of common schematical symbols used in electronics.

THEORY | LAST SECTION | CIRCUITS EXPLAINED | MAIN

THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE BOARD|BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC

ELECTRONICS.CD INFO|ABOUT|EMAIL| NEW!

Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: April 1, 1999
BACK
Main Page

BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

FORWARD EXPLAINED
Voltage Current
and Resistance In this section we will discuss what a circuit is. I won't belabor the principles of the
atom -- let a physics text handle that (boring) task. Instead let's talk about the facts
you will need to know to get started in electronics.
EMAIL ME
Circuit
A circuit is a path for electrons to flow through. The path is from a power sources
negative terminal, through the various components and on to the positive terminal.

Think of it as a circle. The paths may split off here and there but they always form
a line from the negative to positive.

NOTE: Negatively charged electrons in a conductor are attracted to the positive

side of the power source.

Conductor
A conductor is a material (usually a metal such as copper) that allows electrical
current to pass easily through. The current is made up of electrons. This is opposed
to an insulator which prevents the flow of electricity through it.
Simple Circuit
If we break a circuit down to it's
elementary blocks we get:
1) A Power Source -- eg: battery
2) A Path -- eg: a wire
3) A Load -- eg: a lamp
4) A Control -- eg: switch
(Optional)
5) An indicator -- eg: Meter
(Optional)

Series Circuit
A series circuit is one with all the loads in a row.
Like links in a chain. There is only ONE path for
the electricity to flow. If this circuit was a string
of light bulbs, and one blew out, the remaining
bulbs would turn off. There are specific
properties to this circuit that will be described in
another section.

NOTE: The squiggly lines in the diagram are the

symbol for Resistors. The parallel lines are the
symbol for a battery.
Parallel Circuit
A parallel circuit is one that has two or more paths for the
electricity to flow. In other words, the loads are parallel
to each other. If the loads in this circuit were light bulbs
and one blew out there is still current flowing to the
others as they are still in a direct path from the negative
to positive terminals of the battery. There are specific
properties to a parallel circuit that will be described in
another section.

Combination Circuit
A combination circuit is one
that has a "combination" of
series and parallel paths for
the electricity to flow. Its
properties are a synthesis of
the two. In this example, the
parallel section of the circuit
is like a sub-circuit and
actually is part of an over-all
series circuit.

TOP
Next Section -- Voltage, Current & Resistance Explained
Main Page

Be sure to check out my book --

Howard W. Sams Internet Guide to
the Electronics Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS Comments
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Sept 15, 1997
BACK
Main Page

UNDERSTANDING & CALCULATING

SERIES & PARALLEL CIRCUITS
FORWARD
As you learned from the first section, Circuits Explained, there are three types of
Main Page circuits: Series, Parallel and Combination.

EMAIL ME Now let's look at the properties of each and how to calculate voltage, amperage and
resistance in each case. Make sure you thoroughly understand Ohm's Law before
proceeding.

SERIES
, PARALLEL- COMPLETE

& COMBINATION- Complete!

TOP
Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W.

Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Oct 8, 1997
BACK
Understanding
& Calculating
Circuits UNDERSTANDING & CALCULATING
SERIES CIRCUITS
BASIC RULES
FORWARD
Understanding A series circuit has certain characteristics and basic rules summized here:
& Calculating
Parallel Circuits 1. The same current flows through each part of a series circuit.
2. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of individual
resistances.
3. Voltage applied to a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
Main Page drops.
4. The voltage drop across a resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional to the
EMAIL ME size of the resistor.
5. If the circuit is broken at any point, no current will flow.

Let's look at each of these closer to gain an understanding of series circuits.

"1. The same current flows through each part of a series circuit."
In a series circuit, the amperage at any
point in the circuit is the same. This
will help in calculating circuit values
using Ohm's Law.

You will notice from the diagram that 1

amp continually flows through the
circuit. We will get to the calculations
in a moment.

"2. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of individual
resistances."
 In a series circuit you will need to
calculate the total resistance of the
circuit in order to figure out the
amperage. This is done by adding up
the individual values of each component
in series.

In this example we have three resistors.

To calculate the total resistance we use
the formula:

RT = R1 + R2 + R3

5 + 5 + 10 = 20 Ohms

R total is 20 Ohms

Now with these two rules we can learn

how to calculate the amperage of a
circuit.

Remember from Ohms Law that I = V /

R. Now we will modify this slightly and
say I = V / R total.
Lets follow our example figure:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = 20 Ohms

I = V / RT
I = 20V / 20 Ohms
I = 1 Amp

If we had the amperage already and

wanted to know the voltage, we can use
Ohm's Law as well.

V = I x R total
V = 1 A x 20 Ohms
V = 20 V

"Voltage Drops"
Before we go any further let's define what a
"voltage drop" is. A voltage drop is the amount
the voltage lowers when crossing a component
from the negative side to the positive side in a
series circuit. If you placed a multimeter across
a resistor, the voltage drop would be the amount
of voltage you are reading. This is pictured with
the red arrow in the diagram.

