PURC 111 Midterm Reviewer • murdered“ in the Philippines, but

Week 7: Language Varieties and Registers • means “to save“ in the US)
Speech variety, a concept of domain, is important as it
signifies the class of situation within which a certain • for a while (just a second/just a
speech variety is used. A domain is also referred to as • moment)
“social situation as the implementation of the rights and • dirty kitchen (kitchen/second
duties of a particular role relationship.“ • kitchen)
Language Variety • I’ll go ahead (I’ll be going now)
• Any distinctive form of language or linguistic • Hostess: PH “prostitute“, US “female host“
expression • Tomboy: “lesbian“ in the Philippines, US: girl who
• Also referred to as “lect“ or “varieties“ enjoys manly activities
• Commonly to used term to refer to the WHAT CLASSIFIES TO BE A LANGUAGE VARIETY?
overlapping subcategories of languages There is no specific set of rules when determining a
(dialects, jargons, idiolects, registers, etc.) language variety.
• Associated with sociolinguistics as its forms and • Attained a certain level of application
its development are triggered by social factors. • Attained recognition from a group of people
• May change from region to region, from one • Achieved a level of standardization
social class to another, or from individual to
individual. WHAT IS STANDARD LANGUAGE?
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LANGUAGE VARITION: • Also called as standard variety, standard dialect
• Social situation or standard
• Occupation • Should follow a specific set of rules
• Age • The SAE is one of these standard languages
• Geography • Undergone substantial codification of grammar
• Education and usage (codification: process of selecting,
developing, and laying down a model of standard
• Gender language usage)
• Social status/class • Employed by a population for public
• Ethnicity communication
• Culture • Has been officially declared or legally recognized
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH as a standard language
The English language has many varieties affected by
geography or location, such as: LANGUAGE vs DIALECT
• American English (North America) SIMILARITIES
• British English (Europe) Language Dialect
Standardized Standardized
• Australian English (Oceania) – from British Recognized by authorities Recognized by authorities
English Socially, politically, and Socially, politically, and
• Philippine English (Asia) – derived from culturally relevant and culturally relevant and
American English important important
• Nigerian English (Africa) – derived from British Serves as cultural Serves as cultural
English identity identity

Varieties of English due to culture and ethnicity: DIFFERENCES

• Standard American English (SAE) – White Language Dialect
More popular/prestigious Less popular/prestigious
English; formal & educated (It doesn’t matter.) More speakers Less speakers
• African American English (AAE) or Ebonics – Officially declared by a Officially recognized by
Black English; informal & low class. (It don’t country a country
matter.) Prominent in both spoken More prominent in spoken
and written forms form
• Chicano English May have evolved from
• Hawaiian Pidgin Broader language
• American Indian English
In the Philippines, there are also terminologies that are TYPES OF LECTS
only used in the Philippine English and not in the other 1. Regional Dialect or Dialect –
English varieties. 2. Sociolect – social lect
• comfort room (toilet) 3. Ethnolect - mark speakers as members of ethnic
• traffic (heavy traffic/traffic jam) groups who originally used another language or
• salvage (means “brutally distinctive variety
 4. Idiolect – unique to a particular person • Reading
• Listening
DIFFERENT KINDS OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES • Speaking
1. Pidgin – develops in situations where speakers
• Writing
of different languages need to communicate but
don’t share a common language. EXAMPLE: • Viewing
Conyo
2. Creole – is a distinct language which has taken MODES – different ways that texts can be presented;
most of its vocabulary from another language, depends on how a message is communicated to a reader
but it has its own grammatical rules. EXAMPLE: or listener.
Gullah, Jamaican Creole, (patois or patwa) What is a multimodal text?
Spanish Creole (Chavacano) It combines two or more semiotic systems like:
3. Regional Dialect – is not a distinct language but • picture book which textual and visual elements
a variety of language spoken in a particular are arranged in an individual page.
area of a country.
