CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background.
Sand is the most important component in every construction project. Because it normally comes
in a mixture form, before used in constructions it requires to be removed from unwanted
material like stones and other undesired large particles before used in constructions. Similarly,
the size of sand changes depending on the stage of building, for example, fine sand is used for
plastering and slightly coarse sand is used for wall and slab construction. That’s why, sands need
to be appropriately sieved as requirements of sand in different stages of construction. Sieving is
the process of separating particles of different sizes by passing them through a sieve or mesh [1].
A sieve or a riddle is mechanical vibrating element used for extrication the needed elements
from unwanted material further it is used for charactering the element to the required size by the
allocation of a sample [2]. In most parts of Uganda, sieving is carried out manually using
rectangular mesh which is inclined at certain angle to wall, this causes a relative motion between
the particles and the sieve. Hand-operated sieving of sand takes a longer time to sieve the fine
grade of sand. And for sieving different sizes of sand, different types of sieves are used, which is
a bit tedious work to handle the two-three type of hand-operated sieves at a construction site. If
the fine graded sand is required for the job, then it becomes a time-consuming work to sieve the
sand because of manual operation are performed for several time to get the fine grade of sand
from the coarse sand.
In industry of the 21st century, every industry seeks to increase productivity while keeping
product quality and standards at a low average cost. To provide usable goods and services with a
cheap cost of production and with low cost of machinery. As a result, sand sieving machines can
be best option for separating sand in required sizes because they are simple to use and
convenient.
Although there are readily available machines that sieve-aggregate materials but the majority of
them are available in bigger sizes for heavy applications and operations. These machines are
usually more applicable for the larger-scale production of granular construction materials. With
this, the need for a smaller version of sieving machine for small to medium scale construction.
In this study, we will focus on developing a sand sieving machine for small scale construction
sites with varying stroke length to improve efficiency and reduced energy consumption of the
sieving machine.
1.2 Problem statement.

Most available sand sieving machines are able to sieve sand of different particles
maintaining the same stroke length. sieving sand particles of big sizes require longer stroke
length and for small size sand particles require a shorter stroke length for effective sieving
hence using a constant stroke length will lead to un necessary energy consumption. To
overcome the above problem, we are designing a sand sieving machine with a variable
stroke length based on the size of the particles being sieved which reduces energy
consumption because it allows the machine to operate at the most efficient level for that
specific sand. This optimization of the stroke length can lead to significant energy savings
over time.

Objectives of the study

Main objectives

To design a sand sieving machine with a varrying stroke length.

Specific objectives
(i) To determine design parameters of a sand sieving machine of varying stroke
length.
(ii) To select and size components of sand sieving machine with varying stroke length
(iii) To design a variable stroke length sand sieving machine layout.
Research questions

• What problems are being faced on small scale construction sites using already
existing sieving,

• How will this a variable stroke length sand sieving machine address the problems
listed?
• How efficient will the machine be as compared to the already existing sand
sieving machines?
• Will the project or machine solve the problems?
JUSTIFICATION.
The efficiency of the current sand sieving machines is low due to the use of constant stroke
length for different sand particle sizes while sieving. A longer stroke typically requires more
energy to operate the sieve as it involves the greater distance for the sieve to travel and more
force to move the sand particles through the sieve mesh. This increased energy consumption can
be attributed to additional work required to displace and separate sand particles effectively.
Conversely a shorter stroke may require less energy to operate the sieve as it involves a small
distance for the sieve to travel and less force to move the sand particles to move through the
mesh.
SIGNIFICANCE
Generally, the significance of the study on the motorized sand sieving machine is to help
decrease the physical workload of construction workers who use the old manual sand siever and
to help the process be faster, less time-consuming, and more efficient. The result of the study
will be beneficial to the types of companies that produce different kinds of bricks and use sand in
the construction business. The findings of the study will assist construction workers in
performing their tasks more easily, quickly, and efficiently. The benefit that the consumers will
receive is that the work that will be done with the product is going to take less time which means
more time to focus or do other kinds of work in constructing a building or house. This research
will be able to assist the community by being able to speed up the process of constructing houses
and buildings in a community.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review
This chapter mostly focuses on what other scholars wrote about the design and construction of
sand sieving machines. It also focuses on the different existing designs of the sand sieving
machines there designs and construction.