Say a battery is supplying 10 volts to a circuit

of two resistors; each having a value of 5 Ohms.
According to the previous rules we figure out
the total resistance.:

RT = R1 + R2 = 5 = 5 = 10 Ohms
Next we calculate the amperage in the circuit:

I = V / RT = 10V / 10 Ohms = 1 Amp

Now that we know the amperage for the circuit (remember the amperage does not
change in a series circuit) we can calculate what the voltage drops across each
resistor are using Ohm's Law (V = I x R).

V1 = 1A x 5 Ohms = 5 V
V2 = 1A x 5 Ohms = 5 V

Now we get to the next rule.

"3. Voltage applied to a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops."

This simply means that the voltage drops have to add up to the voltage coming from
the battey or batteries.

V total = V1 + V2 + V3 ...

In our example above, this means that 5V + 5V = 10V.

"4. The voltage drop across a resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional to
the size of the resistor."

This is what we described in the Voltage Drop section above.

Voltage drop = Current times Resistor size.

"5. If the circuit is broken at any point, no current will flow."

The best way to illustrate this is with a
string of light bulbs. If one is burnt out,
the whole thing stops working.

Now that you know these rules and calculations, try a few problems yourself using
Ohm's Law to guide you. Just draw up a series circuit and leave a value out here
and there. Once you understand this well go onto the next section about the
properties of

Parallel Circuits.

TOP Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W.

Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Nov 23, 1997
BACK
Understanding
& Calculating
Circuits UNDERSTANDING & CALCULATING
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
EXPLANATION
FORWARD
Understanding A Parallel circuit is one with
& Calculating several different paths for the
Combination electricity to travel. It's a river
Circuits that has been divided up into
smaller streams. However, all the
Main Page streams come back to the same
point to form the river once
again. See figure 1.
EMAIL ME
The parallel circuit has extremely
different characteristics than a
series circuit. For one, the total
resistance of a Parallel Circuit is
NOT equal to the sum of the
resistors (like in a series circuit). The total resistance in a parallel circuit is always
less than any of the branch resistances. Adding more parallel resistances to the
paths causes the total resistance in the circuit to decrease. As you add more and
more branches to the circuit the total current will increase. Why? Well remember
from Ohm's Law that the lower the resistance, the higher the current.

BASIC RULES

A Parallel circuit has certain characteristics and basic rules summized here:

1. A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through.
2. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit.
3. The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the total current that flows
from the source.
4. You can find total resistance in a Parallel circuit with the following formula:

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +...

Rt = R (t)otal
Note: The formula is not as difficult as it looks. Bear with me.
5. If one of the parallel paths is broken, current will continue to flow in all the other
paths.

Let's look at each of these closer to gain an understanding of Parallel circuits.

Keep in mind that the diagrams below represent resistors and a battery. But they
can just as easily be any resistance source such as a light bulb or power source such
as a wall adaptor.

"1. A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through."

This is self explanatory. Simply remember

that PARALLEL means two paths up to
thousands of paths. The flow of electricity is
divided between each according to the
resistance along each route.

"2. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit."

You may remember from the last section

that the voltage drops across a resistor in
series. Not so with a parallel circuit. The
voltage will be the same anywhere in the
circuit.
"3. The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the total current that
flows from the source."

If one path is drawing 1 amp and the other

is drawing 1 amp then the total is 2 amps
at the source. If there are 4 branches in
this same 2 amp circuit, then one path may
draw 1/4A (.25A), the next 1/4A (.25), the
next 1/2A (.5A) and the last 1A. Don't
worry, the next rule will show you how to
figure this out. Simply remember for now
that the branch currents must tally to equal
the source current.

"4. You can find TOTAL RESISTANCE in a Parallel circuit with the following
formula: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...

Before we get into the calculations, keep in mind what we said at the start of this
section: "The total resistance of a parallel circuit is NOT equal to the sum of the
resistors (like in a series circuit). That said, let's dig into the formula.

We will use a parallel circuit with 3 paths as an example (it can just as easily be 2,
4 or a 1000 resistors in parallel). The power source is providing 10 volts and the
value of the resistors are 4 Ohm, 4 Ohm and 2 Ohm.

Let's summize this EXAMPLE for clarity:

Voltage = 10V
R1 = 4 Ohm
R2 = 4 Ohm
R3 = 2 Ohm

Remember that "Rt" means Total resistance

of the circuit.
R1, R2, etc. are Resistor one, Resistor two, etc.
Now we will apply the formula above to this example:

1 1 1 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt R1 R2 R3

Therefore:
1 1 1 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt 4 4 2

It is easiest to change the fractions into decimal numbers (example 1 divide by 4

equals .25):
1/Rt = .25 + .25 + .5
1/Rt = 1

Now you have to get rid of the 1 on the left side so...
Rt = 1/1
Rt = 1 Ohm
NOW, Let's try a more complex one:

Voltage = 120 Volts

R1 = 100 Ohms
R2 = 200 Ohms
R3 = 1000 Ohms
R4 = 1 Ohms

1/Rt = 1/100 + 1/200 + 1/1000 + 1/1

1/Rt = .01 + .005 + .001 + 1
1/Rt = 1.016
Rt = 1/1.016 = .98 Ohms

(NOTE: There was a miscalculation in previous editions. Thanks to Ron for the
corrections)

This is quite a different result than if the circuit were if the resistors were in series
(1301 Ohms).
 Before we move on to the last rule I want to
show you how easy it is to calculate the
amperage through each path using OHM'S
LAW.

