FREE ENERGY GENERATOR

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

By

Name: S. M. Rashidul Islam

(ID: 153-33-2960)
Name: Liton Chandra Dev Sharmma
(ID: 153-33-2987)

Supervised by
Dr. M. Shamsul Alam
Professor,
Department of EEE
Daffodil International University

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

January 2019
 Certification
This is to certify that this project and thesis entitled “Free Energy Generator” is done by the
following students under my direct supervision and this work has been carried out by them in
the laboratories of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering under the
Faculty of Engineering of Daffodil International University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
The presentation of the work was held on January 2019.

Signature of the candidates

Name: S. M. Rashidul Islam

ID: 153-33-2960

Name: Liton Chandra Dev Sharmma

ID: 153-33-2987

Signature of the Supervisor

Dr. M. Shamsul Alam

Professor,
Dept. of EEE, DIU

©Daffodil International University II

 The project entitled “ Free Energy Generator,” submitted by S. M. Rashidul Islam, ID
No: 153-33-2960, and Liton Chandra Dev Sharmma, ID No: 153-33-2987, Session: Fall
2015 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering on October
2018.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Dr. Engr. Chairman

Professor
Department of EEE, DIU

Dr. Engr. Internal Member

Professor
Department of EEE, DIU

Dr. Engr. Internal Member

Professor
Department of EEE, DIU

©Daffodil International University III

 DEDICATION

We dedicate this project to our parents.

©Daffodil International University IV

 CONTENTS
List of Figures VIII
List of Tables IX
List of Abbreviations X
List of Symbols XI
Acknowledgment XII
Abstract XIII

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background Study 2
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Objectives 2
1.5 Scopes 3
1.6 Research Methodology 3
1.7 Project Outline 3

Chapter 2: ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENT 4-31

2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Component 4
2.2.1 Power Input section 4
2.2.2 Inverter section 4
2.2.3 Power Converter Section 5
2.2.4 Automatic Switching Section 5
2.2.5 Automatic Battery Charger Section 5
2.2.6 Cooling Section 5
2.2.7 Power Output Section 6
2.3 Transformer 7
2.3.1 Working of this Transformer 7
2.4 Relay 8
2.5 IC CD4047 9
2.5.1 Features 10
2.5.2 Monostable Features 10
2.5.3 Astable Features 10
2.6 MOSFET 11
2.6.1 IRFZ44N 11

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 2.7 Boost Converter 13
2.8 Power Source 13
2.8.1 DC Motor 13
2.8.1.1 Main Parts of a DC motor 14
2.8.2 Battery 14
2.8 Solar Panel 15
2.9 Power Switch 16
2.10 Power Connector 16
2.11 Voltage regulator IC 17
2.11.1 Specification of 7805 Voltage Regulator IC 17
2.11.1.1 Pin Function of 7805 Voltage Regulator IC 18
2.11.2 Specification of 7812 Voltage Regulator IC 18
2.11.2.1 Pin Function of 7812 Voltage Regulator IC 18
2.12 Resistor 19
2.12.1 Type of Resistor 19
2.12.2 Resistor Color Code 20
2.12.3 Example 2.1 21
2.12.4 Series and Parallel Resistor formula 21
2.12.4.1 Series 21
2.12.4.2 Parallel 22
2.13 Potentiometer 22
2.14 Capacitor 23
2.14.1 Theory of Operation 23
2.15 Diode 25
2.15.1 Characteristics 25
2.15.2 Types of Diode 26
2.15.3 Full Wave Rectifier 26
2.15.3.1 Working of a Bridge Rectifier 27
2.16 Vero Board 29
2.17 Connecting Wire 29
2.18 Cooling Fan 30
2.19 Heat sink 30
2.20 Summary 31

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 Chapter 3: HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 32-36

3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Block Diagram 32
3.2.1 Block Diagram of Free Energy Generator 32
3.3 Circuit Diagram and Construction 33
3.3.1 Circuit Diagram of 12v Auto. Battery Charger 33
3.3.1.1 Construction of 12v Auto. Battery Charger Circuit 33
3.3.2 Circuit Diagram of Inverter 34
3.3.2.1 Construction of Inverter Circuit 34
3.4 Working Principle 35
3.5 Summary 36

Chapter 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 37-39

4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Result 37
4.3 Advantage of Free Energy Generator 37
4.4 Disadvantage of Free Energy Generator 37
4.5 Cost Estimation of the Project 38
4.6 Summary 39

