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Experiment 1

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and how to produce an FM signal using an electronic communication trainer. It describes the theory of FM including modulation index and frequency deviation. The procedures explain how to generate an FM signal by varying the amplitude and frequency of an input signal and observing the output on an oscilloscope. Key components like the voltage controlled oscillator and controls of the signal source module are also explained.

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43 views

Experiment 1

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and how to produce an FM signal using an electronic communication trainer. It describes the theory of FM including modulation index and frequency deviation. The procedures explain how to generate an FM signal by varying the amplitude and frequency of an input signal and observing the output on an oscilloscope. Key components like the voltage controlled oscillator and controls of the signal source module are also explained.

Uploaded by

mursyidahnrl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN
KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BENG 3211
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LAB 3

LAB SESSION 4

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

1.0 Amplitude Modulation And Demodulation


2.0 Learning Outcomes:
1.0 Title: Frequency Modulation

2.0 Learning outcomes:

After completing this lab, students should be able:


1. to produce an FM signal using ED-2950 Electronic Communication Trainer
2. to calculate the frequency deviation of the FM signal.
3. to explain the working principle of the voltage control oscillator (VCO)

3.0 List of Equipments and Components:

1. ED-2900 Power Console (0~4 Vdc variable and +15V/-15V dc)


2. Module- type 2950A – signal source
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator

4.0 Safety:

1. Do not touch any exposed wires or sockets.


2. Ensure that the equipments are cleaned on a regular basis.

5.0 Theory:

Frequency modulation (FM) is a process in which the carrier frequency is varied by the
amplitude of the modulating signal (i.e. intelligence signal). The FM signal can be
expressed by the following equation:


x FM (t )  Ac cos( (t ))  Ac cos 2f c t  k f  S (t )dt  (1)

If S (t )  Am cos( 2f m t ) , then

 k f Am 
x FM (t )  Ac cos 2f c t  sin( 2f m t ) (2)
 2f m 
 Ac cos2f c t   sin( 2f m t )
where
 (t ) = instantaneous modulated frequency
f c = carrier frequency
f m = modulating frequency
 = modulation index
The frequency of FM signal x FM (t ) may be expressed as

1 d
f   (t )  f c  f m  cos( 2f m t ) (3)
2 dt

From (3), we can find that the FM frequency deviation from the center frequency of the
carrier occurs when the intelligence amplitude is varied.

A Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is an oscillating circuit whose output frequency


changes in direct proportion to an input voltage. It is used to perform direct frequency
modulation on signals. VCO has a center frequency, fc and the input (control) voltage
m(t) modulates the instantaneous frequency around this center frequency.

VCO

m(t) Center frequency, fc y(t)


Frequency deviation constant, fd

Figure 5.1: The block diagram of the VCO

6.0 Procedures:

1. For the priliminary procedures, set the variable attenuator to 0 dB and input
sensitivity control B to maximum (x0.1).
2. Apply the signal source of 100 Hz and 5 Vp-p to the ED-2950A module.
3. Set the frequency control C to 465 KHz.
4. Observe the changes of the FM signal by varying the signal source amplitude and
record the maximum frequency deviation. Comment your results.
5. Reset the input to 5 Vp-p. Observe the changes of the FM signal by reducing the
signal source frequency up to 0.1 Hz and comment your results.
6. Describe the function of the input sensitivity control B and frequency control C of
the ED-2950A.
7. Explain your findings if the output is measured at various fixed attenuator.

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