In the example we see a 10 and 20 ohm

resistor in parallel with a 10 Volt source.
First we figure out the total resistance of the
circuit:

1/Rt = 1/10 + 1/20

Rt = 6.67 Ohms

Now that you know this you can figure out

the total amperage (It) using Ohm's Law:

I total (It) = 10V / 6.67 Ohms = 1.5 Amps

Therefore the total amperage between the two resistive paths must equal 1.5 Amps
(Rule 3). Now we can figure out exactly what each path is pulling using Ohm's
Law once more. Remember that the voltage is the same everywhere in a parallel
circuit. So we know the voltage and the resistance:

I1 = 10V / 10 Ohm = 1 A
I2 = 10V / 20 Ohm = .5 A

We figured the total amperage (It) previously, so now we can double check if the
figures are correct:

I1 + I2 = It
1A + .5A = 1.5A - check

We will look at more calculations in future chapters.

"5. If one of the parallel paths is broken, current will continue to flow in all the
other paths."

The best way to illustrate this is also with

a string of light bulbs in paralallel. If one
is burnt out, the others stay lit.

Now that you know these rules and calculations, try a few problems yourself using
Ohm's Law to guide you. Just draw up a few parallel circuits and leave a value out
here and there. Once you understand this we'll go onto the next section about the
properties of
Combination Circuits.

TOP Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W.

Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: March 29, 1998
BACK
Understanding
& Calculating
Circuits UNDERSTANDING & CALCULATING
COMBINATION CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
FORWARD
Main Page A "COMBINATION
CIRCUIT" is (as you may
EMAIL ME have already guessed) a circuit
that is a blend of series paths
and parallel paths. See Figure
for a visual explanation. Most
circuits are of this variety.
Don't be afraid to tackle these
circuits as far as the math
goes. You merely have to
break each part of the circuit
down into either a series circuit or parallel circuit. Here's how this is done:

BASICS

You must first figure out the resistance of

each individual parallel path in the circuit.
Let's take the circuit to the right as an
example. There is an 8 Ohm resistor in
series (R1) and two 4 Ohm resistors in
parallel, R2||R3 (Note: The || means that the
two resistors are in parallel). To figure out
the total resistance of that section of the
circuit we use the following:

1. Find the resistance of the parallel circuit

using the parallel formula.
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/4 + 1/4
1/R = .25 + .25
1/R = .5
R2||R3 = 1/.5 = 2 Ohms
 Now that you know the resistance of the
parallel 'subcircuit', you add all the
series resistances. Remember the total
resistance of R2||R3 can now be plugged
into the series calculation to figure out
the remaining values using Ohm's Law.
See figure to the left.

2: Find the total resistance in the circuit

by adding R1 and R2||R3.
Rt = R1 + (R2||R3)
Rt = 8 Ohms + 2 Ohms
R total = 10 Ohms

Now that you know the total resistance of the circuit you can figure out the total
amperage using Ohm's Law.

I total = V divide by R total

It = 10V / 10 Ohms
I total = 1 Amp.

From here you can figure out each components voltage drop or current.

We will look at more calculations in future chapters.

The best advice in finding the values for a combination circuit is to first break each
part of the circuit down into series and parallel sections and follow those formulas.
Once that is complete, combine them for your master calculations.

Now that you know these rules and calculations, try a few problems yourself using
Ohm's Law to guide you. Just draw up a few combination circuits and leave a value
out here and there.
 TOP Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W.

Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: July 3, 1998
BACK
Circuits
Explained
VOLTAGE, CURRENT &
RESISTANCE EXPLAINED
FORWARD
Ohm's Law In electronics we are dealing with voltage, current and resistance in circuits. In the
next section we'll learn that by using Ohm's Law we can determine one value by
Main Page
knowing the other two (For example: Figure out Current by using Voltage and
Resistance values). So it is important to firmly grasp the basics of
EMAIL ME Voltage/Current/Resistance first.

We will describe these electrical terms using an analogy that closely resembles
electronics — HYDRAULICS.

Voltage
Voltage is the
electrical force, or
"pressure", that
causes current to
flow in a circuit. It
is measured in
VOLTS (V or E).
Take a look at the
diagram. Voltage
would be the force
that is pushing the
water (electrons)
forward.
 Current
Current is the movement of
electrical charge - the flow of
electrons through the electronic
circuit. Current is measured in
AMPERES (AMPS, A or I).
Current would be the flow of
water moving through the tube
(wire).

Resistance
Resistance is anything that causes an
opposition to the flow of electricity
in a circuit. It is used to control the
amount of voltage and/or amperage
in a circuit. Everything in the circuit
causes a resistance (even wire). It is
measured in OHMS (Ω). Resistance Diagram

A few people mentioned the diagram

for this section was misleading so I
am changing it. Be available soon.

