TOTAL

REPORT:
____
9 College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering ___________________

IN LAB: ____ 10
1

ELEC371 – < Section >

Sensors and Instrumentation Lab.

Lab Number 2
Active Filters
Group Number in Blackboard: _______

Lab instructor: ____________________

Student Name 1 :___________________________

ID Number :___________________________

Student Name 2 :___________________________

ID Number :___________________________

Student Name 3 :___________________________

ID Number :___________________________
:

Date Performed: ___________________

Date Submitted: __________________

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 Lab 2. Active Filters

1. Objectives.
1.1. To design, simulate, implement and test low pass and high pass active filter circuit.
1.2. Recognize salient parameters in a filter design.
1.3. Validate and identify various filter response and its applications.

2. Equipment and Materials

 NI ELVIS workbench
 Digital multi-meter
 Few resistors and capacitors
 Op – amps.

3. Theory and Design. (1 mark)

3.1. Design a 2nd order active low pass filter using the LF412 op – amp with the following constraints.
 Cut – off frequency, fC = 10 kHz.
 Pass band gain, APB = 1.586.
RF
Note: A PB=1+
RS
 Assume C = C1 = C2 and R = R1 = R2.
 Use the following component values in reference with Fig. 1 in your design.
C = 10 nF, RF = 30 k.
 Use standard values of components in your design and simulations.
 Find the quality factor (Q), and the damping factor () in your design.

Fig.1. Second order Sallen - Key active low pass filter circuit.

1
A PB ×
V 0(s ) R 1 R2 C 1 C 2
= Eq. (1).
V i (s ) 2
C 2+¿ R C (1− A ) 1
s + R1 C 2 + R2 1 1 PB
s+ ¿
R 1 R2 C 1 C 2 R1 R 2 C 1 C 2

2
V 0 (s) A PB ×ω 0
H ( s )= = 2 Eq. (2)
V i ( s) s +2 ξ ω0 s +ω 02

1 2 1 ω0
Q= ω0 = f c=
2 R 1 R2 C 1 C 2 2π

where: Q = quality factor

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  = damping factor
0 = cut-off freq.(rad/s)
f0 = cut-off freq.(Hz)
3.2. Design a 2nd order active high pass filter using LF- 412 op-amp with the following constraints.
 Cut – off frequency, fC =15 kHz.
 Pass band gain, APB = 1.586.
RF
Note: A PB=1+
RS
 Assume C = C1 = C2 and R = R1 = R2.
 Use the following component values in reference with Fig. 2 in your design.
C = 10 nF, RF = 30 k.
 Use standard values of components in your design and simulations.
 Find the quality factor (Q) and the damping factor () in your design.

Fig. 2. Second order Sallen-Key active high pass filter circuit.

2
V 0(s ) A PB × s
=
V i (s ) R C + R C + R C (1− A PB ) 1 Eq. (3)
s2 + 1 1 1 2 2 2 s+
R1 R2 C 1 C 2 R 1 R2 C 1 C 2

2
V 0 (s) A PB ×s
H ( s )= = Eq. (4)
V i ( s) s2 +2 ω 0 s+ ω02

1 2 1 ω0
Q= ω0 = f c=
2 R 1 R2 C 1 C 2 2π

where: Q = quality factor

 = damping factor
0 = cut-off freq.(rad/s)
f0 = cut-off freq.(Hz)

IMPORTANT:
The tables shown are templates only and you may follow it as you wish. You can make as many
measurements as you can and improve the table to provide more comprehensive results.

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4. Simulations. (1 mark)
4.1. Simulate your filter design and insert a snapshot of the Multisim circuit along with the Bode plot
indicating the cut-off frequency and the pass band gain by filling out Table 1.

Table 1. Circuit simulation results of the low pass, high pass and band pass filters.
Bode plot Measured Pass band
Filter type Multisim circuit
(Gain and Phase Shift) Cut-off Freq. Gain
(Insert your figure
Low pass (Insert your figure here)
here)
(Insert your figure
High pass (Insert your figure here)
here)
Note: Use the cursors in the Bode plotter to denote the cut-off frequency and the pass band gain.

