Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust’s

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering

Unit I :

Introduction to ADAS
by

Course Faculty : Prof. Archana Bhamare

Contents of this Unit --
• Introduction to ADAS
• General Block Diagram
• Role of ADAS in Autonomous vehicle
• Integration of ADAS Technology into Vehicle
Electronics
• Non-Passenger Car Advanced Drive Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
• Intelligent Vehicles

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 Role of electronics in Automobile

Q.?

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 Role of Electronics in Automobile
• Electronics play a crucial role in modern automobiles,
contributing to various aspects of vehicle functionality, safety,
efficiency, and comfort.
• The integration of electronics in automobiles has led to
significant advancements and improvements in the automotive
industry. Some key roles of electronics in automobiles include:
– Engine Control Unit (ECU)
– Safety Systems
– Infotainment and Connectivity
– Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)

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 Role of Electronics in Automobile

– Telematics
– Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
– Climate Control
– Lighting Systems
– Instrumentation and Displays

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 Trends and Automatic Vehicle
Q. -5M

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 Trends and Automatic Vehicle
• Advancements in Sensor Technology
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
• Connectivity and V2X Communication
• Autonomous Fleets and Mobility Services
• Regulation and Policy
• Simulations and Testing
• Partnerships and Collaborations
• Safety and Cybersecurity
• Incremental Automation

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 Introduction to ADAS

Q.?

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 Introduction to ADAS

Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) :

• Almost all vehicle accidents are caused by human error, which
can be avoided with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
(ADAS).
• The role of ADAS is to prevent deaths and injuries by reducing
the number of car accidents and the serious impact of those
that cannot be avoided.
• Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) help drivers
in routine navigation and parking without automating
the entire process but instead leveraging computer
networks to enable more data-driven and safer driving
experiences.

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 Introduction to ADAS

Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) :

• It is the term used for system which assist/help
drivers to increase the safety of the passenger driver
and other road users while driving the vehicle (say
car, truck etc.)

• The main role of systems is to continuously update

the driver about the surrounding environment and
also to alert the driver in danger situation where
accident prone to happen. By getting the timely
alert, driver can take the immediate corrective
action and can avoid the accident.

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 General Block Diagram

Q. – 6M

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 General Block Diagram of ADAS

Perception
Environment Processing and
(Information
(Outside or Sensors Decision
extraction from
inside Vehicle) Making
sensor data)

Actuation

Example: Adaptive Cruise Control

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 Types of ADAS

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 Types of ADAS

Advanced driver-assistance systems can be of two types:

1. Passive ADAS systems

2. Active ADAS Systems

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 Types of ADAS
1. Passive ADAS systems:
• In a passive ADAS system, the computer alerts the driver to a
dangerous circumstance despite the number or kind of sensors
deployed. The motorist must take steps to avoid an accident caused by
this circumstance.
• Typical warning systems include sirens, flashing lights, and, in some
cases, tactile input, such as a steering wheel that vibrates to alert the
driver that the zone they are entering is already taken by another car
(blind spot detection). The driver receives critical information that
allows him to make the best judgments on the road. Passive ADAS
provides real-time data about the driving environment and alerts
about possible risks via a human-machine interface (HMI).
• The data is transmitted in three modes: visual, auditory, and haptic.
Visual and audio alerts have traditionally been employed extensively
in the architecture of ADAS data presentation. Visual cues are
intuitive and may be used to transmit various messages using
symbolic information and color. This is the primary approach for
information distribution. Systems can show visual warnings on a
vehicle’s dashboard or center panel. However, doing so could induce
‘eye-off-road’ gaps in driver concentration.
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 Types of ADAS
2. Active ADAS systems:
• The car takes active steps in these ADAS systems. To avoid worst-case
scenarios, the vehicle can take action on its own. Automatic
emergency braking (AEB) detects an impending accident and applies
the brakes without the driver’s assistance. Functional features include
adaptive cruise control (ACC), lane-keeping assist (LKA), lane
centering (LC), and traffic jam assist.

• In the event of a slower vehicle in its path, the Active ADAS System
automatically changes the host car’s speed from its pre-set setting (as
in regular cruise control). LKA and LC guide the vehicle automatically
to keep it inside the lane borders. Under traffic congestion situations,
traffic jam assist is a mix of adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane
centering (LC). These automated elements serve as the foundation for
semi/fully autonomous vehicles.