TOP
Next Section -- Ohm's Law Explained
Main Page

Be sure to check out my book --

Howard W. Sams Internet Guide to
the Electronics Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Sept 19, 1997
BACK
Voltage, Current
& Resistance

OHM’S LAW
FORWARD EXPLAINED
Resistor Color
Codes “The amount of current flowing in a circuit made up of pure resistances is directly
Explained proportional to the electromotive forces impressed on the circuit and inversely
proportional to the total resistance of the circuit.”
Main Page
Don’t let that quote scare you. It is not as scholarly as it sounds.
EMAIL ME
Before going further make sure you understand:
Be sure to check • What composes a circuit.
out the Ohm's • What voltage, current and resistance are.
Calculator.

In simpler terms, Ohm’s Law means:

1) A steady increase in voltage, in a circuit
with constant resistance, produces a
constant linear rise in current.
2) A steady increase in resistance, in a
circuit with constant voltage, produces a
progressively (not a straight-line if graphed)
weaker current.

Ohm’s Law is a set of formulas used in electronics to

calculate an unknown amount of current, voltage or
reistance. It was named after the German physicist Georg
Simon Ohm. Born 1787. Died 1854.

Knowledge of this Law is often under-estimated by beginners. I have talked

to people that can design complex circuitry and microprocessor systems
that have said, “Ohm’s Law? What’s that?”.

Unless you know this basic fundemental building block of electronics, you
will never have a strong foundation to hold up the electronics towers you will
be constructing in the future. Learn Ohm’s Law. Learn it inside and out!

TECHNICAL DEFINITION ALERT!

Ohm's Law is a formulation of the relationship of voltage, current, and

resistance, expressed as:

Where:

V is the Voltage measured in volts

I is the Current measured in amperes
R is the resistance measured in Ohms
Therefore:
Volts = Amps times Resistance
Ohms Law is used to calculate a missing value in a circuit.

In this simple circuit there is a current of 12 amps (12A) and a resistive load
of 1 Ohm (1Ω). Using the first formula from above we determine the
Voltage:
V = 12 x 1 : V = 12 Volts (12V)

If we knew the battery was suppling 12 volt of pressure (voltage), and there
was a resistive load of 1 Ohm placed in series, the current would be:

I = 12 / 1 : I = 12 Amps (12A)

If we knew the battery was suppling 12V and the current being generated
was 12A, then the Resistance would be:

R = 12/12 : R = 1Ω

Be sure to check out the Ohm's Calculator to help you determine circuit
values.
 Note: Remember a battery is not measured in amperage as is
commonly believed with beginners to electronics. The battery supplies
the pressure that creates the flow (current) in a given circuit. The
amperage rating on a battery is "How long the battery will last for one hour
while driving a circuit of that amperage". It is measured in Amperage-
Hours. So a 1000mAh would last for 1 hour in a one amp circuit.
(1000mAh is 1A for one hour)
An easy way to remember the formulas is by using this diagram.

To determine a missing value, cover it with your finger. The horizontal line
in the middle means to divide the two remaining values. The "X" in the
bottom section of the circle means to multiply the remaining values.

• If you are calculating voltage, cover it and you have I X R left (V= I times
R).

• If you are calculating amperage, cover it, and you have V divided by R left
(I=V/R).

• If you are calculating resistance, cover it, and you have V divide by I left
(R=V/I).

Note: The letter E is sometimes used instead of V for voltage.

TOP
Next Section -- Voltage, Current & Resistance Explained
Main Page

Be sure to check out my book --

Howard W. Sams Internet Guide to
the Electronics Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS Comments
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Sept 15, 1997
 MAIN

OHM'S CALCULATOR
You will need a Javascript browser, such as Netscape 3,4+ or MSIE 4,5+.
Check Out OHM’S LAW EXPLAINED

Type in the Type in the This is the

Current Resistance Voltage
Calculate

Amps Ohms Volts

Type in the Type in the This is the

Voltage Resistance Current
Calculate

Volts Ohms Amps

Type in the Type in the This is the

Voltage Current Resistance
Calculate

Volts Amps Ohms

 Check Out OHM’S LAW EXPLAINED for explanation of this
diagram

Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: April 10, 1999
Resistor Color Codes & Primer
NEW!!! Resistor Color Code Calculator