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 40-41

5.1 Conclusions 40
5.2 Future Scopes of Modification 40

References 41

©Daffodil International University VII

 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Caption Page

2.1 Transformer 7
2.2 Transformer circuit representation 7
2.3 12v Relay (8 pin) 8
2.4 Wire diagram of 8 pin relay 8
2.5 IC CD4047 9
2.6 Pin function of CD4047 IC 9
2.7 Deflection-mode of MOSFET 11
2.8 IRFZ44N 12
2.9 Schematic Diagram and Module of Boost Converter 13
2.10 DC Motor and its component name 14
2.11 18650 Li-Polymer Battery 15
2.12 Solar Panel with connecting wire 15
2.13 DPDT Switch 16
2.14 SPST Switch 16
2.15 Power Connector (Male and Female) 17
2.16 Voltage Regulator IC LM7805 18
2.17 Voltage Regulator IC LM7812 18
2.18 Fixed Resistor Symbol 19
2.19 Fixed Resistor Symbol (ANSI) 19
2.20 Resistor 20
2.21 Resistor Series Circuit 21
2.22 Resistor Parallel Circuit 22
2.23 Symbol of Potentiometer 22
2.24 Different Type of Potentiometer 22
2.25 Capacitors & Capacitor symbols 23
2.26 Internal constriction of capacitors 23
2.27 Diode and symbol 25
2.28 Junction diode symbol and static I-V characteristics 25
2.29 Bridge rectifier circuit 27
2.30 Input sine wave 27
2.31 Pulsating DC output 28
2.32 Filtered output 28
2.33 Vero Board 29
2.34 Connecting Wire 29
2.35 Cooling Fan 30
2.36 Heat sink 30
3.1 Block Diagram of Free energy generator 32
3.2 Circuit Diagram of 12v Auto. Battery Charger 33
3.3 Circuit Diagram of Inverter 34
©Daffodil International University VIII
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Table Caption Page

2.1 Pin function of IRFZ44N 12
2.2 Ratings of IRFZ44N 12
2.3 Pin Function of 7805 IC. 18
2.4 Pin Function of 7812 IC. 18
2.5 Resistor Color Code 20
4.1 Price List and Component Quantity 38

©Daffodil International University IX

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A Ampere
AC Alternative Current
DC Direct Current
C Capacitance
F Farad
GND Ground
IC Integrated Circuit
I/O Input Output
K Kilo
KB Kilo Byte
LED Light emitting Diode
mA Mile Ampere
N/O Normally Open
N/C Normally Close
PCB Printed Circuit Board
R Resistance
SPST Single Pole Single Throw
DPDT Double Pole Double Throw
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Voltage
Vin Input Voltage
Vout Output Voltage
USB Universal Serial Bus
MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

©Daffodil International University X

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Ω ohm
µF Microfarad
nF Nano farad
Q Charge

©Daffodil International University XI

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

©Daffodil International University XII

 ABSTRACT

At first, we want to say it is not a new invention, it is just a concept that will help us to
generate extra energy at a low cost. In this case, we have used one 12v DC motor (need three
or more 12v DC motor to get more power) to produce electrical energy. We know it can
work as an alternator if we rotate its stator. We have used rotating energy of ceiling fan to
rotate its stator. As a result, we get Direct current (DC) from the motor’s output(basically it
was motor's input terminal) terminal. Then we have used a voltage regulator (Booster
Converter) to regulate the voltage to get stable and regulated voltage in the output. we have
used a 12V automatic battery charger to charge the battery. It is a backup power source to
stand by the whole system when the ceiling fan is switched off. We have also used a 12v
solar panel as a backup power source to run the electric generation system when the ceiling
fan is not used in the winter season. Then we have used a relay for switching the system to
provide uninterrupted power to inverter, converter and 12v DC output port. In Inverter
Section, it is inverted 12v to 220v to use AC Appliance. In Converter Section, we have
converted 12v to 5v for mobile charging. There is also a 12V output port to use some
electrical appliance that needs to operate 12v energy.