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 Importance of ADAS

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 Importance of ADAS
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
• Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA)
• Vehicle Exit Alert
• Front Cross Traffic Alert
• Forward Collision Warning
• Blind Spot Detection
• Parking Assistance System
• Intelligent Head Light Control
• Occupant Protection System
• Pedestrian Protection System
• Evasive Steering Support.
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 Importance of ADAS
1. Automates the enhancement of safety systems
Automated adoption and upgrades of safety initiatives enhance driving
populations. ADAS is aimed to prevent collisions by warning drivers of
potential dangers or taking control of the vehicle to avoid them.
2. Actions adaptive features
Automated illumination, pedestrian collision avoidance mitigation (PCAM),
and adaptive cruise control are navigation systems that warn drivers of
possible threats, including cars in blind areas, lane departures, and others.
3. Helps in the perception of traffic context
The driver is in the center of the traffic-driver-vehicle cycle. The driver
perception system receives traffic situation as input, which causes it to
operate as a stimulus of the driver’s intention. Knowing the present traffic
scenario will therefore improve the intention inference system.

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 Importance of ADAS
4. Understands and analyzes driving behavior
Before making a lane change, the most crucial signals are driver actions such
as checking mirrors. Before changing lanes, the driver must go through a
series of checks to ensure they are entirely aware of the situation. As a result,
driving behavior analysis is critical for determining driver intent. To anticipate
driver lane-changing intention, it is essential to comprehend the process of
human intention, including how the purpose is produced and what the
intention’s triggers are. The nature of driver intention is the first issue that
one must address.
5. Provides solutions for predictive maintenance
Predictive technology analyses hazards and sends data via the cloud to inform
customers of any vehicle problem by merging cloud computing, edge
computing, data collecting from sensors, and analytics. In-vehicle sensors are
fitted to monitor metrics such as fuel level, tire pressure, engine status,
navigation route, speed, temperature, and so on to alert the user of any
repair concerns and assure safety. Many maintenance difficulties may be
avoided by anticipating and setting performance targets ahead of time.
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 Role of ADAS in Autonomous Vehicle

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 Role of ADAS towards Autonomous Driving
(SAE 6 Levels of Driving Automation)

Q. -4M

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 Role of ADAS in Autonomous Vehicle
Is ADAS autonomous driving?
• Many people use the terms “ADAS” and “autonomous
driving” interchangeably, but they are not actually the
same thing.
• ADAS stands for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems,
which is a suite of technologies that help drivers stay
safe on the road. These systems include features like lane
departure warning, adaptive cruise control, collision
avoidance systems and much more.
• The majority of cars are now equipped with these
features. For example, 30% of all vehicles have Automatic
Emergency Braking, whereas 13% come standard with
Lane Keeping As Adaptive Cruise Control is standard on
11% of cars. The number of cars with ADAS is only going
to increase in the future as more and more automakers
make these features standard on their vehicles.
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 Role of ADAS in Autonomous Vehicle

Is ADAS autonomous driving?

• Autonomous driving, on the other hand, is a technology
that allows vehicles to operate without any human input.

• For consumers, autonomous driving technology is still a

few years away. However, there are a few car
manufacturers that have launched autonomous driving
operations. For example, Tesla and its Autopilot feature
allow cars to drive on their own in certain situations.
There are also a few car manufacturers that have
launched autonomous rideshare programs such as APTIV
and AutoX.