Common Resistor Resistor Color Code

Chart
1st. & 2nd Color Digit it
-----Multiplier-----
Band Represents
0 X1
BLACK
1 X10
BROWN
2 X100
Resistors are color coded for easy RED
reading. Imagine how many blind 3 X1,000 or 1K
technicians there would be otherwise. ORANGE
4 X10,000 or 10K
To determine the value of a given
YELLOW
resistor look for the gold or silver
tolorance band and rotate the resistor 5 X100,000 or
as in the photo above.(Tolerance band GREEN 100K
to the right). Look at the 1st color band X1,000,000 or
6
and determine its color. This maybe 1M
BLUE
difficult on small or oddly colored
resistors. Now look at the chart and 7 Silver is divide
match the "1st & 2nd color band" color VIOLET by 100
to the "Digit it represents". Write this
8 Gold is divide by
number down.
GRAY 10
● Tolerances
Now look at the 2nd color band and
● Gold= 5%
match that color to the same chart. ● 9
WHITE ● Silver=10%
Write this number next to the 1st Digit.
● None=20%
The Last color band is the number you
will multiply the result by. Match the
3rd color band with the chart under Tolerance Explanation
multiplier. This is the number you will
mulitple the other 2 numbers by. Write
Resistors are never the exact value that the color codes
it next to the other 2 numbers with a
indicate.Therefore manufacturers place a tolerance
multiplication sign before it. Example :
color band on the resistor to tell you just how accurate
2 2 x 1,000.
this resistor is made. It is simply a measurment of the
imperfections. Gold means the resistor is within 5% of
To pull it all together now, simply being dead-on accurate. Silver being within 10% and
multiply the first 2 numbers (1st no color band being within 20%. To determine the
number in the tens column and 2nd in exact range that the resistor may be, take the value of
the ones column) by the Multiplier. the resistor and mutiply it by 5,10, 0r 20%. That is the
number that the resistor may go either way.

Example:
Example: A 1,000 Ohm resistor with a gold band
maybe any value between 950 to 1050 Ohms.

Example: A 22,000 Ohm resistor with a silver band

maybe any value between 19,800 and 24,200 Ohms.

● First color is red which is 2

● Second color is black which is 0
●

●
third color is yellow which is 10,000
Torerance is silver which is 10%
FAQ
Therefore the equation is: Just a few common questions to help you out.

1) Which side of the resistor do I read from?

2 0 x 10,000 = 200,000 Ohms
The Gold or Silver band is always set to the
right, then you read from left to right.
Direct questions to: Sometimes there will be no tolerance band --
[email protected] Simply find the side that has a band closest to a
lead and make that the first band.
BACK
2) Sometimes the colors are hard to make out.
Copyright 1997 -- Infinet-FX How do I make certain what the value of the
resistor really is?

Occasionally the colors are jumbled or burnt

off. The only way to read it then is with a
multimeter across the leads

3) How do I remember this sequence of colors?

Remember the color codes with this sentence:

Big Brown Rabbits Often Yield Great Big
Vocal Groans When Gingerly Slapped.
 Main | Resistor Color Codes FAQ

RESISTOR COLOR
CODE CALCULATOR
Black Black Black Gold

GRAPHICAL RESISTANCE CALCULATOR in JAVASCRIPT

Version 2.0
by Danny Goodman ([email protected])
Analyzed and described at length in
"JavaScript Bible"
(IDG Books ISBN 0-7645-3022-4)
This program is Copyright 1996 by Danny Goodman.

Resistor Color Codes - FAQ and Primer

Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W. Sams

Internet Guide to the Electronics Industry*
Information - Submit new URLS - Comments

Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.

* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: October 10, 1997
BACK
Main Page

SCHEMATIC
FORWARD SYMBOLS
Main Page These are common schematic symbols used in electronics.

EMAIL ME
 SEMICONDUCTOR SYMBOLS

MORE TO FOLLOW IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS

TOP Main Page

Be sure to check out my book -- Howard W.

Sams Internet Guide to the Electronics
Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Oct 8, 1997
 Main > Apply IT!

Apply IT!

Most people began electronics with a

hands-on approach. Maybe you built a
small project and/or kit and were
hooked from then on. The whole point
of learning electronics is to be able to
apply it. That's where these sections
come in. Time to get those finger tips
burnt and those eyes strained creating
electronic masterpieces.

NEW!!! YOUR PROJECTS SECTION:

I'm building this section to be an area where we can share our projects, get comments
and of course a bit of advise. My own current project, a Bike Light for my mountain
bike, will start it off. Please send in your links and a brief description and I will post
them. If you cannot find any space check out http://geocities.yahoo.com/ or if you
know of any other free web space sites, let me know at
[email protected].

ELECTRONICS ON A BUDGET:
This is a reprint of my first article published in Popular Electronics - A little work and
ingenuity can let a hobbyist have fun on even the most meager of bankrolls

MULTIMETER ULTRA-BASICS:
What a multimeter is used for and what to look for when purchasing one.

BASIC TOOLS AND SUPPLIES NEEDED:

Check out this simple list of items you will need to get going n electronics. Its not as
long as you may think.
 MORE TO COME

THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE BOARD|BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC

ELECTRONICS.CD INFO|ABOUT|EMAIL| NEW!
MAIN

Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: Jan 10, 2003
 Components | < LAST | IDENT. PASSIVE > | MAIN

Electronics Components

Identifying and understanding electronic

components is essential to learning this
subject. These sections will show you what
common components look like and expound
upon their uses in circuits.

IDENTIFYING ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS - PASSIVE DEVICES:

How to identify simple electronics components used on circuit boards.

IDENTIFYING ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS - ACTIVE DEVICES:

How to identify semiconductor electronics components used on circuit boards.