©Daffodil International University XIII

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
There is no such thing as Free Energy. Any electric power from Solar cells, Tidal,
Geothermal, Wind, Hydro-electric is only free after we starting up these methods for
generating electric power by providing some capital cost. Energy becomes free only after
some point since we do not have to pay charges for electric power generated through
these non-conventional methods for generating electric power. Hence the concept of
using the magnet in the generation of electricity has been around us for a long time.
For many years simple magnets have been used for their magnetic field to produce
electric power. They are placed in the inside core of the motors & generators. The basic
principle of power generation lies under the magnetic effect. It states that “When a
conductor is rotated in a magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor”.
A basic dc motor/generator comprises of a rotor and a stator. The stator of the machine
does not move and typically is the external casing of the machine; the rotor is allowed to
move and regularly is the inward piece of the machine. Them two are typically
comprised of ferromagnetic materials. Spaces are cut on the inward outskirts of the stator
and the external fringe of the rotor. Conductors are put in these openings of the stator or
rotor. These are interconnected to shape round windings. The twisting in which voltage is
initiated is called armature windings and which current is passed field winding.
Changeless magnets are utilized in a few machines to give the principle motion of the
machine.
The internal windings of the dc motor which is behaving as a generator. The windings
are coiled around a cavity in which the shaft is inserted & rotated to produce the electric
power.

©Daffodil International University 1

 1.2 Background Study
Electricity crisis is the burning question in our country now. Our main source of
electricity production is the natural gas which is a shortage and is going to run out. Some
power stations are furnace controlled and some others are oil dependent. This sort of
power stations is more expensive and they are not environmental friendly. They produce
greenhouse gas and it destroys the Ozone layer which is cause for global warming. There
are some possible solutions for that, but they have not been widely adopted. We can also
move towards renewable resources. In summer season we use ceiling fans. It’s a common
thing for everybody. But using this ceiling fan if we can generate electricity it will be a
plus point for us.

1.3 Problem Statement

Free Energy Generator came into existence because of the Crisis of power in our country
and it is one of the major problems in country. Day by day the gap between demand and
production is increasing. In addition, the majority of the power plants are gas based
which will be eliminated later on. Abuse, framework misfortune and debasement in the
influence area are the primary issue with respect to this emergency. It is conceivable to
control stack request by utilizing a minimal fluorescent light (CFL), the change of the
occasion, appropriate load the executives, empowering Independent Power Producers
(IPP) and decreasing transmission misfortune. It is possible to solve the problem but
needs more time. Our free energy generator can solve this problem by generating energy.

1.4 Objectives
The main goal or objective is to create the Free Energy Generator to produce electrical
energy at a low cost. Also, some of the objectives are,

1. To solve the electricity problem in our country.

2. To provide uninterrupted electricity.
3. To generate free energy at a low initial cost.
4. To save energy for saving the world.
5. To reduce electricity bills.
6. To reduce load shedding and ensure electricity for every house.

©Daffodil International University 2

 1.5 Scopes

1.6 Research Methodology

Electricity crisis is a common problem in our country. Day by day we producing more
energy but it is not enough for the demand. Our free energy generator can solve the
problem. Free Energy Generator can produce Direct Current (12v and 5v) and
Alternating Current (220v, 50Hz). It generates the energy section wise. If one section is
unable to generate electricity other section will continuously generate the electricity.
There are also three types of power input system.

During the preparation of the report help from supervised by faculty Dr. M. Shamsul Alam,
Professor of Daffodil International University. Although there were several sources but
here some are mentioned as for the proper references.

1.7 Project Outline

This project is organized as follows:

Chapter 1 : Introduction.

Chapter 2 : Analysis of the system component.

Chapter 3 : Hardware development.

Chapter 4 : Result and discussions.

Chapter 5 : Conclusions

©Daffodil International University 3

 CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
COMPONENT
2.1 Introduction

Our project Free Energy Generation has seven section. This chapter will be explaining
about the main components of the sections of this project.

2.2 Component
The Free Energy Generator has the following main components.

2.2.1 Power Input section:

i. 12v DC motor.
ii. Lithium Ion Battery.
iii. DPDT Switch.
iv. Power Jack.

2.2.2 Inverter section:

i. 12-0-12, 3000mA Transformer.
ii. IC-CD4047.
iii. MOSFET (IRFZ44N).
iv. Resistor (100 Ω/0.5W).
v. Potentiometer (22kΩ).

vi. Capacitor (0.22µF).

vii. Aluminum Heat Sink

©Daffodil International University 4

 2.2.3 Power Converter Section:

i. Voltage Regulator IC- LM7805.

ii. Voltage Regulator IC- LM7812.
iii. Aluminum Heat Sink.

iv. Connecting Wires.

2.2.4 Automatic Switching Section:

i. 12v Relay (8 Pin).

ii. Relay Base.

