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Color Models 1

Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that causes a reaction in our visual system, with wavelengths generally between 350-750 nm appearing as colors from red to blue. The human visual system contains rods and cones, with three types of cones allowing us to perceive color using only three values called tristimulus values. Additive color systems like displays use red, green, and blue primaries, while subtractive systems like printing use cyan, magenta, and yellow to filter white light. Color models represent how combinations of primaries can produce all visible colors.

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13 views

Color Models 1

Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that causes a reaction in our visual system, with wavelengths generally between 350-750 nm appearing as colors from red to blue. The human visual system contains rods and cones, with three types of cones allowing us to perceive color using only three values called tristimulus values. Additive color systems like displays use red, green, and blue primaries, while subtractive systems like printing use cyan, magenta, and yellow to filter white light. Color models represent how combinations of primaries can produce all visible colors.

Uploaded by

hydrotech429
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Light

† Light is the part of the


electromagnetic spectrum that causes
a reaction in our visual systems
† Generally these are wavelengths in
the range of about 350-750 nm
(nanometers)
† Long wavelengths appear as reds and
short wavelengths as blues
Luminance and Color Images
† Luminance
„ Monochromatic
„ Values are gray levels
„ Analogous to working with black and
white film or television
† Color
„ Has perceptional attributes of hue,
saturation, and lightness
„ Do we have to match every frequency in
visible spectrum? No!
Three-Color Theory
† Human visual system has two types of
sensors
„ Rods: monochromatic, night vision
„ Cones
† Color sensitive
† Three types of cone
† Only three values (the tristimulus
values) are sent to the brain
† Need only match these three values
„ Need only three primary colors
Additive and Subtractive Color
† Additive color
„ Form a color by adding amounts of three
primaries
† CRTs, projection systems, positive film
„ Primaries are Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B)
† Subtractive color
„ Form a color by filtering white light with Cyan
(C), Magenta (M), and Yellow (Y) filters
† Light-material interactions
† Printing
† Negative film
The RGB Color Model – for CRT
Blue=(0,0,1) Cyan=(0,1,1)

Magenta=(1,0,1)

White=(1,1,1)

Green=(0,1,0)
Black=(0,0,0)

Red=(1,0,0) Yellow=(1,1,0)
Color Depth
† Can choose number of bits for each of r, g
and b
„ More bits per component means more colors can
be distinguished, but image files will be larger
„ 8 bits (1 byte) per component: 24-bit color,
millions of colors
† If r = g = b, color is a shade of gray, so
grayscale can be represented by a single
value
„ 8 bits permits 256 grays
The CMY Color Model – for hardcopy
Yellow=(1,1,0) Red=(1,0,0)

Green=(0,1,0)

Black=(0,0,0)

Magenta=(1,0,1)
White=(1,1,1)

Cyan=(0,1,1) Blue=(0,0,1)
Undercolor Removal: CMYK System

† Real inks do not correspond to ideal


subtractive primaries
† Combining three inks for black is
undesirable
† Printers use four process colors, cyan,
magenta, yellow and black
† CMYK gamut is not the same as RGB
„ Implications for using images prepared
for print (CMYK) on the Web (RGB)
The CMYK Color Model – for hardcopy

† C = G+B = W-R
† M = R+B = W-G
† Y = R+G = W-B

† K = min(C,M,Y)
† C C-K
† M M-K
† Y Y-K
The HSV Color Model – for user-oriented

† Alternative way of specifying color


† Hue (roughly, dominant wavelength)
† Saturation (purity)
† Value (brightness)
† Model HSV as a cylinder: H angle, S
distance from axis, V distance along
axis
† Basis of popular style of color picker
The HSV Color Model – for user-oriented

† H : hue Green V Yellow


120°
† S : saturation
1.0
† V : value Cyan White 0°Red
„ (or B for blight) 240°
Blue Magenta

0.0 H
S
Black
Color Models in Video
† Largely derive from older analog methods of
coding color for TV. Luminance is separated
from color information.
† YIQ is used to transmit TV signals in North
America and Japan. This coding also makes
its way into VHS video tape coding in these
countries since video tape technologies also
use YIQ.
† In Europe, video tape uses the PAL or SECAM
codings, which are based on TV that uses a
matrix transform called YUV.
† Digital video mostly uses a matrix transform
called YCbCr that is closely related to YUV.
The YUV Color Model – for PAL video
† Can be useful to separate brightness and
color information, especially for video.
† Y is for luminance and U and V are for
chrominance which are stored as two
color difference values B-Y and R-Y.

⎡ Y ⎤ ⎡ 0.299 0.587 0.114 ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤


⎢U ⎥ = ⎢ −0.299 −0.587 0.886 ⎥ ⎢G ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣V ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.701 −0.587 −0.114 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B ⎥⎦
The YUV Color Model – for PAL video
† For dealing with composite video, it
turns out to be convenient to contain
U and V within the range −1/3 to
+4/3. So U and V are rescaled:
U = 0.492111( B − Y )
V = 0.877283( R − Y )

† The chrominance signal =


the composite signal C:
C = U ⋅ cos(ωt ) + V ⋅ sin(ωt )
The YIQ Color Model – for NTSC color-TV
† Y : luminance
† I and Q : chromaticity
(rotated version of U and V)
I = 0.492111( R − Y ) ⋅ cos 33D − 0.877283( B − Y ) ⋅ sin 33D
Q = 0.492111( R − Y ) ⋅ sin 33D + 0.877283( B − Y ) ⋅ cos 33D

⎡Y ⎤ ⎡0.299 0.587 0.114 ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤


⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢0.596 −0.275 −0.321⎥ ⎢G ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢Q ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0.212 −0.528 0.311 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B ⎥⎦
The YCbCr Color Model – for digital video
Cb = (( B − Y ) /1.772) + 0.5
Cr = (( R − Y ) /1.402) + 0.5
⎡ Y ⎤ ⎡ 0.299 0.587 0.114 ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢C ⎥ = ⎢ −0.168 −0.332 0.5 ⎥ ⎢G ⎥ + ⎢0.5⎥
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
scaled to [0-255]

⎢⎣Cr ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.5 −0.418 −0.082 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦

⎡ Y ⎤ ⎡ 65.481 128.553 24.966 ⎤ ⎡ R ⎤ ⎡ 16 ⎤


⎢C ⎥ = ⎢ −37.797 −74.203 112 ⎥ ⎢G ⎥ + ⎢128⎥
⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢Cr ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 112 −93.786 −18.214 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣128⎥⎦

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