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 Role of ADAS in Autonomous Vehicle

Autonomous Vehicles (AV) / Autonomous Driving (AD):

• Vehicles which can have capability of driving themselves
without any driver are known as Self driving vehicles and
such driving is known as autonomous driving.
• The journey of making a vehicle autonomous starts from
ADAS.
• The ADAS is the very first step of driving vehicle
functions and further more and more functions of the
vehicle are automated and integrated together to reach
to autonomous vehicle.
• This is very well explained by SAE levels. SAE is Society
of Automotive Engineers. (0 to 5 levels)

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 ARM 11 - Features

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 ARM 11 - Features

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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• The SAE has thus defined 6 different levels of
autonomous driving:
1. Level 0: no driving automation
2. Level 1: driver assistance
3. Level 2: partial driving automation
4. Level 3: conditional driving automation
5. Level 4: high driving automation
6. Level 5: full driving automation

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•
6 Levels of Driving
Level 0: no driving automation
Automation
• As the title suggests at this level the vehicle possesses no automated
driving features, but that doesn’t necessarily exclude driver assistance
features. Indeed, the driving experience is entirely in the hands of the
driver, but the vehicle is equipped with a system which provides
momentary driving assistance, such as warning signals or emergency
safety actions. The driver therefore must drive the vehicle and monitor
any possible warnings or safety activities, and thus the driver is
responsible for braking, steering, accelerating etc. The following
technologies come under this category:
• ABS
• ESP
• cruise control
• blind spot warning
• automatic emergency braking
• frontal collision warning
• lane departure warning
• Driving is 100% manual. Example : 1967 Porche 911s
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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• Level 1: driver assistance
• Moving up one level, we are now talking about vehicles equipped with a
system which supplies constant assistance during acceleration, braking
and steering, whilst the driver is both involved and attentive.
• Also in this instance therefore, the driver has the task of driving the
vehicle and monitoring the system, which however - if activated - can
perform steering, acceleration and braking functions.
• Here are some examples of technologies installed in Level 1 vehicles:
– electronic adaptive speed regulator, or adaptive cruise control
– lane keeping assistance or lane centring assistance
– Compared to Level 0, these vehicles offer greater support to the driver, who however
must always play an active role in driving.

• Example : Audi A7 (2010+)

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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• Level 2: partial driving automation
• Level 2 applies to a large share of the autonomous vehicles that are on the
market today.
• They are equipped with advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS), and
this provides continual assistance both regarding acceleration/braking and
in steering, whilst the driver is 100% attentive and involved with the
possibility however of handing over control of combined longitudinal and
lateral functions.
• When active, the system can control steering, acceleration and braking.
Still, levels 0, 1 and 2 require the driver to be involved and aware, and
constantly monitoring the functionality of the support features offered by
the systems installed.
• Example : Tesla Autopilot

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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• Level 3: conditional driving automation
• At Level 3 we are definitely at a more advanced level, which is not
widespread in the market yet, and offers conditional driving automation
functions, whenever the driver allows the system to take over.

• Simply put, that means that when activated the system carries out all
aspects of the driving functions, however the driver must be seated in the
driver’s position and ready to take control when necessary or requested.

• Example : Audi Traffic Jam Pilot

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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• Level 4: high driving automation
• The essential difference between Level 3 and Level 4 lies in the fact that
the systems which vehicles at this level are equipped with are able to
intervene in the instance of a malfunction without necessarily involving
the driver.

• The driver however, still has the power to take control of the vehicle
manually.

• Current regulations allow these kinds of vehicles to be used only in very

specific and well-defined circumstances, for example in city centres where
speed limits are extremely low. For this reason, they are generally
destined to be used aboard ride sharing vehicles.

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 6 Levels of Driving Automation
• Level 5: full driving automation
• Level 5 vehicles, according to SAE classification, reach the very highest
level of automation due the advanced technologies employed.

• Indeed, they require no human intervention and not even emergency

manual intervention, whatever the driving conditions or the state of the
roads. For this reason, the vehicles are not equipped with pedals or a
steering wheel.

• Therefore, a person could come on board and literally undertake any

activity whilst totally ignoring the driving situation.

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 Role of ADAS in Autonomous vehicle
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
• Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA)
• Vehicle Exit Alert
• Front Cross Traffic Alert
• Forward Collision Warning
• Blind Spot Detection
• Parking Assistance System
• Intelligent Head Light Control
• Occupant Protection System
• Pedestrian Protection System
• Evasive Steering Support.
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 Some terms and definitions
• Ego Vehicle
• Ego Coordinate System
• Target Vehicle
• Target Coordinate System
• Sensor Filed of View (SFOV)
• Sensor Coordinate System

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 Integration of
ADAS Technology into Vehicle Electronics

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 Integration of
ADAS Technology into Vehicle Electronics

• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become

a significant aspect of modern vehicle electronics, enhancing
vehicle safety, convenience, and overall driving experience.