2.2.5 Automatic Battery Charger Section:

i. SCR1-TYN612.
ii. SCR2-TYN604.
iii. LED(Green, Red)

iv. Diode(1n4007).

v. Potentiometer (10kΩ)

vi. Capacitor (100µF/25v)

vii. Zener Diode(6.8v/1w)

viii. Resistor(2.2KΩ, 1.5KΩ, 10KΩ, 560Ω).

ix. Connecting Wires.

2.2.6 Cooling Section:

i. 12v DC Cooling Fan.

ii. Power Switch(SPST).
iii. Connecting Wires

©Daffodil International University 5

 2.2.7 Power Output Section:

i. USB Port(Female).
ii. LED(Green, Red)

iii. 220v, 6A Power Switch (SPST).

iv. 220v, 6A Socket (2 Pin).

v. Fuse Holder.
vi. Fuse.
vii. Connecting Wires.

©Daffodil International University 6

 2.3 Transformer

Fig. 2.1 Transformer

Fig. 2.2 Transformer circuit representation

A Transformer is a device and it transfers electric current from one circuit to another,
usually by the principal of mutual induction. During this process, the frequency remains
constant whereas the voltage can be increased or decreased according to the need.

2.3.1 Working of the Transformer

©Daffodil International University 7

 One important thing here is that both the outputs VA and VB respectively are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction, which means that they are 180 degrees out of
phase with each other. So, we also use a full wave rectifier with a center tapped
transformer, to make both the voltages in phase with each other.

2.4 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as
solid-state relays. Transfers are utilized where it is important to control a circuit by a
different low-control flag, or where a few circuits must be controlled by one flag. The
first transfers were utilized in long separation broadcast circuits as intensifiers: they
rehashed the flag rolling in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
Transfers were utilized widely in phone trades and early PCs to perform sensible tasks.

Fig : 2.3 12v Relay (8 pin)

Fig : 2.4 Wire diagram of 8 pin relay

©Daffodil International University 8

 2.5 IC CD4047:

It is very popular IC for us. It can work both Astable and Monostable mode in a circuit.
Main this IC is used for generating clock pulse like sine wave, square wave and many
others. This IC is also used in application of timing delay circuits, frequency multiplier
and frequency divider. This IC is very helpful to generate an envelope signal from the
original signal.

Fig : 2.5 CD4047 IC Fig : 2.6 pin function of CD4047 IC

©Daffodil International University 9

 2.5.1 Features

 Power Consumption is low

 Can work Monostable mode and Astable mode

 High noise resistance

 Only one resistor and capacitor required externally

 Standardized, symmetrical output characteristics

2.5.2 Monostable Features

 Retrigger able option for pulse width expansion

 Positive and negative edge trigger

 Output pulse width independent of trigger pulse duration

2.5.3 Astable Features

 It can perform free operating modes

 Duty cycle is good, its about 50%

 Output measureable in Oscillator

 Stability of Astable frequency is good

©Daffodil International University 10

 2.6 MOSFET :

Fig : 2.7 Deflection-mode of MOSFET

2.6.1 IRFZ44N:
IRF-Z44N is a power MOSFET and basically belongs to the family of Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It belongs to the N-channel family. It
uses “Trench” technology and it is enveloped in a plastic structure. Its state resistance is
very low. It has zener diode which provides ESD protection up to 2 kilo-volt. Its price is
very low and can provide higher efficiency. It is commonly available in the electronic
shops these days and is mostly known because of its vast applications.

©Daffodil International University 11

 Fig : 2.8 IRFZ44N

Table : 2.1 pin function of IRFZ44N

Table : 2.2 Ratings of IRFZ44N

©Daffodil International University 12

 2.7 Boost Converter

DC-DC boost converter is a step-up power module and it has a high-precision

potentiometer, and it uses XL6009E1 with the second generation of high-frequency
switching technology as core chip, as a result its performance is much higher than the
first-generation technology LM2577. I has a high switching frequency of 400KHz, even
small-capacity filter capacitors can bring with very nice results, while the ripple is less
and the size is smaller.

Fig: 2.9 Schematic Diagram and Module of Boost Converter.

2.8 Power Source:

We have used Battery, DC motor and a Solar Panel (optional) as a power supply or
power source.

2.8.1 DC Motor:

©Daffodil International University 13

 2.8.1.1 Main parts of DC motor:

1. Stator
2. Rotor
3. Winding
4. Air gap
5. Commutator

Fig : 2.10 DC Motor and its component name

A 12v DC motor is small and inexpensive, yet powerful enough to be used for many
applications.

