Solution

CHEMISTRY UNIT1 AND UNIT 2 - SA2

Class 10 - Science
1. Chemical reaction is the transformation of chemical substance into another chemical substance. Only a rearrangement of atoms
takes place in a chemical reaction. Old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Some of the characteristics of chemical
reactions are:
i. Change in colour: In some reactions, there is a change in colour after the reaction. For example, a chemical reaction between
citric acid and purple-coloured potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour of potassium
permanganate from purple to colourless.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI ⟶
​ ​2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI - Colourless
PbI2(s) - Yellow
ii. Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid barium chloride solution. BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
⟶ 2HCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
iii. Change in temperature: Temperature change is the characteristic of many reactions. For example, the chemical reaction
between quicklime and water to form slaked lime. In this reaction temperature of the reaction is increased.
CaO(s)+H2O(l) ⟶​ ​Ca(OH)2(aq)+Heat
iv. Evolution of gas: Some reactions are characterised by evolution of gas as a result of chemical reaction. For example, the
chemical reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is characterised by the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2
2. i. A yellow precipitate of lead iodide (P bI ) is formed.
2

ii. Precipitation reaction/Double displacement reaction

iii. P b(N O ) (aq) + 2K I (aq) → P bI (aq) + 2K N O
3 2 2 3 (aq)

Leadnitrate P tassiumIodide LeadIodide P tassiumN itrate

(Y ellow ppt.)

3. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, liberating a large amount of heat. This makes the beaker warm. The
substance, X, is therefore, Calcium oxide (CaO).
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
This is a type of a Combination reaction.
4. Consider the following displacement reaction: Fe(s) + CuSO4 → FeS O4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Iron Copper Iron(II)Sulphate Copper
Blu e Su lphate
(Re ddish−brown)
Green

In the above reaction, Fe is converted to F e by loss of electrons. Hence Fe is oxidised. C u is converted to Cu by gain of
2+ 2+

electrons. Hence C u is reduced. Thus, the above reaction is a displacement reaction as well as a redox reaction.
2+

5. a. It is a displacement reaction.
Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
b. It is a double displacement reaction.
2Kl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + Pbl2
6. The characteristic test for
i. Carbon dioxide (CO2): This gas turns lime water milky when passed through it due to the formation of insoluble calcium
carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⟶ CaCO3 + H2 O
Limewater Carbon dioxide Calcium

ii. Sulphur dioxide (SO2): This gas when passed through acidic potassium permanganate solution (purple in colour) turns it
colourless because SO2 is a strong reducing agent2KMnO 4 + 2H2 O + 5SO2 ⟶ K2 SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2 SO4
Manganese sulphate

iii. Oxygen: The evolution of oxygen (O2) gas during a reaction can be confirmed by bringing a burning candle near the mouth of
the test tube containing the reaction mixture. The intensity of the flame increases because oxygen supports burning.
iv. Hydrogen (H2): This gas burns with a squeaky pop sound when a burning candle is brought near the mouth of the test tube.
Hydrogen gas is highly flammaed.

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 7. Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.
2HCl (aq) + Fe(s) →FeCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
This is a redox reaction
Fe(0) - 2e⁻ → Fe(II) oxidation loss of electrons
2H+ + 2e⁻ → H2 reduction: gain of electrons
So it is certainly a chemical reaction: bonds are broken and made.
HCl is not a sufficiently strong oxidizing agent to produce FeCl3 (need Cl2).

8. i. Dissolution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in water is an endothermic reaction where heat is absorbed from the surroundings
hence making the glass apparatus cooler than before:
NH 4 Cl(s) + H2 O(l) ⟶ NH 4 OH(aq) + HCl(aq)
Ammonium chloride Ammonium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid

ii. Silver chloride (AgCl) undergoes a decomposition reaction in sunlight to give silver metal and chlorine gas:
Sunlight

2AgCl(s) −−−−→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g)

Silver chloride Silver metal

(White) (Grey)

iii. Iron(Fe) displaces copper from its solution, hence the colour of copper sulphate solution becomes less blue or fades. This is an
example of a displacement reaction:
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ⟶ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate

(Blue)

9. X is Ethanol (C2H5OH), Y is Ethene (C2H4), Z is Hydrogen gas (H2).

Equations of the chemical reaction for formation of Y:

Role of sulphuric acid: It is used as a dehydrating agent in the above reaction.