Sand is a natural aggregate formed by rock erosion over thousands of years [1,2]. Evidence of sand
use as an aggregate material for different civil constructions dates from ancient times Sand
is a loose,
fragmented, naturally-occurring material consisting of very small particles of composed rocks,
corals or shells due to various effects of weather. Sand is a naturally occurring, finely divided
rock, made up of small particles or granules called sand grains. It can vary in composition, but
along non-tropical coasts and in inland areas, the most common constituent is silica (silicon
oxide). Sand is transported by wind or water and deposited in various forms, such as beaches,
dunes, sand spits and sand bars. In most deserts, sand is a dominant constituent of soil.

Concrete sand, pit sand, natural or river sand manufactured sand(M-sand), utility sand and fill
sand are the most common forms of sand used in construction. These sands have distinct
qualities that make them appropriate for a variety of construction projects.
 Sand sieving:

Sieving: this is a method used for separating particles of different sizes. It involves passing a
mixture of particles of different particles through a sieve, which is essentially the device with
uniform holes of different sizes. the particles smaller than the sieve’s mesh size pass through the
holes while the larger particles remain on top.
Sand sieving: is the process of using a sieve or a mesh to separate sand particles of different
sizes.
Categories of sand sieving machines:
Hand sieve:
This is the traditional way sand sieving has been done up to date. It involves the use of a flat,
broad wooden frame with a fine mesh or net stretched tightly across it. This hand sieve can as
well be used when its inclined at a certain angle. This causes a relative motion between the
particles and the sieve. Depending on their size the individual particles either pass through the
sieve mesh or retained on the sieve surface.

Limitations.

 Labor intensive i.e., it is physically demanding and time consuming especially for large
quantities of material, making it impractical for industrial-scale operations.
 Inconsistent results, this is because manual shaking may result in inconsistent sieving
leading to variations in the particle size distribution of the sieved material.
  Limited capacity. Usually, hand sieving is suitable only for relatively small quantities of
material.
 Achieving very fine sieving results manually can be challenging as it requires a higher
degree of precision and control that may not be feasible with the traditional hand sieving
method.
 Slow process: hand sieving is relatively slow compared to mechanical or automated
methods, which can significantly impact productivity especially in large-scale industrial
applications.

Rotary sand sieves:

The sieving will be done by rotating the cylindrical section of the machine in this case. They can
be operated by hand or by electricity. The gearbox for the mechanical machine is coupled to the
shaft of the cylinder, which is powered by the needed capacity motor. In the event of a power
outage, a handle is given at the other end to run them. The handle will be supplied to the shaft of
the drum for spinning in the manually operated machine
The rotary sand sieving machine was fabricated with the help of parts like a motor, bearing,
caster wheels, drum(cylinder), frame and support structure, sieve(mesh). The sand separator
machine is worked on the basis of rotary mechanism. Here, it is attached to the sieve box the
power is given by motor through pulley belt arrangement. The rail track is attached at the base in
which the sieving drum moves in it. The sieving box fixed with the crank shaft in order to move
when the crank shaft rotary. The sieving drum is placed inside the rail track and the machine is
started. When the sieving box moves in the rotary motion the sieving process is performed.

Rotary sand sieves are of two categories;

Manual rotary sand sieve machines: these are operated manually and are suitable for small
scale sieving operations that do not require significant power or output capacity.
Motorized rotary sand sieving machine: these machines are equipped with motors or engines
to facilitate automated sieving making them suitable for larger-scale operations that demand high
throughput and efficiency.
Limitations of rotary sand sieving machines
one sieve can be used at the time.
Cannot be easily transported.
Vibratory sand sieving machine:
In this type, the sieving will be done by the vibration of the screening table of the machine.
Unlike the rotary type, these machines are only power driven. Sand is poured over the vibratory
table and the sieved sand gets collected in the sloppy tray provided at the bottom, which
separates them in different directions.
They are classified into two main types according to their vibratory motion i.e. a linear vibratory
screening machine or circular vibratory screening machine which is more efficient compared to
the other.
The linear vibratory sieve utilizes a linear motion to move the material along the sieve surface.
The material is fed in on one direction and the sieving is carried out with the help of a vibrating
motor that causes the sieve to vibrate.