• The integration of ADAS technology into vehicle electronics

involves incorporating various sensors, processors,
communication modules, and software to enable a range of
features aimed at assisting drivers and improving road safety.

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 Automotive Electronics
• Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles,
including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics, in-car
entertainment systems, and others.
• Ignition, engine and transmission electronics are also found
in trucks, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, and other internal
combustion powered machinery such
as forklifts, tractors and excavators. Related elements for control of
relevant electrical systems are also found on hybrid vehicles and electric
cars.
• Electronic systems have become an increasingly large component of the
cost of an automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to around
30% in 2010.
• Modern electric cars rely on power electronics for the main propulsion
motor control, as well as managing the battery system.
Future autonomous cars will rely on powerful computer systems, an
array of sensors, networking, and satellite navigation, all of which will
require electronics.
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 Automotive Electronics

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 Sensors
1. Crank Sensor
2. Cam sensor
3. Coolant Temperature Sensor
4. Accelerator pedal Sensor/ Throttle Position Sensors
5. Manifold Absolute Position Sensor (MAP)
6. Air mass flow (HFM)
7. Vehicle Speed Sensor
8. Oxygen Sensor
9. Parking Sensor
10. TPMS (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System) sensor
11. Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS)
12. Fuel Level Sensor
13. Ambient Temperature Sensor
14. Air Pressure
15. GPS

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1. Typically Displays
Clusters
2. Vehicle speed
3. Engine Speed
4. Coolant Temperature
5. Fuel Level
6. Oil Pressure
7. Battery Voltage
8. Distance Covered
9. Status of Head Lamp Indication
10. Status of Indicators Lamps
Market Trends
• Instrument clusters with 3D dials preferred
• Stepper motor-driven clusters are being used predominantly
• Increasing penetration of digital Instrument Clusters
• Increased number of telltales
• TFT Displays • Colored LCD displays
• Integrated displays
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 Automotive Electronics

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 Why is communication needed in automotive
systems?

• In the old days, automotive systems were concentrated on a few

nodes. Now, they’re continuously evolving. 45 to 70 or 80
subsystems can exist in a car carrying out multiple
functionalities. Communication between all these subsystems
(for example ADAs, or telematics units) is essential for the
overall implementation of the vehicle’s features.

• Right from vehicle startup till the driver leaves the car, all
the subsystems continuously transmit their status to, as well
as receive data from, other subsystems necessary to perform
a task. This is what enables, for example, the hazard lights on
the dashboard lighting up when a door is not properly closed.

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 Communication Protocol importance

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 What are the different communication
protocols available at this time?
The different protocols available can broadly be categorized into 3
types:
Datalink protocols: Datalink protocols take care of the physical
layer implementation. UART (serial port communication protocol),
SPI (serial peripheral interface), I2C, LIN (Local Interconnect
Network), CAN (Control Area Network, 90% of all vehicles use
CAN for their communication), Flex-Ray and Ethernet. (which are
used for higher bandwidth communication, used primarily in
relationship with surround sound systems and dashcams)
Application protocols: They use datalink protocols as the
underlying layer. UDS (used for diagnostics, uses CAN as the data
link), J1939, CAN-Open, MOST(used for media-related
communication, used over CAN)
Other protocols: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, 4G/5G (Vehicle2Network
- V2X)
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• Automotive Ethernet - Previously mentioned automotive
networking protocols don’t offer everything vehicles might
need. Present-day vehicles require vehicle-to-everything
(V2X) connectivity along with greater bandwidth.
• Automotive Ethernet protocol satisfies automotive networking
demands and is widely adopted by the automotive industry.
• The automotive Ethernet is a fast four-wire standard
communication protocol that offers protection for in-vehicle
systems.
• Automotive Ethernet offers a cost-effective, lightweight
communication solution in automobiles using single
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling.
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 Can you give me a concrete example to
demonstrate how this stuff works?
• To take an example, consider the case study of reverse
parking. The moment the car is put in reverse, the rear-view
camera will be activated and the camera module will start
recording data. The camera module is connected to Park
Assist ECU using Ethernet. Now, Park Assist provides the
live video feed over Ethernet to Infotainment or Instrument
Cluster for displaying to the driver. As part of this, it also
provides an overlay to the live feed: “We are ten minutes
away from crashing into the curb” or some such.
• Ethernet is chosen because a huge amount of data shall be
sent continuously.
• The network design has to be chosen with respect to the
network packaging, how we want to send the data.
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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced
Driver Assistance Systems and
Autonomous Operation