10. a. Double decomposition reaction [An exchange of ions took place]
b. Displacement reaction [A more reactive non-metal displaces a less reactive non-metal from its salt solution.]
c. Decomposition reaction/Reduction reaction [A compound decomposes to form two or more products./CuO is reduced to Cu.]
11. The substance X is copper. On heating in air, it forms copper oxide, Y.
2C u + O2 ⟶ 2C uO
Copper powder (Brown) (X) (From air) Copper oxide (Black) (Y)

When hydrogen gas is passed over black copper oxide, hydrogen acts as a reducing agent and it turns copper oxide back into
copper.
C uO(s) +H 2 (g) ⟶ C u(s) +H 2 O(l)

Copper (II) oxide (Black) (Y) Copper (Brown) (X)

12. Oxidation- Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen in a chemical reaction is called oxidation reaction. For example:
2C u + O2 → 2C uO

4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2 O3

Reduction- Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen in a chemical reaction is called reduction reaction. For example:
C uO + H2 → C u + H2 O

H2 S + C l2 → 2HC l + S

Δ
13. i. F e2 O3 (s) + 2Al(s) ⟶ 2F e(l) + Al2 O3(s)
Iron(III)oxide Aluminium Molten iron Aluminium oxide

The thermite reaction is a displacement reaction.

Δ

ii. 3M g(s) + N2 (g) −

→ M g3 N2 (s)
Magnesium N itrogen Magnesium nitride

The formation of magnesium nitride as above is a combination reaction.

14. Balanced chemical equations are as follow:
i. P4(s) + 10Cl2(g) ⟶ 4PCl5(s)
ii. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Heat energy

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 iii. C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) + 6H2O ⟶ 6CO2(aq) + 12H2O (l) + Energy
15. i. The substance whose solution in water is used for white washing is calcium oxide. Its formula is CaO.
ii. When quicklime is mixed with water, the following reaction takes place:
C aO(s) + H O(l) → C a(OH) (aq) + Heat
2 2
Calcium water Calcium hydroxide
(Qu ickL Im e) (Sle ke d lime )

16. Aluminum is quite reactive, but the upper surface gets converted into its oxide called aluminum oxide (AI2O3) once it is kept in
the air, and a thin coating is developed on the surface. This aluminium oxide is not reactive. Therefore, this metal is used for
packing food articles which do not get spoiled in the foil.
Heat

17. i. 2C u(N O 3 ) 2 (s) ⟶ 2C u O(s) + 4N O2 (g) + O2 (g)

(Black) Oxygen
Copper (II) nitrate (Brown)(X)

ii. Nitrogen dioxide is the brown gas(X).

iii. Thermal decomposition reaction
iv. pH < 7 because NO2 dissolves in water to form acidic solution (pH lies below 7).
18. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, also called slaked lime. It is an exothermic reaction.
Here are the equations for this reaction: calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
CaO (s) + H2O →Ca(OH)2
19. When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, the more reactive iron displaces the less reactive copper from copper
sulphate solution.
C uSO4 (aq) + F e(s) → F eSO4 (aq) + C u(s)

In this reaction, the iron nails become brownish in colour and blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades away.
20. Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium and separates Barium sulfate(BaSO4).
3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)↓
21. i. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium carbonate - Evolution of carbon dioxide gas takes place.
ii. Lemon juice is added gradually to potassium permanganate solution - Change its colour from purple to colourless.
iii. When dilute sulphuric acid is added to the barium chloride solution - Formation of white precipitate of barium sulphate.
iv. Quick lime is treated with water - change in temperature.
v. Wax is burned in the form of a candle - Change in state from solid to liquid and gas.
22. Fireflies glow at night because they undergo a process known as bioluminescence. They have a special kind of substance, i.e.
luciferin that undergoes oxidation in the presence of air and the energy is emitted which is perceived as light. This reaction is
carried out in the presence of luciferase enzyme.
23. 2M g + O2 → 2M gO

3M g + N2 → M g3 N2

(i) X is M gO; Y is M g N 3 2

(ii) M gO + H O → M g(OH)2 2

24. i. a. White precipitate formed is AgCl (Silver chloride) .

