REPR

ODUCTIVE SYSTEM (GENERAL)

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - GENERAL

PRIMARY SEX ORGANS (GONADS) ✔testes (males)

✔ovaries (females)

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - GENERAL
 GONADS PRODUCE SEX CELLS CALLED GAMETES AND SECRETE SEX HORMONES

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

✔ducts

✔glands

✔external genitalia

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
SEX HORMONES
 ✔androgens (males)

✔estrogens and progesterone (females)

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
SEX HORMONES - GENERAL

SEX HORMONES PLAY ROLES IN:

1. The development and function of the

reproductive organs

2. Sexual behavior and drives

3. The growth and development of many other organs and tissues

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
 • Empty their secretions in to the ducts during ejaculation

• Include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
 REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
(GENERAL)
THE SCROTUM

Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis

• Contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
THE SCROTUM

• Intrascrotal temperature is kept constant by two sets of muscles:

1. Cremaster - bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes

2. Dartos - smooth muscle that allow rise and fall

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
 REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
(GENERAL)
THE TESTES

Each testis is
surrounded by two
tunics:

1. Tunica vaginalis - derived from peritoneum 2. Tunica albuginea - the fibrous capsule of the testis
 Septa divide the testis into 250-300 lobules, each

containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
SEMINIFEROUSTUBULES

• Produce the sperm

• Converge to form the tubulus rectus

• The straight tubulus rectus conveys sperm to the rete testis

• From the rete testis, the sperm leave the testis via efferent ductules
• They then enter the epididymisREPRODUCTIVESYSTEM (GENERAL)
PATH OF SPERM

Seminiferous tubules tubulus rectus rete testis efferent ductules epididymis

REPRODUCTIVES
YSTEM
(GENERAL)
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
 Surrounding the seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells that produces androgens

• Testicular arteries branch from the abdominal aorta and supply the testes

• Spermatic cord encloses PNS and SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
 REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
(GENERAL)
THE PENIS

•A

copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm in to the female reproductive tract • Prepuce (foreskin) - cuff of skin covering the distal end of the penis (removed
 during a circumcision)

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
INTERNAL PENIS

the urethra and cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue

• Erectile tissue - spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riffle with vascular spaces.

• Corpus spongiosum - surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
INTERNAL PENIS

• Corpora cavernosa - paired dorsal erectile bodies • Erection - during sexual excitement, the erectile tissues fill with blood causing the penis enlarge and become rigid
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)

REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
 (GENERAL)
EPIDIDYMIS

• Non-motile
sperm
enter,
pass
 through its tubes and become motile

• Upon ejaculation the epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
EPIDIDYMIS

• Propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra • Vasectomy - cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
URETHRA

• Conveys both urine and semen (at different times) • Consists of three (3) regions

1. Prostatic - portion surrounded by the prostate 2. Membranous - lies in the urogenital diaphragm 3. Spongy or penile - runs through the penis and opens to the outside
at the external urethral orifice

REPRODUCTIVES
YSTEM
(GENERAL)
ACCESSORY GLANDS : SEMINAL VESICLES • Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen • Join the ductus deferens to form the
ejaculatory duct
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
ACCESSORY GLANDS : PROSTATE GLAND

• Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder

• Plays a role in the activation of sperm • Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation • Can be palpated by digital rectal examination

REPRODUCTIVES
YSTEM
(GENERAL)
 REPRODU

CTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
ACCESSORY GLANDS : BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (COWPER’S GLANDS)

• Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate • Produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricated the
penis
 REPRODUCTIVES
YSTEM
(GENERAL)
OVARIES

The primary female-reproductive organs

• Make female gametes (ova)

• Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone )

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
ACCESSORY DUCTS

✔Uterine tubes

✔Uterus

✔Vagina
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
OVARIES

• Internal genitalia – ovaries and the internal ducts (vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes)

• External genitalia – external sex organs (labia and clitoris)

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
 REPRODU

CTIVESYSTEM
(GENERAL)
OVARIES

Paired organs on each side of the uterus held in place by several ligaments

1. Ovarian - anchors the ovary medially to the uterus 2. Suspensory - anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
OVARIES

3. Mesovarium - suspends the ovary in between 4. Broad ligament - contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
(GENERAL)
 OVARIES

• Blood supply - ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery

• They are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea, which is covered by a layer of

epithelial cells called the germinal epithelium

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
OVARIES

• Embedded in the ovary cortex are ovarian follicles

• Each follicles consists of an immature eff called oocyte

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
Cells around the oocytes are called:

1. Follicle cells - one cell layer thick

2. Granulosa cells - when more than one layer is present

• Ovulation - ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle • Corpus luteum - ruptured follicle after ovulation
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERINE TUBES, FALLOPIAN TUBES, AND OVIDUCTS

• Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide as site of fertilization

 • Empty into the superolateral region of the uterus via the isthmus

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERINE TUBES, FALLOPIAN TUBES, AND OVIDUCTS • Expand distally around the ovary forming the ampulla

• The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated in fundibulum containing finger like projections called fimbrae
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERUS

• Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERUS

1. Body - major portion of the uterus 2. Fundus - rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

3. Isthmus - narrowed region between the

body and cervix

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERUS
 3. Cervix - narrowed neck which projects into the vaginal inferiorly

4. Cervical canal - cavity of the cervix

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
SUPPORTS OF THE UTERUS

1. Mesometrium – portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally 2. Lateral cervical ligaments – extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to

the lateral walls of the pelvis

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
SUPPORTS OF THE UTERUS

3. Uterosacral ligaments – paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum 4. Round ligaments – bind the anterior wall the labia majora

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERINE WALL

1. Perimetrium - outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum

2. Myometrium - middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
UTERINE WALL

3. Endometrium - mucosa lining of the uterinecavity; has numerous uterine glands that change in length as the endometrial thickness changes

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
VAGINA

• Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body

• The urethra is embedded in the anterior wall

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
VAGINA

• Provides a passage way for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
WALL CONSISTS OF THREE COATS

1. Fibro elastic adventitia

2. Smooth muscle muscularis 3. Stratified squamous mucosa

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
WALL CONSISTS OF THREE COATS

Mucosa near the vagina orifice form an incomplete partition called the hymen

Vaginal fornix - upper end of the vaginal

surrounding the cervix

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
 REPRODUCTIV
ESYSTEM
(GENERAL)

EXTERNAL GENITALIA : VULVA (PUDENDUM) Lies external to the vagina and includes the labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures

1. Labia majora - elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous to the males scrotum
 2. Labia minora - hair foreskin folds lying within the

labia majora; homologous to the ventral penis

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)
GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS

• Pea-size glands flanking the vagina

• Homologous to the bulbourethral glands • Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated

• Clitoris - embryologically homologous to the penis;

the exposed portion is called the glans

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (GENERAL)