2.8.2 Battery:
Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a flow of
electrons in a circuit. The three basic components of a batteries are: an anode, a
cathode, and some kind of electrolyte.

At the point when the anode and cathode of a battery is associated with a circuit, a
substance response happens between the anode and the electrolyte. This response
makes electrons move through the circuit and once again into the cathode where another
substance response happens. When the material in the cathode or anode is consumed or no
longer able to be used in the reaction, the battery is unable to produce electricity.

We use two type of battery, number one is 3.7-volt li-polymer battery for transmitter
©Daffodil International University 14
 circuit inside of helmet, and number two is 12-volt sulfuric acid battery from
Motorcycle for Receiver Circuit.

Fig: 2.11 18650 Li-Polymer Battery.

2.8 Solar Panel:

Solar panel is a device which is used to absorb the sun's rays and convert them into
electricity or heat.

A solar panel is actually a collection of solar or photovoltaic cells. It can be used to

generate electricity through photovoltaic effect. These cells are arranged in a grid like a
pattern on the surface of solar panels.

Fig: 2.12 Solar Panel with connecting wire

©Daffodil International University 15

 2.9 Power Switch
Power switch is very common and important element in electrical design. It is a controlling
device. It can "make" or "break" an electrical circuit, interfering with the flow or
redirecting it starting with one conduit then onto the next. The system of a switch
expels or reestablishes the directing way in a circuit when it is worked. A switch will
have at least one arrangements of contacts, which may work at the same time,
successively, or on the other hand. Switches in powerful circuits must work quickly to
counteract ruinous arcing, and may incorporate unique highlights to aid quickly intruding
on a substantial current.

Fig: 2.13 DPDT Switch. Fig: 2.14 SPST Switch.

2.10 Power Connector

Barrel connectors are ordinarily found on minimal effort purchaser hardware which can be
connected to divider control by means of massive AC divider connectors. Divider
connectors are generally accessible, in an assortment of intensity evaluations and
voltages, making barrel connectors a typical means for interfacing capacity to little
tasks.

The female barrel connector can be obtained in a few assortments: PCB mounted link
mount, or board mount. A portion of these connectors will have an extra contact that
enables the application to identify whether a power supply is connected to the barrel

©Daffodil International University 16

jack or not, in this manner enabling the gadget to sidestep batteries and spare battery life
when running on outside power.

Fig: 2.15 Power Connector (Male and Female).

2.11 Voltage regulator IC

The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220
package and its several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. In a suitable heat sink it can
deliver over 1A output current. It is designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators but
now a days these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.

2.11.1 Specification of LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC

i. Input voltage range 7V to 35V.

ii. Current rating Ic = 1 A.

iii. Output voltage range VMax = 5.2V, VMin = 4.8V.

©Daffodil International University 17

 2.11.1.1 Pin Function of LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC.

Table: 2.3 Pin Function of LM7805 IC. Fig: 2.16 Voltage Regulator IC.

2.11.2 Specification of LM7812 Voltage Regulator IC

i. Input voltage range 7V to 35V.

ii. Current rating Ic = 1 A.

iii. Output voltage range VMax = 12.5V, VMin = 11.5V.

2.11.2.1 Pin Function of LM7812 Voltage Regulator IC.

Table: 2.4 Pin Function of LM7812 IC. Fig: 2.17 Voltage Regulator IC.

©Daffodil International University 18

 2.12 Resistor
The resistor is a very important electrical part to make opposition in the stream of
electrical flow. They can be found in every electrical system and electrical circuits. Its
obstruction is estimated in ohms. It is the opposition that happens when a current of one
ampere goes though a resistor with a one volt drop over its terminals. The current is
relative to the voltage over the terminal closures. This proportion is spoken to by Ohm’s
law and it is given by,

V
R= I

Resistor are used for some reasons. A couple of models incorporate delimiter electric
flow, warm age, voltage division, control gain, coordinating and stacking circuits, and fix
time constants. They can be utilizes to as electric brakes to disperse motor vitality from
trains, or be litter than a square millimeter for gadgets.

Fig: 2.18 Fixed Resistor Symbol. Fig: 2.19 Fixed Resistor Symbol (ANSI).