b. It is an insoluble compound.
ii. It is not a redox reaction.
N aC l(aq) + AgN O3 (aq) ⟶ AgC l(s) + N aN O3 (aq)
Sodium chloride Silver nitrate Silver chloride Sodium nitrate

In this reaction, cations Ag+ and Na+ have exchanged their anions NO3 and Cl- and a precipitate of AgCl has been formed. It is an
example of double displacement and precipitation reactions.
25. In this reaction, we will observed that the white colour of Silver chloride changes to Greyish white due to the formation of
Silver metal. The decomposition of silver chloride is caused by light. This reaction is used in black and white photography.
2AgCI(s) Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2(g)
−−−−−−→

Decomposition reaction / Photolytic decomposition.

26. H2(g) + Cl2(g) →
​ ​2HCl(g)

a. Substance oxidized, H2

​ ​2H+ + 2e
H2 →
[Substance getting oxidized is H2]

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 b. Substance reduced, Cl2

Cl2 + 2e →
​ ​2Cl
[Substance getting reduced is Cl2]

27. i. The metal (M) is silver (Ag) and gas (X2) is chlorine (Cl2).
Light

ii. 2AgC l(s) −−−→ 2Ag(s) + C l2 (g) [When salt MX is exposed to sunlight it undergoes photodecompostion reaction]
Silver chloride

28.
In a decomposition reaction, a single substance breaks down into two or more substances while in a combination reaction, two or
more substances react to produce one substance. Therefore, decomposition reactions are called opposite of combination reactions.
Example of decomposition reaction: N H C l(s) → HC l(g) + N H (g)
4 3

Example of combination reaction: HCl (g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl (s)

29. Magnesium, on reaction with oxygen, forms Magnesium oxide which is a white powder and is basic in nature.
Metal A - Magnesium (Mg) ; White powder B - Magnesium oxide (MgO)
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

30. i. Cooking oil gets oxidized when comes in contact with air and gives a bad smell or turns "rancid". The oxygen present in the
chips packet is replaced by flushing nitrogen in the packet, this in turn puffs up the packet.
ii. Iron easily reacts with atmospheric oxygen in presence of slight moisture to give iron oxide. In this process of 'corrosion', the
outer layer of iron is oxidized and hence sacrificed leading to the shaping of the iron article. To avoid this oxidation, the article
is coated with paint so as to make a barrier between the article's surface and atmosphere.
31. The group 2 element is calcium. The sulphate salt of calcium is calcium sulphate that is a soft substance. It is also known as
Plaster of Paris. It can be moulded into various shapes because of the presence of half water of crystallization. When left in open
for some time, this soft mass hardens and cannot be further remoulded. This is called gypsum.
1 1
CaSO4 ⋅ H2 O + 1 H2 O ⟶ CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2 O
2 2

P laster of paris W ater Gypsum(hardmass sets as)

32. I. Uses of acid:

i. Hydrochloric acid is used in many industries like cleaning boilers from the inside, cleaning sinks and sanitary, etc.
ii. Nitric acid is used for making fertilizers, and cleansing of ornaments of gold and silver.
iii. Sulphuric acid is used in cells, car batteries etc. It is known as the King of Chemicals.
II. Uses of bases:
i. Sodium hydroxide is used to make soaps, in paper industry and in the textile industry.
ii. Calcium hydroxide is used to remove the acidity of soil. It is an important constituent of lime and pesticides.
iii. Milk of magnesia (Magnesium hydroxide) is used as an antacid.
III. Uses of salts:
i. Calcium carbonate is used to make floors.
ii. In metallurgy for extraction of iron and in the making of cement.
iii. Silver nitrate is used in photography, Ammonium nitrate is used as an explosive and in making fertilizers.
33. i. Silver is covered with a thin layer of silver chloride, so it does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid (no reaction occur).
Ag + HC l ⟶ No Reaction
Silver (dil.)

Hydrochloric acid

ii. Bubbles of hydrogen gas are evolved when the lead(Pb) is reacted with the acid(HCl).
Pb + 2HC l ⟶ P bC l2 + H2
Lead (dil.) Lead Hydrogen

Hydrochloric chloride acid

iii. The reaction of sodium is found to be highly explosive because sodium is very reactive in nature.
2N a(s) + 2HC l(aq) ⟶ N aC l(aq) + H2 (g)
Sodium Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Hydrogen

iv. The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium is added to the acid because the reaction is highly exothermic
in nature.
2Al(s) + 6HC l(aq) ⟶ 2AlC l3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Aluminium Hydrochloric chloride Aluminium chloride Hydrogen

34. No, tartaric acid does not evolve any carbon dioxide during baking. Its role is to react with N a 2
C O3 formed when
N aHC O3 decomposes.

