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Analog-to-Digital-Convesion v2 - Student

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1) The sampling rate is 2000 Hz, so the samples are taken every 1/2000 = 0.0005 s. 2) A 2-bit quantizer has 2^2 = 4 levels. Since the input range is -1 V to +1 V, each level represents an interval of 1/4 V = 0.25 V. 3) The quantization levels would be: -1 V, -0.75 V, -0.5 V, -0.25 V, 0 V, 0.25 V, 0.5 V, 0.75 V, 1 V 4) To determine the quantized value for each sample

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Jysh Mamusog
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66 views

Analog-to-Digital-Convesion v2 - Student

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1) The sampling rate is 2000 Hz, so the samples are taken every 1/2000 = 0.0005 s. 2) A 2-bit quantizer has 2^2 = 4 levels. Since the input range is -1 V to +1 V, each level represents an interval of 1/4 V = 0.25 V. 3) The quantization levels would be: -1 V, -0.75 V, -0.5 V, -0.25 V, 0 V, 0.25 V, 0.5 V, 0.75 V, 1 V 4) To determine the quantized value for each sample

Uploaded by

Jysh Mamusog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog to

Digital
Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion
➢To transmit analog signal digitally, that is, as a series of numbers,
we must first sample the signal.
➢This involves finding its amplitude at discrete time intervals. Only in
this way can we arrive at a finite series of numbers to transmit.

2
Analog to Digital Conversion
➢A typical system describing the functions in the analog-to-digital
and digital-to-analog chain.

3
Analog to Digital Conversion
➢The basic functions for analog-to-digital conversion

4
Analog to Digital Conversion
Electronic Signal
A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that is used for carrying data from one system
or network to another. The signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon.
These are time-varying "quantities" which convey some sort of information. In electrical
engineering the quantity that's time-varying is usually voltage (if not that, then usually current)
Periodic Signal
➢A signal is a periodic signal if it completes a
pattern within a measurable time frame, called
period, and repeats that pattern over identical
subsequent periods.

➢The completion of one full pattern is called a


cycle.

➢A period is defined as the amount of time (in


seconds) required to complete one cycle
Aperiodic Signal
An aperiodic, or nonperiodic, signal changes constantly without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that
repeats over time
Analog Signal
Analog signal is a continuous signal in which
one time-varying quantity represents another
time-based variable. These kind of signals
works with physical values and natural
phenomena such as earthquake, frequency,
volcano, speed of wind, weight, lighting, etc.
Analog Signal
Analog Signal
Amplitude streaks the highest height of the signal, frequency streaks the rate at which an analog
signal is varying, and phase streaks the signal position with respect to time nothing. Amplitude is
measured in either volts, amperes, or watts, depending on the type of signal.
Analog Signal
Period refers to the amount of time, in second, a signal needs to complete one cycle. Frequency
refers to the number of periods in one second; thus the frequency of a signal is its number of
cycles per second
Digital Signal
Similar to analog, digital signals carry the data although it is a bit different. These signals are
discrete or not continuous. A digital signal carries the data in the form of binary because it signifies
in the bits.
Characteristics of Analog and
Digital Signal
Characteristics of Analog and
Digital Signal
Characteristics of Analog and
Digital Signal
Key Differences between Analog
and Digital Signals
Key Differences between Analog
and Digital Signals
Advantages of Digital Signal Over
Analog Signal
Analog to Digital Conversion
An analog signal exists throughout a continuous interval of time and/or takes on a continuous
range of values. All the data we get in nature is analog type whether it`s voice, natural signals etc.,
but most of the processing is performed in digital signal, so we need to convert it in digital form.
Since processing is much easier and cheaper in digital , it makes sense to convert the analog
input into digital, process it in digital domain and then convert back to analog, because again we
want our output’s to be in continuous domain.
Analog to Digital Conversion
Two techniques used in converting analog
signal to digital signal:
1. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
2. Delta Modulation (DM)

21
Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
➢It is the most common technique to change an analog
signal to digital data (digitization)

22
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
❖In the Transmitter,
➢The bandpass filter limits the frequency of the analog input signal to the
standard voice-band frequency range of 300 Hz to 3000 Hz.
➢The sample-and-hold circuit periodically samples the analog input signal and
converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal.
➢The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the PAM samples to parallel PCM
codes, which are converted to serial binary data in the parallel-to-serial converter
and then outputted onto the transmission line as serial digital pulses.