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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
Passenger Vehicle:
• Passenger vehicle means a motor vehicle (other than a
motor cycle or invalid carriage) constructed solely for the
carriage of passengers and their effects.

Non-Passenger Vehicle:
• Non-passenger vehicle means any vehicle used primarily
to perform a work task while incidentally transporting
individuals and their equipment from one location to
another location.

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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
Non-Passenger Car ADAS:
• Non-passenger car ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems) refers to a set of technologies and features
designed to enhance safety, improve efficiency, and assist
drivers in vehicles other than traditional passenger cars.

• These systems are commonly found in commercial

trucks, buses, agricultural vehicles, construction
equipment, and other specialty vehicles. The primary
goal of non-passenger car ADAS is to reduce the
likelihood of accidents, increase situational awareness,
and enhance overall vehicle performance.

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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
Some common non-passenger car ADAS features include:
1. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC): This feature automatically
adjusts the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe following
distance from the vehicle ahead, especially useful for long-
haul trucks and buses on highways.
2. Lane-Keeping Assistance: This system helps drivers stay
within their lane by providing gentle steering inputs or
warning alerts if the vehicle starts to drift unintentionally.
3. Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM): BSM uses sensors to detect
vehicles in the blind spots and alerts the driver if it's unsafe
to change lanes.
4. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB): AEB can detect
potential collisions and automatically apply the brakes to
mitigate or avoid accidents, especially important for large
and heavy vehicles.
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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
5.Collision Avoidance Systems: These systems can detect
potential collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians, or objects
and take proactive measures to avoid accidents or reduce the
severity of impact.
6.Driver Fatigue Monitoring: Using various sensors, cameras,
and algorithms, this system monitors the driver's behavior for
signs of fatigue or distraction and alerts them to take a break if
necessary.
7.Traffic Sign Recognition: The system recognizes and interprets
traffic signs (e.g., speed limits, stop signs) and displays them to
the driver, reducing the likelihood of unintentional traffic
violations.

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 Non-Passenger Car Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems and Autonomous Operation
8. Semi-Autonomous Features: Some non-passenger car ADAS
may have semi-autonomous capabilities, such as automated
parking assistance or highway driving assistance, where the
vehicle can handle specific tasks with limited driver
intervention.
9. Vehicle Stability Control: This system helps maintain stability
during cornering or slippery road conditions, essential for
large vehicles with high centers of gravity.
10. Telematics and Fleet Management: Many commercial
vehicle ADAS systems incorporate telematics technology to
provide real-time data on vehicle performance, location, and
driver behavior, allowing for efficient fleet management and
monitoring.

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 Intelligent Vehicles

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 Intelligent Vehicles

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 Intelligent Vehicles

Definition:
• An intelligent vehicle, also known as a smart vehicle or
connected vehicle, refers to an automobile that is
equipped with advanced technologies, sensors, and
communication systems to enhance safety, convenience,
and overall driving experience.

• These vehicles use various forms of artificial intelligence

(AI), machine learning, and computer vision to interpret
data from the environment and make informed
decisions.

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 Intelligent Vehicles

Working:
The working of an intelligent vehicle involves the integration of
various advanced technologies and systems that work together
to enhance safety, efficiency, and convenience for the driver and
passengers. Here's a general overview of how an intelligent
vehicle operates:
1.Sensors and Perception: Intelligent vehicles are equipped with
a variety of sensors, such as cameras, radar, lidar (Light Detection
and Ranging), ultrasonic sensors, and other environmental
sensors. These sensors continuously monitor the vehicle's
surroundings, collecting data about road conditions, obstacles,
other vehicles, pedestrians, and traffic signs.