HOW A TRANSISTOR WORKS:

Check out this page on the history and workings of the transistor by Lucent
technology. I will be adding a page of my own later.

555 TIMERS:
Learn about the most common IC used in electronics.
 MORE TO COME

Components | < LAST | IDENT. PASSIVE > | MAIN

THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE BOARD|BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC

ELECTRONICS.CD INFO|ABOUT|EMAIL| NEW!
MAIN

Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: April 10, 1999
Ref/Data/Tools | < LAST | RESISTOR CALC > | MAIN

Electronics Reference, Data and Tools

Popular electronics reference items, basic

electronics datasheets and some cool tools to
speed your projects and learning. You may
want to bookmark this page to refer to this
data whenever possible. I will be adding
new tools and info as fast as I can.

If you have any tools besides the types that are here, please let me
know and I will post them. It must be in either Java/Script or a 'one
file, free standing program'.
RESISTOR COLOR CALCULATOR:
This is a HANDY javascript resistor color codes calculator - even has a graphic of a
resistor with adjustable color bands. Thanks to Danny Goodman for this treat.

NOTE: You will need a Javascript enabled browser such as Netscape 3.0 or higher or
MSIE 4.0. I don't think older versions of MSIE will work.

Alot of people have asked me about 5 band resistors. I will try to modify the resistor
calc later to handle these but for now check out Bob White's great little VB program at
http://www.rjpw.freeserve.co.uk/

DOWNLOAD The Javascript Resistor Color Calc and Ohms Calc to run off-line.
Download the zip file and unzip into a directory of your choice. Run your
browser and open either the resist_calc.htm or ohms_calc.htm files.

RESISTOR COLOR CODES:

Simple primer to help answer your basic resistor questions.

OHM'S CALCULATOR:
Javascript Ohm's Calculator to help you determine circuit values.

SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS:
A list of common schematical symbols used in electronics.

VIRP CHART:
Voltage, Amperage, Resistance, Power Equation Chart. This is a colorful chart with all
the various calculations posted on it. If you have a color printer you may want to make
a copy to hang up in your shop.

If someone has a Javascript that will do each of these, I would be grateful if they sent
it my way.
ECG CROSS REFERENCE SITE:
Note: NTE has purchased ECG's assets, meaning you will have to go to the address
above and either download their Reference software after filling out their forms or
simply choose the Cross reference site from the pull down menu.
Check out exactly what that part is. I have the actual book that this is based off of and
it is totally dogeared from over use. You may want to pick up this book in an
electronics store just to have the pinouts and data for each ECG replacement part..

555 ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE CALCULATORS:

Figure out those Resistor and capacitor values fast with this Javascript calc.

NEW!!! I've been using this technology encyclopedia as a quick-n-dirty way to find
basic electronics definitions. Check it out.

Define this term:

define

FCC ID SEARCH:
Have you ever wondered who actually makes your motherboard, video card or any
other circuit? Find the FCC ID# on the printed circuit board (printed either as a copper
trace or labelled), type it into this search engine and the manufacturer will be revealed.
Want more info, visit that companies website.

Ref/Data/Tools | < LAST | RESISTOR CALC > | MAIN

 THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE BOARD|BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC
ELECTRONICS.CD INFO|ABOUT|EMAIL| NEW!
MAIN

Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: April 10, 1999
 HOME
Basic Electronics.COM
GREAT BOOKS, MAGAZINES &
MOVIES
I RECOMMEND

Electronics Related
Computer Related
Science Fiction
Non-fiction
DVD/VIDEO - NEW! MATRIX DVD for only $14.99

Note to Visitors: Help make BasicElectronics.com possible by ordering your

books via this website. If you don't see the exact title you want on this page,
click the Amazon logo above to take you to amazon instead of just typing in
the amazon URL. Thanks for the orders so far. Each bit helps.
These are books/mags/videos that I have personal experience with and know to be
useful, helpful or just plain cool!

Most of these books are available through Amazon.com for a discounted price - just
click the link on the titles below (if you are purchasing this specific book, please use
the link for that book provided on this page and not the main Amazon logo above).
You can also order directly from most publishers. If an author offers a book
themselves, do them a favor and order direct from them. We, authors need to make a
living :-) If you want to order my Internet Guide to the Electronics Industry book
please order directly from Howard W. Sams Site.

I wrote two other books and have a 4th and 5th in the works. I'll be adding these links
soon.

I'll be adding more books later but this will keep you going for now.

ELECTRONICS RELATED BOOKS

THE ELECTRONIC FUNDEMENTALS: Circuits, Devices,
and Applications (10+)
By: Thomas L. Floyd
Publisher: Prentice Hall
ISBN: 013835216X
This is THE BOOK TO OWN if you want to continue studying
electronics! The cost is high ($83.00 US from Amazon) but well
worth it. It has over a thousand pages loaded with simple to
intermediate electronics information. It takes you from the
basics to more advanced theories on a mild gradient. The layout, drawings and
pictures are very useful.

People ask me which book I should get to further learn electronics -- this is it! I can't
say enough about it.

UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONICS
R. H. Warring, G. Randy Slone.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
ISBN: 0071573763
As far as a basic, cheap electronics book goes, you can't go wrong with this one. It is
a little quick on explanations but most theories are explained well. I am not sure if
Amazon can order this for you just yet but give them a shot...it is only $10.46 for the
paperback right now.

THE ART OF ELECTRONICS

By: Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill (Contributor)
Publisher: Cambridge Univ Press
ISBN: 0521370957
This book was mentioned to me by a few site visitors. It is more
of an advanced book but definately a classic. I would put it on
your "NEED TO GET AT SOME POINT" list. Also a 1000+ page
book.

DON LANCASTER'S BOOK SERIES

By; Don Lancaster
Published by Synergetics
Check out Don's site for some really great books such as the CMOS and TTL
Cookbooks. Awesome resource for begineers to digital electronics.

THE FORREST MIMS ENIGINEER'S NOTEBOOK (10)

By: Forrest Mims
Publisher: HighText Publications
ISBN: 1-878707-03-5
Possibly the best book I own to learn basic Integrated Circuits.

101 SOLDERLESS BREADBOARDING PROJECTS

By: Delton T. Horn
Publisher: TAB
ISBN: 0830603859 - Note: Hard to find item. Allow some order time if you use
Amazon.com or try to find it in a used book store.
Possibly my all-time favorite. Once you have your basic electronics down pat (Ohm's
Law, etc.) you will want to get this book first. It contains simple projects to help you
learn the basic Integrated Circuits and their uses. Ten plus rating!

HOW TO TUNE & MODIFY FORD FUEL INJECTION

By: Ben Watson
Publisher: Motorbooks International
ISBN: 0-87938-621-5
This is such a cool book I had to put it here. If you deal with automotive electronics,
or want to learn the basics of your car's computer, this book series is simple to
understand and very informative. I used the book to modify my own Ford
Thunderbird with great success.

DICTIONARY OF AUDIO & HI-FI (7)

By: Howard W. Sams Editorial Staff
Publisher: Howard W. Sams
ISBN: 0-672-21084-3
Dictionaries of Electronics Lexicon are hard to find. This is a great one for audio
terms.

THE BEST OF CIARCIA'S CIRCUIT CELLAR

By: Steve Ciarcia
Hardcover
Publisher: McGraw Hill Text
ISBN: 0070110190
This is a heavy tech book with projects for microcontrollers. Definately for
advanced electronics students but worth a peek.

ELECTRONIC DATABOOK
By: Rudolf F. Graf
Publisher: Tab
ISBN: 0442227965
Hard to get but if you are seriously into electronics it is worth the time to find it. It is
packed with electronics formulas, definitions, etc.

ELECTRONICS: A SELF TEACHING GUIDE

By: Harry Kybett
Publisher: Wiley Press
ISBN: 0471009164
A great beginners guide to diodes, transistors. etc. Not a raw basic
book but a good second book for beginners.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 1

ISBN: 0830619380
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 2
ISBN: 0830631380
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 3
ISBN: 0830633480
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 4
ISBN: 0830638954
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 5
ISBN: 0070110778
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS VOLUME 6
ISBN: 0070112762
By:Rudolf F. Graf, William Sheets
Publisher: Tab Books
Each volume is like 800 pages and packed with just about every circuit known to
man ( and maybe even aliens). You may be able to save a few bucks buying a bunch
at a time. Amazon has a 20% discount on them already though. Great deal!
COMPUTER RELATED BOOKS
FUTURE

SCIENCE FICTION BOOKS

I read quite a bit of sci-fi but here are some favorites for now.

ENDER'S GAME - PAPERBACK

by Orson Scott Card
The best Sci-Fi book ever written. I'll leave it at that.

MARS - Paperback - Hardcover

by Ben Bova
Ever wonder what it will be like when we begin to send humans to the Red Planet?
Mr. Bova gives a detailed look into what the first mission to mars may be like.

RETURN TO MARS - Paperback - Hardcover

by Ben Bova
Sequel to MARS. Back to Mars to discover its secrets. Now Mars becomes a profit
venture.

NON-FICTION BOOKS
SHOW STOPPER: The Breakneck Race to Create Windows Nt and the Next
Generation at Microsoft
Ever wonder how they created the largest piece of software in the history of earth?
All about the race to complete NT. It's a good look into the minds of programmers
and their bosses. I enjoyed the look into Micro$oft.

CAR: A Drama of the American Workplace(Hard Cover) - Paperback

by Mary Walton
One of the best non-fiction books I have read in quite awhile. It is about how
FORDs team off engineers created the 1996 Taurus. It takes it from the point where
the first engineer sketched out the stylish front end of the Taurus on a napkin, to the
first sale of a 1996 Taurus.

DVD & VIDEO

MATRIX ON DVD!!!
Mind blowing special effects. I watched this thing like 3 times in a row.

MATRIX ON VHS
Not quite the quality of the DVD, but then not everyone has a DVD player.