5. Practical Implementation and Testing. (1 mark)

5.1. Implement your filter design and use the Bode plotter in the NI ELVIS board indicating the cut-
off frequency and the pass band gain by filling out Table 2.
5.1.1. Low pass filter implementation.

Fig.1. Second order Sallen-Key active low pass filter circuit.

5.1.2. High pass filter implementation.

Fig.2. Second order Sallen-Key active high pass filter circuit.

Table 2. Circuit implementation results of the low pass, high pass and band pass filters.

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 Bode plot Measured Pass band
Filter type
(Gain and Phase Shift) Cut-off Freq. Gain
Low pass (Insert your figure here)
High pass (Insert your figure here)
Note: Use the cursors in the Bode plotter to denote the cut-off frequency and the pass band gain.
6. Summary of Results. (1 mark)
6.1. Comparison between expected and measured values in Multisim.
Fill-out Table 3a and Table 3b and calculate the percentage errors.

Table 3a. Measured cut-off freq. values in Multisim and expected values.
Filter type Expected fC Measured fC in Multisim %Error
Low pass
High pass

Table 3b. Measured pass band gain in Multisim and expected values.
Expected pass Measured pass band
Filter type %Error
band gain gain in Multisim
Low pass 1.586
High pass 1.586

6.2. Comparison between expected and practical values (measured values in the lab).
Fill-out Table 4a and Table 4b and calculate the percentage errors.

Table 4a. Measured cut-off freq. values in the implemented circuit and expected values.
Filter type Expected fC Measured fC in NI ELVIS % Error
Low pass
High pass

Table 4b. Measured pass band gain in the implemented circuit and expected values.
Expected pass Measured pass band gain
Filter type % Error
band gain in NI ELVIS
Low pass 1.586
High pass 1.586

7. Discussion of Results. (2 marks)

Write your comments on the observations and write your notes on the results, highlighting the
comparisons on the expected, simulated and practical values.
Interpretation of practical results obtained on Table 1. You may want to include the percentage
difference to show how close are the simulated and measured values and describe the reasons why you
obtain those discrepancies or any other means to compare or interpret the data obtained from
practical measurements.
Consolidate all explanations made on the practical and theoretical aspects.

8. Conclusions (1 mark)
Conclusion provides closure to your report. The conclusion should address the main objective of the
Lab. In this part, you should convince the reader that the objectives set at the beginning of the lab are
satisfied. You should cite some earlier sections in your report such as figures, tables, discussion of the
results, etc. as a proof that you have indeed satisfied each objective.

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 9. Post lab Questions (2 marks)
9.1. Prove that the transfer function in Fig. 1 is equal to Eq. (1) conforming with the low pass 2 nd
order system transfer function as shown in Eq. (2). Show that your design satisfies the
Butterworth filter response.
9.2. Prove that the transfer function in Fig. 2 is equal to Eq. (3) conforming with the high pass 2 nd
order system transfer function as shown in Eq. (4). Show that your design satisfies the
Butterworth filter response.
9.3. Discuss the characteristics and applications of the following filter response.
9.3.1. Butterworth
9.3.2. Bessel
9.3.3. Chebyshev
9.4. How will you improve your design to reduce the effects of bias currents for the low pass and
high pass filter design? Show your detailed calculations.

Appendices
Include the datasheets of key components or necessary tables used in the lab.

IN LAB Performance: (1 mark)

The evaluation for the in-lab performance includes the following but not limited to:
 Punctuality. (LATE: - 0.5 mark)
o Students arriving 10 minutes after the scheduled lab session will be considered ABSENT.
 Observing the safety guidelines and procedures in the lab.
 Participation and performing the actual lab experiment.
 Keeping the work area neat and clean. Returning the instruments, electronics components and arranging the
equipment to their proper place.
(Each student is responsible to return the components used in the experiment and to ensure that
the work area is in proper order before leaving the lab at the end of each experiment. This is a
polite gesture and a way respecting the next batch of students who will be using the same lab
room for their lab experiments. For your strict compliance.)

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