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 If this not happens, Na2CO3 will impart a bitter taste to the cake.

35. i. Compound X is sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 known as baking soda.

ii. The chemical reaction which takes place upon heating X during cooking ​is:
Heat

2NaHCO 3 −−→ Na 2 CO3 + H2 O + CO2

Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium carbonate

iii. NaHCO3 is a mild non-corrosive base and can be used to neutralize the acid. Indigestion caused by increased acidity in the
stomach can be reduced by consuming medicine containing NaHCO3.

36. Since dry pellet of base B absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes sticky, it is hygroscopic in nature. A commonly
used base which is also a by-product of the chlor-alkali process is sodium hydroxide (N aOH ).
2N aC l (aq) + 2H2 O (l) → 2N aOH (aq) + C l2 (g) + H2 (g)

Therefore, 'B' is sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).

Acidic oxides react with bases to give salt and water. A neutralisation reaction will occur when base 'B' is treated with an acidic
oxide. The chemical equation for the neutralisation reaction between N aOH and C O2 - an acidic oxide - can be given as
follows:
2N aOH (aq) + C O2 (g) → N a2 C O3 (aq) + H2 O (l)

37. The chemical name of Plaster of Paris is Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO 4 ⋅
1

2
H2 O ). Its chemical formula is
C aSO 4 ⋅
1

2
H2 O . The equation for its preparation is
3
CaSO4⋅ 2H2O ⟶ CaSO4 ⋅
1

2
H2 O +
2
H2 O

Plaster of Paris is stored in a dry place because, in the presence of water or moisture, it changes to a hard solid mass called
gypsum (CaSO​4.2H2O)
38. As soap is basic in nature, when turmeric stains come in contact with the soap it turns reddish brown. When we wash the cloth
with plenty of water then again the reddish brown color turns to yellow.
39. If dilute hydrochloric acid is used; instead of dilute sulphuric acid zinc chloride is formed.
Zn + 2HC I → ZnC I2 + H2

40. i. The sting of a honey bee releases an acid (methanoic acid) which causes burning pain.
ii. Toothpaste contains some basic ingredients which neutralize the effect of methanoic acid (HCOOH) and gave relief.
iii. Rahul’s friends are caring and responsible. They are supportive and helpful, too
41. The water of crystallisation is the number of water molecules, chemically combined in a definite molecular proportion, with the
salt in its crystalline state.
Examples:
i. Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O). It contains 10 molecules of water(H2O)
ii. The plaster of Paris (POP) is CaSO4⋅ H2O which contains
1

2
1

2
molecules of water.
Their presence can be proved by heating the salt. When washing soda is heated, it loses its water of crystallisation and forms a
white powder monohydrate.
Na2CO3.7H2O ⟶ Na2CO3.H2O + 6H2O
42. i. When baking soda (NaHCO3) is heated, carbon dioxide gas is evolved and sodium carbonate (Na​2CO​3) is formed.
Δ

NaHCO3 −
→ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

ii. When washing soda is heated, it loses its water of crystallization and form a white powder monohydrate.
Na2CO3.7H2O ⟶ Na2CO3⋅ H2O + 6H2O
When this monohydrate is again heated, it gives anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).
Na2CO3⋅ H2O ⟶ Na2CO3
iii. When gypsum is heated, it loses water of crystallization and form calcium sulphate hemihydrate CaSO4. 1

2
H2O or Plaster of
Paris.
CaSO4.2H2O ⟶ CaSO4. 1

2
H2O + 3

2
H2O

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43. The steps are:
i. Take about 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution.
ii. Add dilute HCl solution to the above solution drop by drop.
iii. Now add a few drops of NaOH to the above mixture.
Observation: On adding Phenolphthalein to NaOH, the colour becomes pink. On adding dilute HCl solution dropwise, finally, the
pink colour disappears and the solution becomes colourless. On adding NaOH, pink colour again appears because the medium
becomes basic.
HCl + NaOH ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Acid + Base ⟶ Salt + Water
The reaction is known as Neutralisation Reaction. It can be defined as the reaction of an acid and a base to form salt and water.

