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Math 01 e

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Math 01 e

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pm245jbnf8
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(oY - yor = t2c0sh xf ~ [2 sinh xy? =4. 3. (E) ‘The numerator is defined for all real numbers since it contains a cube root. The denominator is defined and nonzero except for x= 6. So, the domain is RY6). 4. ® ‘The determinant of M, denoted | M1, is given by 12 [aq =3 39 For ann x m nonsingular matrix M, we have Mo =|M1 adj (M) and IM" Is iM so that iat = LM adj (ap i IMP = CiMM)* badj (My | adj (Mf) 1 = Lagi Since IMI = 3, ladj(@) | =I 11= 3, SB) Let g be any generator of a cyclic group G of order 8. The generators of G are of the form g' where r is relatively prime to 8 (that is the greatest common divisor of r and 8is 1). The positive integers less than 8 and relatively prime to 8 are 1,3, 5,7. Therefore the four Renerators of G are g', 9°, g5, and g’. 29 6 «C) An integrating factor for an ordinary differential equation of the form Max + dy = 0 is a function of the form J(x, ) such that JM dx + JN dy = Ois exact, that is, aM) _ aN) “ay or The given equation is not exact since 1 aM aN but since r(x) = (-%) = integrating factor is given by Jiraya I(x) 7 (Dp) Wehave x= V3+x or x?= 34x50 that x?—x-3=0, it V3 Using the quadratic formula, we obtain x= 4213 | + We choose the positive square root, obtaining x= 2 > 13 since x is positive. 8B) In order for f(x) to be a valid probability densiry function [ feast te Thus, 12 [cx are 50 sothate= ‘The probability that x is in [1, 2), denoted P (1 ’ 4, . If pisapositive integer, ’ then ir(Mf") equals > Ay. The eigenvalues of Mf are given by rm 6-2 10 =o -2 -3-k which implies ~18- 624324042020 GA-D)O-2=0 AEL2 oe 2 = 33, ‘Thus (Mf *) 14. Bi ‘The Ceyley-Hamiiton theorem guarantees that M will satisgy poiynomial of degree 8. However, since M is idempotent M?= ay Me— M = 0. Thus Mf satisfies p(x) = ¢—x. Assuming that M satisg alinear polynomial (degree | }equation f(x) = a.x + a, = 0 impli thar M is a scalar matrix, ic., aM+al,=0 6 a M 1 which contradicts the fact that M is nonscalar 15. «C) ‘The incidence matrix for the graph G is a 5 x 5 matrix who: Gj )entry equals the number of edges connecting x,and x,. Thus o1 10 0 3 601 0 matrix of Gis given by r ‘oon? -~ wo 16. @) A fixed point 2 must satisfy which impli 2. The solutions of °-2: +2 = O are given by 22 /4- 400) ltl. z a) The n™ roots of unity are solutions of the polynomial equation -1 = 0. For n> 1 anda leading coefficient of 1, the sum of the roots 1a polynomial is equal to the negative of the coefficient of the x? mm, Hence the sum of the n*soots of unity (> 1)is zero, Foranother sponstration of this fact, let 1,0, ... ,¢""" denote the n® roots of uniry > 1). Then 1-@ l-a ltar.c atts =Osince o #1 8. =D) ‘A Boolean variable is a variable whose value can be cither 0 or ‘A Boolean function is a function whose variables (both independent 1d dependent) are Boolean variables, The function f(x, y.2) = * + + z — xy — x2 is not a Boolean function since f(1, 0, 1) = 2. A) ‘The perimeter P(z, y) for the rectangle shown in the figure below . P(x, y) = 4x+4y, We want to maximize this quantity subject to the onstraint 2 Jo-120. o noducing a Lagrange multiplier 2, we must maximize L(x, y) (x, y)+ AD). Taking the first order partial derivatives of 2, y) and setting them equal to zero yields Bay) = Ee aL 2x Seat acad aL 2y a4ehte oy ° 2x _ 2 cutis * Thos 25 = Fy Subsiting y = EF into be yietds 22+ PAG = 1. sotharx = ate ‘The maximum perimeter 38 4. a" + b. 20. ‘A one-to-one bicontinuews function h from a topological space (2) onto a topological space (X,7") s called homeomorphism. A propery P of sets ofa topological space (X,) is called topological if fis invariant under homeomorphisms. To see that the propesy of peing an accumulation point is topoiogical.Jet x be an accumulation pont ofaser 5qX andoonsider Wise MS) SI". Let D,-be an pen set in X’containing