The circular vibratory sand sieving machine on the other hand, employs the circular motion. The
circular vibrating motion is generated by an eccentric weight which creates centrifugal force and
helps in the separation process.
Horizontal Reciprocating Sand Sieving Machine:
This involves the back-and-forth movement of the sieve bed. The machine is equipped with a
horizontal sieve bed that is set in a reciprocating motion through the use of a motor or an
engine.as the motor or the engine powers the mechanism, the sieve bed moves in a reciprocating
manner ensuring that the sand placed on the sieve bed is efficiently sifted and separated based on
their respective sizes.
The working principle of the Sieving Machine mainly depends on converting the rotary motion
provided by the D-C motor into the sliding motion of the sieving bracket (a slider-crank
mechanism). The motor is provided with pulley and pulley belt arrangement to provide the
required motion as it rotates the shaft connected to the movable framing portion does back and
forth motion as such the mesh attached to it when moves or slides separate the particles and other
foreign Particles of required size based on the size of the mesh.
The homogeneous mixture of sand and pebbles are fed from the slider which falls on the sieve
net fixed on the rotating shaft. Then due to relative motion between particles and rotating sieve,
the particles smaller are passed through the net and remaining particles falls on the other side.
Most of the horizontal reciprocating sand sieves are inefficient because the operator is required
to stop the process in order to remove the unwanted particles that remain on the sieve.

Related project design

1. OLADEJI AKANNI OGUNWOLE, in his Design, Construction and Testing of a Dry
Sand Sieving, Machine Sand sieve is of multiplayer and highly efficient. It can screen
the materials into multiple levels products according to the different materials grain size.
(McCave and Syvitcki, 199). The machine is to drive vibrator through v-belt under the
power of ordinary motor, so that the screen body along the vibrating power direction to
make a cyclical reciprocating, the material in the screen surface to make round
movement, so as to make the materials sieved. (www.alibaba.com, June 2010).
 2. Jyoshi Anil Kumar1, V S Lakshmi Ravuri2, V Harshitha in their fabrication of a solar
based sand sieving machine. A demonstration of design and fabrication of solar based
sand sieving system is done. This system puts forward a fully automated sand filtering
and separator that automatically filters the sand poured on it. For this a motorized shaft
is mounted horizontally on the mounts. The shaft is connected to a filter frame with a
mesh below and enclosed frame on sides which operates the motor when switched on.

The working principle of the Sieving Machine mainly depends on converting rotary motion
provided by D-C motor which runs either by 3-9volt battery or using 24v DC adapter which is
used to convert AC to DC and applies current to the motor. The motor is provided which
different gears to provide the required motion as it rotates the shaft connected to the movable
framing portion [8] does back and forth motion as such the mesh attached to it when moves or
slides separates the particles such as screws, Bolt & nuts, Dusts and other foreign Particles of
required size based on the size of mesh. This process can be used for as many numbers of
different sizes of nuts.
After going through several research and solutions provided for sand sieving techniques by
various authors, there is a handful of machines that can be used or are being used at the
construction site. After having various conceptual ideas of sand sieving machines, if we look at
the ground reality, the majority of sand sieving is done manually with a hand-operated technique.
There are various drawbacks considering the use of a single sand sieving plate at a construction
site, as the major drawback of it is, that it requires a longer period of time to sieve the fine grade
of sand, which therefore increases the labor workload and simultaneously the labor cost and
hence affect the working factors. To address this problem at the worksite, we are designing a
machine that can sieve the sand of multiple grades and the sieves can be changed according to
the use, which can be easy to operate and can be easily portable from one site to another.
References
[1] K. W. P. T. R. A. R. J. V. B. ,. V. P. Prof. Anuj Muley*1.

[2] ,. D. B. V. P. A. G. S. M. S. S. Ravindra Shende1 Gaurav Nagdeve2.

[3] s. G. a. f. A. c. f. c. h.-1. https://kolev.