teps did the French revolutionarie. Seats 2 sense of collective identity, me French people? tie a ch revolutionaries took the following oy if TN ocste identity among the French Doh reate (i) They introduced the ideas of Jz patrie (the fatherland) and Je citoyen (the citizen), emphasising the concept of a united communi enjoying equal rights under a Constitution, (i) They chose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the royal standard. (iti) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. (i) In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, (1) They established a centralised administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens. (i) They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures, (vit) All internal custom duties were abolished. viii) They Promoted the French language, as spoken and _ Wtitten in Paris and discouraged regional dialects (a) They declared that it was the mission and destiny Of the French nation to liberate people of Ea ' "on despotism. It is meant that they would on Ect People of Europe to become nation-state ike them, i (1 ‘explain what is meant by the ‘1848 Revolution of ns. the Liberals’. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? CBSE 2011, 08 By the 1848 Revolution of the Liberals, we mean, the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe. Events of February 1848, in France, brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals in 19th century were (i) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent, abolition of autocracy and special privileges. (i) Socially, the liberals supported the abolition of | discrimination based on birth. (ii) Economically, it stood for the abolition of trade restrictions imposed. by the state. ttni Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? CASE is, Nationalist tension emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism. The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia~Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs. In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire. The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win ack their long-lost independence.6 How had Napoleanic Code exported to the 1S. regions under french control? Explain with examples. CBSE 2019 The Napoleonic Code which was also known as the civil code of 1804 was exported to the regions under French control in the following ways (i) In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany Napoleon simplified administrative, divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. (ii) In the towns, guild restriction were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. (iii) The Napoleonic Code introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, common national currency. These were helpful for peasants, artisans, workers, businessmen and small-scale producers. They enjoyed a new found freedom. These laws facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.at w ; Bi "were the major proposals Congress? or Bey aie e's poe in brief any four features of the jenna Treaty of 1815. CBSE 2011 or What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna (1815) on European people? Write any three points. CBSE 2012 Ans. The four major proposals/features of the Vienna Congress were (i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed. (ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South. (iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched, (iv)% Eiow did Romanticism seek to develop 2 particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Explain, CBSE 2009 Ans. Romanticism referred to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment in the following ways (i) Romantic artist and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science. (ii) They focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. (ii) Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a. common cultural past as the basis of a nation. (iv) Some German Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder thought that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dance, the true spirit of the nation could, be popularised. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered amon the common people. g12 Explain the political it of Italy befor its unification. or Give a brief account of political fragments o; Italy. oe ins. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Th is shown in the points below (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic state as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire. (ii) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy wa divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an. Italian Princely House. (iii) The North was:under Austrian Habsburgs, the center was ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. (iv) Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had many regional and local variations.2 How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the’ ideology ofliberalism? Explain. | CBSE 2020 . The ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following ways (2) For the liberal middle classes, the ideas of national unity means the abolition of aristocratic privileges. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. (i) Liberalism emphasised the concept of government. It urges for a constitution and representative government through Parliament. National unity can be maintained by the proper governance of the Parliament. . (iii) In the economic sphere, liberalism is in favour of the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century, this was a strong demand of the middle class which was in favour of national unity.| Explain the term conservatism. Explain with” special reference to Europe. _ Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change. European Conservatism After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European Governments were driven by Conservatism. Conservatives were people who believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. After the rule of Napoleon the basic ideas of conservatism were changed. Most conservatives did not want to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.They realised the changes initiated by Napoleon strengthened the traditional institutions like the monarchy in reality. They understood that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of their government. Thus, the conservatives of that time accepted the changes which were in favour of their interests.* 4 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in’ many European states after 1815. Explain’ with examples. — CBSE 2014 Ans. After 1815 due to the fear of repression, many revolutionaries or liberal-nationalists went underground to avoid arrest (i) They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. (ii) They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress. (iii) They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom. (iv) Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy. (v) Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. (vi) Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.yy “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments. CBSE 2016Ans. Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd December, 1804. He established a monarchical political system. He was worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time he did not want to ignore them entirely. So he introduced some reform in the administrative system. He tried to make the whole system more ° rational and efficient. To achieve this goal, he took some important steps. These were (i) He introduced Civil Code of 1804 which did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property. (i) He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. (iii) Moreover, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communications systems were improved, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency were introduced. By these new policies peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were benefitted and started to enjoy a new-found freedom. 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