h(x). Then D,, =’ (Px) is an open set if Y containing x. Since xisan accumulation ofpoint of S. there exists an FES AD, such that x#¥, Thus AG) =A(S) Dy dis sr from Mx, which implies that his} is an accumulation point of HG). a © “According to Cauchy's integral formule we have where C is a closed contour which includes a, and f is analytic within and on C. Now, if we let and a = 0, we will have flay=f0) = =-2i Note that we can use the Cauchy integral formula for the circle Csl2z—11 = 2 since it does not include the point z =n. 22. (B) Propositional algebra is similar to set algebra with union(W) re. placed with disjunction (v) , intersection(a) replaced with conjunc- tion (4) complementation (°) replaced with negation (~), the uni- versal set ($2) replaced with tautology (1), and the empty set (@) replaced with ahenstie. say At. wt Vx € Shwix) oe (Bx 8) [-w(2)] and ~(Axe S)wln) & (¥ xe 5) [win] for an open statement w(x) relative t0 S. We have ~ (Ax € S) Kp v g(x) arcs] (Fre Sd LP) Vga) Ary OV re S) (pls) v ga) v fore ee (¥xeS) lps) Ag) vE- 23, (B) We have nat Fast (uty nt an = ie Sa (n+ D'or at = ed = tim (144) ze 24, (A) By the chain rule, the derivative of a function defined b ben Hna(z), bd) =f gina 203) is given by Ag x, az) bY) _ 90, 96 daix) a9 ddl: sx) B18). 98 4, 0 +2 Ogtx.s) adb(x) datz) > Se Ht BX) ~ a,x) de <3. at in evaluating Gand 2 + @and b must be considered as adent vatiables. Therefore, before taking the derivative with to either a or b , we must replace a(x) and b(x) by a and bin the on of Ax, a(x) , bx). Thus [[22Ja+0- cosa? ° 2 sos) _ cost B) directional derivative of the function PO, “” along the ugh (9). and parallel to the unitvector 7 is equal to >. Therefore, since the values |VF| and [a'|=1 ant, the directional al derivative of Gu maximized when the ween YP" and ? iszero, Therefore, the maximum value rectional derivative at P(x, y) equals the magnitude of the wen= Zire . We have 26 + cose gy Tae? + cose Se 2 ‘Thus V/10,1) = 1+ j so that |Vf(0,1)| = V7. 2%. © Let n and k represent positive integers with & satisfying 1SkSn, An ordered patition of n into k pans is a decomposition of x intothe sum of k positive integers: netext yt. Forafixed , the number of ordered partitions of n into & pansisthe number of distinct ways of placing k = k~ 1 identical markers in the = n— 1 spaces berween a row of n ones. The first marker can be placed in 7 ways, the second in 7-1 ways, ..., and the last marker in 7 - [— 1] ways. The number of ways is therefore aG-1 ... G@-¥41) ‘Since the markers are identical, in each way of placing them wecan switch the markers around without changing the chosen spaces and suill have the same way of placing. ‘Therefore, each group of k! ways ofplacing the k markers, as long as the spaces chosen are still the same, are actually identical. Hence we must divide the above result by i! to. arrive at the correct answer. ‘That is, the number of distinct ways is: Do Gh) e “BG! = @ ): k which is the binomial coefficient. Since we can have ordered parti- tions of S into 1,2,3,4 or 5 parts (that is, we can decompose 5 as a sum of 1, 2,3, «or 5 positive integers), the number of ordered partitions of Sis am aS 4 4 x [4 leasn’ Be [i | 27. @) ‘The Wronskian is given by AG) Ae Waa), + FQ) fi) sing x cosa 2xsina + x4c0sx 2xcosx - x*sinx | = 2x"sinxcosx — x*sin*x ~ 2x°sin xcosx— a*cos?x 28. (A) Assuming @ soiution of the form y, =? , we obtain Pt? eet ot og PO Dire D =o so that r =—1,2. Hence yee +e,7 and since y, = 9 and y, = — 12, we have et c= -e,+2e, 5-12 This implies c, = 10 and c,=~1 which implies y, = 10-12, For k=6, we obtain y,=—54. Note that in the general form of @ second order homogeneous recursion equation, we have Your AY,.; + By, =0. The genezal form of the solution of this equation isey t+ cy,'=y,. To evaulate r, andr, , we can insert the special solution r*ditectly into the equation and get: Phe ats Bk ag wort + Are B)=0 =rtar+B=0 We observe that if tis quadratic equation hes 2 distinet roots, r, a ‘then any expression of the form ¢,74+ c.r,* will be a solution the equation, where ¢, , ¢, are arbitrary constants, because of ¢ Lnearity of the equation, 2. (6) Let N represent a positive integer end write Nas Ne tect 10u,+ 10x, + 10'uy +. + 10"u,, Recalling that a = b (mod ¢) means that a ~ b is divisible by ¢, w have that w,10/m u, (mod 9) forO ¢ j $m. Thus N eu+u, +. +4, (mod 9) which implies N— (sum of digits of N) is divisible by 9 Therefore 1 is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its digits i divisible by 9. Since 3 +242444446+6\9 =3, 322446 i divisible by 9. 