2.12.1 Type of Resistor

i. Fixed Resistor.
ii. Variable Resistor.
a. Potentiometer.
b. Rheoter.
c. Trimpot.
iii. Resistance depend on a physical quantity.
a. Thermistor.
b. Photo Resistor.
c. Varistor.
d. Magneto Resistor.
e. Strain Gauges Resistor.
iv. Material base.
a. Carbon composition.
b. Carbon film.
c. Metal film.
d. Metal oxide film.
e. Wire-wound.
f. Foil.
©Daffodil International University 19
 2.12.2 Resistor Color Code
The obstruction esteem and resistance are shown with a few hued groups around the
segment body. This stamping method of electronic segments was at that point created in
the 1920's. Printing innovation was as yet not far created, what made printed
numerical codes excessively troublesome on little segments. These days, the shading
code is as yet utilized for most hub resistors up to one watt. In the figure a precedent is
appeared with four shading groups. In this precedent the two first groups decide the
noteworthy digits of the obstruction esteem, the third band is the duplicating factor and
the fourth band gives the resistance. Each shading speaks to an alternate number and
can be gazed upward in a resistor shading code table.

Fig: 2.20 Resistor.

Table: 2.5 Resistor color code

There are another method to memorized resistor color code value. That is, “BB ROY
Good Boy Very Good Worker” in this system every capital word have a number, which is
start from 0 to 9. That mean,

©Daffodil International University 20

 B = Black =0 G = Green =5
B = Brown =1 B = Blue =6
R = Red =2 V = Violet =7
O = Orange =3 G = Grey =8
Y = Yellow =4 W = White =9

2.12.3 Example 2.1: There are a resistor which first band is Red = 2, Second band is
Violet
= 7, Third band is Orange = 3, and fourth band is Gold = 5%, Then calculate the resistor
value of R=?
Solution:
Given,
First band =2
Second band = 7
Third band =3
Fourth band = 5%
We know that,
R = First band Second band x 10^Third band
R= 27 x 10^3
R= 27000 ohm = 27 K ohm
So, this is the answer of Resistor R= 27 K ohm

2.12.4 Series and Parallel Resistor formula

2.12.4.1 Series:
Formula: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + etc.

Fig: 2.21 Resistor Series Circuit.

©Daffodil International University 21

 2.12.4.2 Parallel :

Formula: RT = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 + etc.)

Fig: 2.22 Resistor Parallel Circuit.

2.13 Potentiometer

Fig: 2.23 Symbol of Potentiometer.

Fig: 2.24 Different Type of Potentiometer.

©Daffodil International University 22

 2.14 Capacitor

Fig. 2.25 Capacitors & Capacitor symbols.

2.14.1 Theory of Operation

Fig : 2.26 Internal constriction of capacitors

©Daffodil International University 23

 An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the
ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:

𝑄𝑄
C=
𝑉𝑉
Because the conductors (or plates) are close together, the opposite charges on the
conductors attract one another due to their electric fields, allowing the capacitor to store
more charge for a given voltage than if the conductors were separated, giving the
capacitor a large capacitance.
Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to
vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
C=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

©Daffodil International University 24

 2.15 Diode

Fig. 2.27 Diode and symbol

2.15.1 Characteristics

Fig. 2.28 Junction diode symbol and static I-V characteristics

©Daffodil International University 25

 There are two operating regions and three possible “biasing” conditions for the
standard Junction Diode and these are:
 1. Zero Bias – No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction Diode

 2. Reverse Bias – The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the P

type material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the
effect of Increasing the PN junction diode’s width.

 3. Forward Bias – The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P

type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the
effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes width.

2.15.2 Types of Diode :

There are different types of diodes are available for electronics design, namely; a
Backward diode, Gunn Diode, BARITT diode, Laser diode, Schottky diodes, Light
emitting diodes, Photodiode, PIN diode, PN Junction, , Step recovery diode, Varactor
diode, Tunnel diode and a Zener diode.

2.15.3 Full Wave Rectifier:

A rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage. It can
be implemented using a capacitor diode combination. The unique property of diodes,
permitting the current to flow in a single direction is utilized in here. It converts an
ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac
voltage. Bridge rectifier is a full wave rectifier circuit using the combination of four
diodes to form a bridge. It has the advantage that it converts both the half cycles of AC
input into DC output.

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 Fig. 2.29 Bridge rectifier circuit

2.15.3.1 Working of a Bridge Rectifier

 During the positive half cycle of secondary voltage, diodes D2 and D3 are
forward biased and diodes D1 and D4 are reverse biased. Now the current flows
through D2–
>Load–>D3.