• webpage in which elements such as sounds
4. Minority Dialect – a particular minority ethnic effects, oral language, written language, music,
group have their own variety which they use as and still or moving images are combined.
a marker of identity, usually alongside a • live performance in which gesture, music and
standard variety. space are main the main elements.
5. Indigenized variety – are spoken mainly second It can be delivered via different media and technologies
languages in ex- colonies with multilingual such as:
populations. This standard variety may be linked • Paper (books, comics, posters)
to English proficiency or may be part of a range
of varieties used to express identity. EXAMPLE: • Digital (slide presentations, e- books, blogs, e-
Singlish (spoken in Singapore) a variety came posters, web pages and social media)
from Standard English. • Live performance (performance or an event)
WHAT IS LANGUAGE REGISTER? • Trans media (media platforms, such as: book,
• Describes the various styles of language comic, magazine, film web series, and video
available for writing and speaking game)
• The level of formality when speaking or writing
• Appropriate register is chosen based on: FIVE SEMIOTIC SYSTEMS (The New London Group 1996)
1. Audience (relationship b/w the speaker) 1. Written or linguistic meaning – word choice,
2. Topic (the goal of communication) vocabulary, generic structure, grammar, and
3. Situation organization of sentences/paragraphs.
GENERAL TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS: 2. Audio Meaning – spoken words, music, sound,
1. Formal Language Register sound effects, volume, pitch & rhythm, speed
2. Informal Language Register of delivery, noises, ambient noise, and silence.
3. Neutral Language Register – non-emotional and 3. Visual meaning – still and moving images, use of
sides to facts color, saliency, page layouts, vectors, viewpoint,
TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS: screen formats, visual symbols; shot framing,
1. Static Register/ Frozen Register – rarely or subject distance and angle, camera movement,
never changes subject movement.
2. Formal Register – one-way communication 4. Gestural meaning – body movements, hands and
3. Consultative Register – two-way, consulting an eyes, facial expression.
expert 5. Spatial Meaning – environmental and
4. Casual Register – certain degree of familiarity architectural spaces and use of proximity,
5. Intimate Register – private communication direction, layout, position of an organization of
objects in space.
Week 8: Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Week 9: Cultural Sensitivity in Multimodal Text
Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures CULTURE comes in many shapes and sizes. It includes
Multimodal is a dynamic convergence of two or more areas such as politics, history, mentality, behavior and
communication modes within the same text. All modes lifestyle. Insensitivity in multimodal text may affect the
are attended to as part of meaning making (The New products the company is promoting, might offend people
London Group,1996) Examples: image, gesture, music, and will lead to miscommunication.
spoken language and written language.
LANGUAGE – poor translation may cause embarrassment
MODES - The way we communicate with each other that and misinterpretations. The use of appropriate language
involves different processes. It includes: must be given importance.
• Communicating
• Creating meaning 6 STAGES OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
Stage 1: Denial 2. Aided communication – utilizes equipment which usually
• They are not interested in cultural differences used for electronic communication. Best examples are
and could care less about people from other smart phones and iPhone gadgets which increasingly
culture. being maximized to help people communicate.
• They need to learn about other cultures and
explore the culture differences. Communication Strategies - the channels or media used
Stage 2: Defense or Reversal on ideas, which can be sent and received. Examples are
• They feel threatened by cultural difference, verbal, nonverbal, or visual.
tend to be highly critical of other cultures.
Technology Based Communicating tools – the backbone
• In reversal, they heavily criticize their own
culture. of social interaction.
Examples:
• They need to be able to manage anxiety about • Email – the standard form of business
other cultures and embrace tolerance and
patience. communication, particularly for short messages
Stage 3: Minimisation that require action.
• They begin to find commonalities (superficial • Texting – the most personal form of business
cultures) between themselves and people of communication. The personal text number is
other cultures. reserved for a few close associates.
• Most people at this stage think that they are • Instant messaging – used for longer discussions
doing okay, but they are not. than texting. You can engage someone in another
• They need to develop cultural self-awareness and city, state or country in a conversation that can
experience difference. lead to a lucrative business deal.