TOP

Main Page

Be sure to check out my book --

Howard W. SamsInternet Guide to
the Electronics Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Book can be ordered from Howard W. Sams or bought in most bookstores.
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Email me at [email protected]
©Copyright 1999 * John Adams
Last updated: Nov 2, 1999
BACK
Main Page

'LECTRIC LINKS'
FORWARD These are a few links I have found helpful in electronics studies and projects. I
Recommended have visited close to 2500 electronics related sites and can tell you these are some
Electronics of the Top electronics related sites. My book contains about 1300 other links with
Books various ratings*. You can pick it up from the Howard W.Sams site for only $16.95.

EMAIL ME I will classify and add more as time allows. Send me your favorties as well.
Thanks. John Adams

Oh yes. They are not in alphabetic order yet, or any order for that matter, so browse
Last Updated:
Feb 1, 1999
through and see which interests you.

*WARNING: This may contain lightly seasoned spam but I have to make a living
just like anyone else :-) Hopefully the information is worth your time.

'WEB LINKS'
THE AMAZING LIFE OF NIKOLA TELSA! - Telsa was the
most advanced person of his time and even this time. This page goes deep into his
inventions and life. If you don't know who Telsa is, I suggest you have a peek at
the site.

ELECTRONIX EXPRESS - If you are looking for discount parts,

equipment, kits, surplus and closeouts, etc. or are an educator in need of project
ideas, give this one a shot. They offer a free catalog as well as Web Specials. Be
sure to look through all the content on the site, especially the 'Tips From Our Tech
Department' section.

CIRCUIT CENTRAL - This is a major cool site with tons of electronics

information and an eye-popping interface. Good work Feliks P.

Sci.Electronics FAQ - Answer all your questions about the sci.electronics

newsgroups.

Filip Gieszczykiewicz's Sites - Contains just about anything to do with

electronics and electronics repair including the sci.electronics.repair FAQ
Note: New location of the repair faq will be http://www.repairfaq.org/
Jaap van Ganswijk's Chip
Directory - Numerically and functionally
ordered chip lists, chip pinouts and lists of chip manufacturers, controller
embedding tools manufacturers, electronics books, CDROM's, magazines, WWW
sites etc.

Marshall Industries - An electronics distributor with a CONTENT filled

site. Impressive!

Arrick Robotics - Ton of PIC and robotic resources with forum for your
projects. Well worth an hour of your warped web time.

Howard W. Sams - Electronics book publisher

Beginners' PIC Page - Tons of helpful info for PIC projects. Also check out
Matt's homepage for additional links

DonTronics Home Page - Maker of the SimmStick(tm), A PIC proto PCB

the size of a 30 pin Simm Memory Module. You can also order the EASY PIC'n
Beginners Guide to using PIC 16/17 MicroChip products from him

Don Lancaster's GURU's Lair Don is an author of a zillion electronics

articles and books. Great site with reprints in PDF format.

Myke Predko's PIC and Microcontroller Reference Page

Myke has this new PIC microcontroller book out called "Programming and
Customizing the PIC Microcontroller". It is a tutorial in using the PIC and comes
complete with a disc. Great book!

Square 1 Electronics -- Home of the famous Easy PIC'n books. They just
sent me a card telling me a new PIC book is out called "PIC'n Techniques". I
would imagine it is of the same high-quality as the other two PIC'n series of books.
These are highly recommended for beginners to Microchip's PICs which will be
explained on this site in the future.

ECSC Electronics - EIO If you are looking at cheap surplus (used but not
abused) electronics parts check this site out. It has forums, specials and just about
everything else.
Alex's Electronic Resource Library - ....An Online Guide to Useful
Electrical and Electronic Information. Great Links site for those hard to find URLs!

BASIC STAMP FAQ - Brought to you by AWC Electronics. Has all the
information you need to know about the PIC-based, Basic language type
programable module thingy. Its great for small projects that require fast
programming.

DIBs Electronic Design - I found this site recently. If has a great link to
"DIBs CIRCATS Circuit Catalog". This is a bunch of circuit diagrams in GIF or
PDF format. Check out their other links as well.

I will be adding more over the next few weeks. Thanks for the patients.

Electronics Newsgroups
See sci.electronics FAQ for more information on each group.

sci.electronics.basics - Elementary questions about electronics.

sci.electronics.cad - Schematic drafting, printed circuit layout, simulation.
sci.electronics.components - Integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors.
sci.electronics.design - Electronic circuit design.
sci.electronics.equipment - Test, lab, & industrial electronic products.
sci.electronics.misc - General discussions of the field of electronics.
sci.electronics.repair - Fixing electronic equipment.
misc.industry.electronics.marketplace - Electronics products & services.(Ads)
alt.binaries.schematics.electronic
alt.engineering.electrical
sci.engr.electrical.compliance
sci.engr.electrical.sys-protection

TOP
Main Page

Be sure to check out my book --

Howard W. Sams Internet Guide to
the Electronics Industry*
Information
Submit new URLS
Comments
Howard W. Sams Site
* Spam or not, I have to make a living :-)
Entire contents of this site are copyrighted -- Copyright 1997 * InfiNet-FX and John Adams
Contact the Webmaster Last Updated: Sept 25, 1997