30.) ‘The possible inflection points of f occur where f"()=0 or where f° (x) does not exist, We have f@ ecting f"(x) =0 implies that x =e", There are no elements in 1¢ domain of f(2) such that f(x) does not exist. The function f is ncave downward on (0, 4) and concave upward on [e+ =) . hus, there is an inflection point at x =e”? @B) We first reduce M to echelon form using elementary row opera- 1 2-1 0 oO -4 3 T MISE 10 0 1 2 eer; LO 4 -1 3 anak ak, = | —| | 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 o 1 2 0 1 4 0 0 1 2 2-1 4-3 a a 0 2 ERROR, 0 0 1 2-1 0 4-3 =m Than? foo 1 ed 0 0 0 0 Since M, has three linearly independent row vectors, the rank of M is three. This implies that the null space has dimension 4~3= 1. wc Foraring R the radical is the set of nilpotent elements of R, that isthe set re Rl =O for somen Z*) . The powers of the elements, ofZ = (0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7} are 0,0,0,.0.... LA 2,4.0,0. B31, 4,0,0.6, S.15,1, 6,.4,0,0,... DLTDL. pee 4: 5: & Thus the radical of Z , is (0,2, 4,61. 33, (D) Using the identities sinx = we obtain sin? x cos*x =* ‘2sinx + sin3x- sin Sx} 4 Since f is continuous on {0, 2m], an absolute maximum exists. It must occur at the endpoints [(0, — 1) ; (2m, —1)] oF at an interior point where f(x) =. Sening f(x) = -2sin 2v+2 sin sequal tozero implies sin x (1 ~2 cos x)= 0, so that r= 7/3, m, 50/3. Since f(r) 2-3/2, fin) = 3,£(58/3)=—3/2, f(0)=—1 and f(2n)=— 2, the absolute maximum of f occurs at x =m 38. ©) Annumiber ‘is calied an cigenvatue for matrix if there exists a nonzero vector X such that MX = 2X. This implies tha: the determinant | MI -M1= 0. Thus | amt 3 | 2 a-2 R-3A-42054 For A= -1,[ Al —M] X=0 yieids 2x, + 3x, 0 2x, - 3x,] 10 F3 sorthat 25,— 31,0. Therefor] | is an eigenvector for = ‘The solution also follows from the fact that [ | an eigenvector: 2 GH SEL] which implies k= — 1. 36. @) We can rearrange each term in the sum as follows: 1 (@tij-n ene ly Now if we define tan a, =n, then we will have ni GEA = ay =(4,~4,) + (a, FB m a A = arctan(m + 1)— arctan] sarcan(m + H— & 3. © ‘The conjugates of VV +1 consist of the set of all zeros ¢ the irreducible polynomial of y/ 4/3 + 1 over the rational number: ‘We first determine a polynomial over the rationals for which VV341 isazero: xe V3+1 28-2 Dix}= We now use the Eisenstein test to establish the inreducibility of p(x) x + 2x? ~ 2 over the rational numbers. Firstly, p(x) is an element o the set of polynomials with integer coefficients. Secondly, a, = I =| (mod 2), 4, =-220 (mod 2), a,=— 20 (mod 2°). Therefore p(x is irreducible over the rational numbers. The conjugates of VV3 +10 arcthe zeros of p(x): 38.) ‘We have 2 > 1 isme 2 > 2 is false 2 > F is false 2 > # is false 2 > S$ iste “The inequality iste for n=. Assume 2"> 1 forn= k. We will will show that 2°! > (k-+ 1), Consider f(x) = 2*- 2x —1 so that f@ = 2 in2 —2. We have f(5) > Oand f(x) > Ofor xe [5,+~) which implies 2* > 2k +1 for é 25. Since 2* > #, we have Daai> area 2 > ED 39. A) For a nonstrictly determined two player (P,, P,) game G with payoff matrix M = ai ‘ ToT ED 7 3° This game favors player P, to the extent thar it will, on the average, pay him 5/3 units/game, 40. © ‘The first Newton approximation can be obtained from the formula fR,) fy) with 1 =0. Since f(x) =3x°—2, we have _ f&0) f(x) a G 4L B) Mine Y Note that kena { God if xs? { xo 2) if x>2 ‘Therefore ‘ 3 J lr-alac=-f (od aref Da 2 -[2-a] -[2-2, =-[e-9-(4-2)]+ [@-8)- (2-4)) a 2 ‘The graph of |x- 2 | on [1,4] is shown following. 