• Social networking – sites such as Facebook and
MySpace can be essential to getting your
message out. You will have to adjust your
Stage 4: Acceptance communication style to a more informal
• They are able to recognize and appreciate approach. Friends can be gathered on these sites.
cultural difference through both behaviors and • Tweeting - broadcast very short messages called
values though do not necessarily agree. "tweets" to people who have elected to follow
• They need to have respect for others’ values your post.
and beliefs and maintain tolerance of ambiguity. • Blogs/blogging – short for web log, often
Stage 5: Adaptation written by amateurs, but getting a blogger to
• They are able to see the world through another’s review a product or service can be a good way
“eyes“ and change their behavior in order to to spread the word about small business. It is
communicate more effectively. personal journal websites on which a user can
• They need to experience empathy for other type an entry, add images, video and links to
cultures and develop risk-taking skills and other websites. Contact bloggers by email,
problem-solving skills. usually listed on their blogs, and ask them to
Stage 6: Integration take a look at your product or service.
• They are often culture mediators who are able • Video conferencing - convey your message with
to help others understand different cultures and physical gestures and facial expressions, can be
promote unity between different cultures. an effective communication tool.
• In reality, rarely do people achieve this level of Using Communication Tools
cultural sensitivity.
• Multimedia – defined by Merriam Webster
Week 10: Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools Dictionary as a technique combining sound, video,
of Technology (Tools of Learning) and text for expressing ideas in communication,
Communication Aid - assists people to stay connected entertainment, or art.
more effectively with people they need to communicate • Transparency – usually used on an overhead
with. projector to display information, though
• Communication aids also known as AAC nowadays it is now replaced by video projectors
(Augmentative and Alternative Communication) and interactive whiteboards.
devices which pertain to techniques scaffolding • Video – an electronic medium in editing,
and replacing spoken communication. Signing, broadcasting, and display of moving visual
symbols, word boards, communication boards, media.
books, as well as voice outputs are some of the • Sound recording and reproduction – involves
examples.
Two main types of Augmentative and Alternative voices documentation, examples are speaking and
Communication: singing.
1. Unaided communication – body language, gesture,
vocalization and signing.
 • Presentation media – shows information using 10. Highlight the most important information in tables
slides, video, recordings and digital and graphs.
representation. 11. Create a handout to accompany your presentation.
12. Be passionate about your topic.
• Flipchart – a large pad paper that a rest on
easel allowing the speaker to record text or WEBQUESTS - were created as a learning activity not
drawings with markers during the speech. long after the initial development of the worldwide web.
• White Board and Chalk Board – can also help It is an inquiry based activity that embeds the use of a
you achieve the same outcome as a flipchart on variety of
an ease. learning resources – with most being digital learning
• Document Camera – captures and display resources available on the internet. The inquiry activity
images, including 3D visual materials. may take the form of tasks such as a problem to be
• Video showing – a video clip can elicit an solved, a position to be taken, a product to be designed
emotional response from the audience and or a work to be created.
improve their recall of your speech. WebQuests have a consistent structure:
• Handouts – papers printed with relevant • Introduction: Orients students to the activity
information. • Task: Clearly and concisely describes the
outcome of the learning activity
• Prototype – a model represents the object in
detail useful for describing and explaining • Process: Lists the steps learners will take to
scientific topics. accomplish the task and the digital, web-based
and other learning resources that support
• Digital slides – is commonly known as PowerPoint learners in this process.
which permits a presenter to display information • Evaluation: Provides a rubric to indicate how
in multi-media slide shows. learners’ performance will be assessed.
• Real Time Web Access – is the use of web • Conclusions: Summarizes what students will have
technologies and practices. covered and learned.