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 Intelligent Vehicles

2. Data Processing and Fusion: The data collected by the

sensors are processed and fused together in real-time. The
onboard computer systems use artificial intelligence and
machine learning algorithms to interpret the data and create
a comprehensive understanding of the vehicle's
environment.
3. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Based on the
data analysis, the intelligent vehicle can deploy various ADAS
features. For example, adaptive cruise control uses radar
sensors to maintain a safe following distance from the
vehicle ahead. Lane-keeping assistance relies on cameras to
detect lane markings and help the driver stay within the lane.

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 Intelligent Vehicles

4. Connectivity and Communication: Intelligent vehicles are

connected to the internet and other vehicles (V2V) and
infrastructure (V2I) through various communication
technologies. This connectivity enables the exchange of real-
time data, such as traffic information, road conditions, and
potential hazards.
5. Navigation and Route Planning: Intelligent vehicles use GPS
and map data to plan optimal routes and provide turn-by-
turn navigation guidance. The system takes into account
traffic conditions, road closures, and other factors to offer
the most efficient route to the destination.

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 Intelligent Vehicles
6. Autonomous Capabilities: In more advanced intelligent vehicles,
when operating in conditions suitable for autonomous driving, the
vehicle's computer takes full control of the driving task. It uses the
data from sensors and advanced algorithms to navigate, avoid
obstacles, follow traffic rules, and make real-time decisions
without human intervention.
7. Human-Machine Interface (HMI): The vehicle's HMI provides the
driver with information about the vehicle's status, navigation
instructions, and alerts from ADAS features. It allows the driver to
interact with the vehicle through touchscreens, voice commands,
and other intuitive controls.
8. Cybersecurity and Safety: Intelligent vehicles prioritize
cybersecurity to protect against potential hacking and
unauthorized access to critical systems. Safety is paramount, and
the vehicle continuously monitors the system's performance and
sensor reliability to ensure safe operation.

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 Intelligent Vehicles
• An intelligent vehicle is also commonly referred to as an
autonomous vehicle.

• While not all intelligent vehicles are fully autonomous, they may
include some level of autonomous capabilities depending on the
integration of ADAS technologies.

• In summary, an autonomous vehicle can be considered a subset of

intelligent vehicles, where an intelligent vehicle may have a range
of smart features but not necessarily be fully autonomous.

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 Which cars have ADAS feature?

10 most affordable cars, SUVs with ADAS

•Honda City. Price: Rs 12.45 lakh-20.39 lakh. ...
•Hyundai Verna. Price: Rs 15.99 lakh-17.38 lakh. ...
•MG Astor. Price: Rs 17.00 lakh-18.59 lakh. ...
•Mahindra XUV700. Price: Rs 20.56 lakh-26.18 lakh. ...
•MG Hector. Price: Rs 22.09 lakh-22.94 lakh. ...
•Tata Harrier: Price: Rs 23.62 lakh-24.07 lakh
•Tata Safari: Price: Rs 24.46 lakh-25.01 lakh
•Toyota Innova Hycross: Price: Rs 29.99 lakh
•Hyundai Tucson: Price: Rs 31.10 lakh-35.46 lakh
•BYD Atto 3: Price: Rs 33.99 lakh
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References
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adas.html#:~:text=Almost%20all%20vehicle%20accidents%20are,those%20that%20cannot
%20be%20avoided.
➢ https://caradas.com/adas-vs-autonomous-
driving/#:~:text=ADAS%20are%20features%20that%20can,driving%20automation%20at%2
0Level%20Five.
➢ https://www.mirabilisdesign.com/autonomous-driving-assistance-system/
➢ https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/non-passenger-
vehicle#:~:text=non%2Dpassenger%20vehicle%20means%20any,one%20location%20to%2
0another%20location.
➢ Automotive Communication Protocols (skill-lync.com)
➢ Design IP for Automotive SoCs: Trends and Solutions - Silvaco

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Questions
➢ Why is communication needed in automotive systems?
➢ What are the different communication protocols available at
this time?
➢ What are the career paths available to an engineer in the
automotive communication protocol domain?
➢ What are the leading Protocol Stack companies?
➢ What are the job roles available in the automotive
communication protocol domain?

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Thank You!!!

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