44. Name of the solution Colour change with phenolphthalein Colour change with blue litmus

(a) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Turns pink No change

(b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) No change Turns red

(c) Sodium chloride (NaCl) No change No change

Sodium carbonate is basic in nature. Hydrochloric acid is acidic in nature. Sodium chloride is neutral and has no effect on the
indicators.
45. The three products are: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Chlorine (Cl2) and Hydrogen (H2).
NaOH: used in making soaps and detegents and also in papermaking or artificial fibres.
Cl2: PVC, pesticides, CFCs.
H2: fuels, margarine, NH3 for fertilizers.

46. a. Copper reacts with carbon dioxide and water in air to form a green coating of copper carbonate on its surface, lemon is used to
restore the shine as it contains citric acid. Copper carbonate is basic in nature. Thus, when basic copper carbonate is treated
with acid present in lemon, it is neutralised by acid and gets dissolved in it and making the surface shine brown-red again.
b. A metal sulphide is converted into its oxide to extract the metal from the sulphide ore because metal is extracted from its oxide
easier than sulphide.
c. Copper wires are used in electrical appliances because copper is a good conductor of electricity.
47. i. (i) Milk is made slightly alkaline through the addition of very small amount of baking soda so that it may not get sour easily
due to the formation of lactic acid in it. Baking soda contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which neutralizes lactic acid
(CH3CH(OH)COOH).
CH3CH(OH)COOH + NaHCO3 →
CH3CH(OH)COONa + CO2 + H2O
ii. The alkaline milk takes a longer time to set into curd because the lactic acid that is formed by lactobacillus bacteria has to first
neutralise the alkali present in the milk.
iii. When milk is about to boil, there must be more effervescence due to the presence of baking soda.
48. i. Turmeric is a natural indicator present in curry stains.
ii. The yellow stain of curry turns reddish-brown when soap is scrubbed on it because of the fact that soap solution is basic in
nature which changes the colour of turmeric in the curry stain to red-brown. This stain turns yellow again when the cloth is
rinsed with water because then the basic soap gets removed with water.
iii. Nature of the soap - Basic
49. If zinc dust is used in place of zinc granules, the rate of reaction would be faster.
50. Soda-acid fire extinguisher contains sodium bicarbonate and sulphuric acid, which are present in separate containers inside the
extinguisher. When the knob of the fire extinguisher is pressed, the sulphuric acid mixes with sodium bicarbonate solution and a
lot of C O gas is produced.
2

Carbon dioxide gas forms a blanket over the fire and cuts off the supply of air to the burning substance and the fire stops.
2N aHC O3 + H2 SO4 → N a2 SO4 + 2H2 O + C O2(g)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate W ater
Carbon dioxide

51. i. The reagent used by Sugandha to prepare HCl gas is solid sodium chloride and conc. sulphuric acid.
ii. With dry litmus paper - no change
With wet blue litmus paper - changes to red,

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 iii. HCl + Water ⟶ H+ + Cl-
H+ + H2O ⟶ H3O+
52. The compound prepared from gypsum on heating it till 100 C , is known as Plaster of Paris. Its chemical formula is
∘

H O . Hence, its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The chemical equation for its preparation is as
1
C aSO .4 2
2

follows:
∘
100 C
1 1
C aSO4 .2H2 O −−−→ C aSO4 . H2 O + 1 H2 O
2 2
Gypsum W ater

Plaster of Paris is used in hospitals mainly as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position. In dentistry, it is used for
making casts.
53. When zinc reacts with a dilute solution of a strong acid, a salt is formed and hydrogen gas is evolved. Hydrogen is utilised in the
hydrogenation of oil. The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called
hydrogenation. The chemical equation for reaction between zinc and a stong acid such as hydrochloric acid is as follows:-
Zn + 2HC l → ZnC l2 + H2 ↑

Test for the detection of hydrogen gas: When a burning splinter is brought near the mouth of the test tube, the gas burns with a
pop sound. This indicates that the gas is hydrogen.
54. HNO3 is a strong acid since in aqueous medium it gives a large number of H+ ions. KOH is a weak base since in aqueous medium
it furnishes a less number of OH ions.

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