Strategies using Tools of Technology Tools for Analysis
1. Keep it simple Analysis and simulation tools support knowledge
2. Stress only key ideas construction by allowing learners to manipulate
3. Display what you can say information and visualize information in different ways.
4. Use larger icons • Concept or mind mapping tools: These tools help
5. Minimize the presence of pictures learners to identify and link relevant concepts
6. Combine diversity with consistency and represent those concepts visually.
7. Use big letters
• Database software: This type of software allows
Tips in using Multimedia learners to record, sort and report on a variety
1. Distinguish the aim of the presentation of data in numerical, textual and media forms.
2. Rehearse with your media • Spreadsheet software: This type of software
3. Think about your room and audience allows learners to record, sort, mathematically
4. Research information analyse and represent numerical data in tabular
5. Apply variety of resources and/or graphical forms. Using technology to
6. Do not forget to mention resource communicate.
7. Unify information
8. Check technical issue JOURNAL WRITING - has long been an activity utilized in
9. Be creative the primary classroom. It allows students to reflect on
10. Speak to your audience by maintain an eye contact what they are learning and how they are learning. This
during your speech traditional, notebook-and-pencil activity can become
digital when word processing software is used and can
12 TIPS FOR CREATING EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS turn into a blog.
1. Design a template that is free from distracting items.
2. Ensure your template promotes readability. BLOGGING - Readers of a blog usually can post
3. Select a sans serif font. comments. For primary school students, the use of blogs
4. Always use fonts that are 24 point or larger. have been found to be an engaging and effective way
5. Incorporate high quality photos, images or diagrams to promote writing skills (Richardson,2006), particularly
that reinforce your verbal message. when student peers provide feedback to the blog ’s
6. Use phrases or abbreviated sentences, rather than full writer (Chen et al., 2011).
sentences.
7. Use bullet points sparingly, if using bullet points, be It is exactly this feedback and sharing mechanism that
sure they are less than six words long. makes the blog different to the traditional journal. In
8. Eliminate the use of headings or titles unless they the notebook-and-pencil version, the contents of the
communicate the main message. journal are private to the student, apart from the
9. Use animation, slide transitions, audio, and video teacher and whomever the student decides to share the
sparingly. journal
with. With the blog, access can be provided to the
teacher, the class, the student’s parents and the world.
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of
different content forms such as text, audio, images,
animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia is
distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including
audio, for example, it has a broader scope.
A presentation program is a software package used to
display information in the form of a slide show. It has
three major functions:
• an editor that allows text to be inserted and
formatted
• a method for inserting and manipulating graphic
images
• a slide-show system to display the content.
A multimedia presentation differs from a normal
presentation in that it contains some form of animation
or media. Typically. a multimedia presentation contains
at least one of the following elements:
• Video or movie clip.
• Animation Sound (this could be a voiceover,
background music or sound clips)
Week 11: 8 Tips for PowerPoint Presentation
1. AVOID NORMALITY
• Standard templates are boring and ugly
• They are not fun to look at
• Usually contain loads of text
• And they are unoriginal
CREATE YOUR OWN DESIGN
• Try different combinations & let your
creativity flow
2. COLORS ARE NICE
• Play with colors
• Find your like 5. IMAGE
• Flat colors are beautiful • images say more than a thousand words
• Contrast is your friend • images tend to catch people’s attention
• makes a message powerful
3. USE GOOD FONTS
• Pick an appropriate font for your document 6. BIG IS BEATIFUL
• Avoid using fonts that are overused (Times New • think big
Roman) • think bold
4. TEXT • think bam
• multiple paragraph texts have shown to • view every slide as an advertisement that should
significantly decrease the attention of the catch the audience attention
audience, and thus the effectiveness of getting
your message across 7. INFOGRAPHIC IS GREAT
• since we can’t read and listen at the same time, • using this is how information should be presented
this basically tells the audience to read directly
off the slides and stop listening to you • use a simple infographic
• let your slides breathe 8. GET INSPIRED
• let your audience listen to you
• do not use the slide as a manuscript
• break up your bullet points into separate slides