 During the negative half cycle of the secondary voltage, diodes D1 and D4 are
forward biased and rectifier diodes D2 and D3 are reverse biased. Now the current
flows through D4–>Load>D1

 In both the cycles, load current flows in the same direction. Hence we get a
pulsating DC voltage.

Fig. 2.30 Input sine wave

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 Fig. 2.31 Pulsating DC output

 Addition of a capacitor at the output converts the pulsating DC voltage to fixed

DC voltage.
Up to a time period of t=1s input voltage is increasing, so the capacitor charges up to
peak value of the input. After t=1s input starts to decrease, then the voltage across
the capacitor reverse biases the diodes D2 and D4 and therefore it will not conduct.
Now capacitor discharges through the load, then voltage across the capacitor decreases.

 When the peak voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage, diodes D2 or D4 forward
biases and as a result capacitor again charges to the peak value. This process
continues. Hence we get almost smooth DC voltage as shown in fig (3.7).

Fig. 2.32 Filtered output

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 2.16 Vero Board:

Fig: 2.33 Vero Board.

2.17 Connecting Wire

A wire is a single, flexible strand, usually cylindrical or rod of metal. They are used to
bear mechanical loads or electricity or telecommunications signals. So, it is very important
element for those departments. It is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a
hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in
terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle
of such strands, as in 'multi stranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in
mechanics, or a cable in electricity.

Fig: 2.34 Connecting Wire.

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 2.18 Cooling Fan:

Fig: 2.35 Cooling Fan

Cooling system is key in keeping a system in working order. It directly effects the
system’s ability to dissipate heat if a cabinet does not have proper airflow, as a result
whole system can be destroyed. A fan with high static pressure is more effective at
forcing air through restricted spaces, such as the free gaps in the heat sink.

2.19 Heat sink:

A heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic
or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is
dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature
at optimal levels.

Fig: 2.36 Heat sink

Without a quality heat sink, our electronic component is at risk of overheating, which
could destroy our entire system, costing us a lot.

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 2.20 Summary
The components used are studied individually. Their purpose in the system is explained
along with their ratings, pinouts and connections.

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 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will be explaining about the construction of the main sections of this
project.

3.2 Block Diagram:

There are only one block diagram for the whole system.

3.2.1 Block Diagram of “Free Energy Generator”.

Fig : 3.1 Block Diagram of Free energy generator

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 3.3 Circuit Diagram and Construction
There are many circuit deigning software, we have used “Proteuse” in our project for
deigning the circuit diagrams.

3.3.1 Circuit Diagram of 12v Auto. Battery Charger

Fig: 3.2 Circuit Diagram of 12v Auto. Battery Charger.

3.3.1.1 Construction of 12v Auto. Battery Charger Circuit

We are providing 13.5v DC from the booster output terminal and the Red LED is turned
on.

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 This is filtered with C1 and when the potential reaches 6.8V, Zener ZD1 starts
conducting and supplies enough Gate voltage to SCR2 to turn it on.

As a result, the current flows through SCR2 via R2 and SCR1 is turned off as both gate
voltage and supply voltage are cut off. The Green LED is turned on indicating a full
charge on the battery.

3.3.2 Circuit Diagram of Inverter

Fig: 3.3 Circuit Diagram of Inverter

3.3.2.1 Construction of Inverter Circuit

 CD4047 is a multivibrator IC and it is used to get 50Hz frequency in the DC current.

 PIN 1,2 and 3 are the adjusting pin to get the desired frequency. We used here a RC

circuit to get a frequency of 50Hz.

 We have connected a variable resistor of 10K between pin 2 and pin 3 then adjust the

resistance to 39.1Ω.

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 Then we have connected a ceramic capacitor of capacitance of 0.22μf (104) between

pin-1 and pin-3.

 PIN 4,5,6 and 14 are connected to the +ve terminal of the battery as shown in the

schematic diagram.

 PIN 10 and PIN 11 are the outputs which are connected to the Gate of the MOSFETs.

 PIN 7,8,9 and 12 are connected to the -ve terminal of the battery, refer the schematic.

 The Drain terminal of the MOSFETs are connected to the end terminals of the

transformers.

 The Source terminal of these MOSFETs are grounded (-12 volts).

 A fast switching diode 4148 is connected between the drain and the source of the

MOSFETs.

 The Central-Tapped terminal of the Transformer is connected to the +12 Volts.

 Since the Transformer is of 3 Amp you will get the maximum wattage of 12 volts × 3

Amp = 36 watts.