23
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
❖In the Receiver,
➢The serial-to-parallel converter converts serial pulses to parallel PCM codes.
➢The digital-to-analog converter(DAC) converts the parallel PCM codes to multilevel
PAM signals.
➢The hold circuit is basically a low pass filter that converts the PAM signals back to
its original analog form.
❖Codec (coder/decoder) - is an integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding
and decoding functions.

24
Analog to Digital Converter
Analog to Digital Converter is an electronic device used for converting an analog signal into a
digital signal.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

➢It is the most common technique to change an analog


signal to digital data (digitization)
➢A PCM encoder has three processes,
1.The analog signal is sampled.
2. The sampled signal is quantized.
3. The quantized values are encoded as streams of
bits.

26
Sampling
The sample block function is to sample the
input analog signal at a specific time interval.
The samples are taken in continuous
amplitude & possess real value but they are
discrete with respect to time
Sampling Techniques
There are basically three types of Sampling
techniques,
Impulse Sampling
Impulse sampling can be performed by multiplying input signal x(t) with impulse train. Here, the
amplitude of impulse changes with respect to amplitude of input signal x(t)
Natural Sampling
Flat Top Sampling
Sampling Rate
One of the most critical factors when selecting an A/D board is sampling rate (speed). The sampling
rate is a measure of how rapidly the A/D board can scan the input channel and identify the discrete
value of the signal present with respect to a reference signal. If the sampling rate is too slow, then a
completely different waveform of a lower frequency is constructed from the data acquired. This effect is
called aliasing.
Nyquist Theorem
The Nyquist Theorem, also known as the sampling theorem, is a principle that engineers follow in
the digitization of analog signals. The number of samples per second is called the sampling rate or
sampling frequency. The Nyquist Theorem states that in order to adequately reproduce a signal it
should be periodically sampled at a rate that is two times the highest frequency you wish to record.
Aliasing
According to the Nyquist theorem, an ADC
must sample the input signal at least twice as
fast as its highest-frequency component in
order to reproduce the original signal in the
digital domain – otherwise, aliases are
produced.
“Sample and Hold” Sampling
Sample and Hold is a circuit that is used to take a changing analog signal and literally hold it so
that a following circuit or system such as an ADC, (Analog to Digital Converter) has the necessary
time it needs to process it. At its simplest, a sample and hold circuit is a capacitor and a switch.
Output spectrum for a
sample-and-hold circuit

36
Example
For a PCM system with a maximum audio input
frequency of 4 kHz, determine the minimum sample
rate and the alias frequency produced if a 5-kHz audio
signal were allowed to enter the sample-and-hold
circuit.

37
Sampling Technique
Recovery of a sampled sine wave for different
sampling rates

38
Quantization
The digitization of analog signals involves the
rounding off of the values which are approximately
equal to the analog values. The method of sampling
chooses a few points on the analog signal and then
these points are joined to round off the value to a
near stabilized value. Such a process is called as
Quantization.
Quantization
A/D systems are characterized by the
number of bits they have available to perform
quantization. The number of bits determines
the number of quantization levels.

An N-bit A/D converter has 2N quantization


levels and outputs binary words of length N
(that is, it outputs N-bit values for every
sample).
Sample Problem
Consider the following analog waveform. This waveform is sampled at a 2000 Hz rate and
quantized with a 2-bit quantizer (i.e., A/D converter) The input range is -1.0 to +1.0 V.

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