3.4 Working Principle

The motor is working as an alternator and it is producing electricity. Its output terminal
voltage is 3v to 11.5v. (There is also a 12v solar panel as a backup power source to run
the electric generation system when the ceiling fan is not used in the winter season.)

Voltage Regulator or boost converter is regulating the output voltage of the motor. A 12v
automatic battery charger receiving 13.5v from the voltage regulator or boost converter
to charge the battery. (Battery the backup power source to stand by the whole system
when the ceiling fan is switched off.)

In this project, the relay is working as an automatic switching device to provide

uninterrupted power to inverter, converter and 12v DC output port. When DC is available
from motor or solar panel it will provide the power from DC motor or solar panel but
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 those are unable to provide power relay will be switched off and power will provide dc
battery to the inverter, converter, and 12v DC output port.

In Inverter Section, it is inverted 12v to 220v to use AC Appliance. In Converter Section,

it is converted 12v to 5v for mobile charging. There is also a 12V output port to use some
electrical appliance that needs to operate 12v energy.

3.5 Summary

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 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will present all the results, calculations, and relevant discussions.

4.2 Result
The experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram, and the results were
as expected. Free Energy Generator can produce Direct Current (12v and 5v) and
Alternating Current (220v, 50Hz). It generates the energy section wise. If one section is
unable to generate electricity other section will continuously generate the electricity.

4.3 Advantage of Free Energy Generator

1. It does not cause any environmental pollution.

2. Its size is quite small.
3. Installation process is easy.

4.4 Disadvantage of Free Energy Generator

1. Initial cost is high.

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 4.5 Cost Estimation of the Project

Serial No Particulars Quantity Cost in BDT

01 12v DC motor 1 120
02 12-0-12, 3000mA Transformer 1 160
03 12v Relay (8 Pin) 1 60
04 Relay Base 1 60
05 12v DC Cooling Fan 1 55
06 Voltage Regulator IC (LM-7805) 3 30
07 Voltage Regulator IC (LM-7812) 1 10
08 IC-CD4047 1 5
09 Capacitor 47uF 2 10
10 Capacitor 100uF 2 14
11 Resistor 100 ohm 2 2
12 Resistor 1K ohm 2 2
13 Resistor 10k ohm 1 1
14 Potentiometer 10k ohm 1 5
15 Switch SPDT 2 30
16 Power port 2 10
17 Boost Converter 1 110
18 Li-Polymer Battery (3.7V) 12 1160
19 Switch DPDT 1 10
20 SCR1-TYN612 1 40
21 SCR2-TYN604 1 40
22 LED(Green, Red) 2 4
23 Diode(1n4007) 1 2
24 Zener Diode(6.8v/1w) 1 6
25 Socket (2 Pin). 1 30
26 Fuse Holder with fuse 1 20
27 Connecting Wires - 50
28 Heat Sink 10 60
Total 2104

Table: 4.1 Price list and component quantity.

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 4.6 Summary
All components are basic and available in the electronic shop. We have design our
project very simply otherwise it can increase the cost as well as the complexity of the
system. We have developed a rather simpler but efficient model of a Free Energy
Generator.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusions

The goal of the Free Energy Generator project is to generate electricity in a safe process and
that is also safe for the environment. Its initial cost is not so high. It can be a friendly
electricity generator for every family to provide uninterrupted electricity. It can reduce load
shedding and ensure electricity for every house. It can save energy for saving the world.

5.2 Future Scopes of Modification

In this paper, we have discussed developing a “Free Energy Generator: a small and safe
electricity generating system that can be used in the rural area to produce electricity. It can be
used as a portable power station for camping and traveling.

• Can be modified for more electricity generation.

• It can be used as an emergency power generator.

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 REFERENCES

1) https://www.explainthatstuff.com/generators.html
2) https://www.electronicshub.org/step-down-transformer/
3) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484716300336
4) https://www.slideshare.net/kash455/magnetic-power-generator-create-cheap-electricity-at-
home?next_slideshow=2

5) https://components101.com/4047-ic-pinout-specifications-datasheet
6) https://www.elprocus.com/mosfet-as-a-switch-circuit-diagram-free-circuits/
7) https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2017/09/introduction-to-irfz44n.html
8) http://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-fuse/
9) https://www.techlegends.in/how-to-make-an-inverter-by-yourself/
10) https://www.electronicshub.org/automatic-battery-charger-circuit/

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