42. @B) For a group of order n, a Sylow p-subgroup has order p* where k is the largest positive integer such that p* divides n’ Since 72 = 2 3, 2 Sylow 3-subgroup has 9 elements. 43. ©) A set G, together with 2 binary operation * is calied a group, denoted (G, *), if 1) the binary operation * is associative: fg.k € G implies f* g)*k=f*(g"h), 2) G contains an identity element: there exists ¢ € G such that e* g = g*¢ =p for all g¢ G. 3) Bach element of G has an inverse: if g ¢ G there exists g’¢ G such thatg* g’=e"* gee The set G=R\(0} ‘together with the binary operationa * b=lalb does not form a group. The number | is a “right” identity element, but itis not a “left” identity element: 1) I*d=b foralbeG 2} a*i#aforae G whena<0 44. (C) We have alsa} [DN] aw so thar MS = (461) = OM = 44MM oat. 45. ®B) ‘The total number of selections possible is the number of ways of 10 Since the selection process was random, the probability’ of any selection is —1 1 We must determine the number of selections L106 Which include 4 of the 5 “best students." Firstly, 4 of the possibie 10 People selected must be setected from the 5 “best students.” This ean be accomplished in [ : fra ‘The other 10 ~ 4 = 6 people must come from the other 15-5 =10 applicants. This canbe accomplished selecting 10 graduate students from 15 applicants which is | 15 }. _[ 10 in [ . Jens Thus, there are [ : Ie ] ways of selecting 4 of 6 the'5 “best students." Hence, the probability of selecting 4 of the 5 “best students” is [is] 50. 143 46. (A) Since 7? = x1 +y*, sin @= yr , and cos 8 = x/r , we have r= 2y/r-xir Pedyox B+ yitx-2y=0 47, (B) Set x= 0.0259259 . Then 9990x = 10000x— 10x = 259.259 = 0,359 so that 259 7 2s9259 = 242. X= Gogg = G7.» Thus 2.0259259 = OT. 8 ©) ‘The Maclautin sedis for eis Lats Sr Ba. +e ‘Therefore 4 x6 2 2,z_2 xe" BF P+ ( is given by < (1.1) >= (G1), (0,2) ,,3) (0,0) } Since (0.3) + < G1) >= 1,2), (0.3) 1,0) (0, there are two left cosets. 54, B) Let G be an abelian group with order n.. Then G is isomosphic to the products of the form Zerg eae igen Where the p,'s, not necessarily distinct, are the primes in the factori- zation of n and (20) .,) AP .)=% Here Z, denotes the cyclic group of {0; 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7} under addition modulo n. For n= 36=2 ¥, we have G isomorphic to Z,xZ xz BO ah, Z,%2,xZ,2Z ey ey “oe 35. © -r The sum of a +artar?+...¢ar"+ oan) We have 1 X ils ise = sothata=1, r=~i,anda=11. Thus 36.) ‘The number 1 is the identity clement R . An eiement w= + ib in Ris aunit ifthere exists v= c+ id in R such that uv= 1. Huis a unit, then T= a — ibis also a unit since 7¥ = 1. We have Tsu = = 1 = ui) = (ui) (v7) = laf [vf = (a? + (02 + a) Since a. b, c,d are integers and a+ 6° #0, we know that a 40" = 1. ‘The solutions are a= 0, b= =I and ¢= 41, 6 = 0 which implies that the units are stl, i. 37. (©) We have 3x +11 = 20 (mod 12) Bx = 9 (mod 12) x= 3 (mod 4) ‘The numbers in the set {...,~9,—5,~1,3,7, 11, 15, ...} satisfy 3x +11=20 (mod 12). Bach of these numbers is in one of the following equivalence classes: > = (..=9,3, 15,27, 0.5) <7 5 (oy 5,7, 19,31, 001} <1 = (00-1, 11, 23,35, 00) 58. (D) ‘The region X is shown below. Since R is convex and f(x, y) is linear, the maximum of f occurs at a comer point. We have f0)= -2 f2D=-1 FAD= 4. ‘Therefore the maximum is 4, 9 @ We have Poxtl waist axte c+ Ox +x - x =H ar so that Xaxtt Pr at As I]o+~, 3th 50 sothat f(x)=P—x4 1. pe 60. (A) Let F represemt the number of faces, E the number of edges, and V the number of vertices of an ordinary polyhedron. Euler's theorem states that F - F + V =2.Thus 12-i7+V=2 sothat V=7. Men us a ~ ibis also a unit since Tr suv = WV = 1 = GF) = (uz) (v7) We have = [uflvh = (a2 + 6 (2 + ay Since a. 6, c,d are integers and a? + 5*0, we know that a? +b? = 1, The solutions area = 0, = 1 anda= +1, 5 = 0 which implies thar the units are tI, i. 57. (C) We have 3x + 11 = 20 (mod 12) 3x = 9 (mod 12) x33 (mod 4) The numbers in the set {....~9,—5,~1,3,7, 11,15, ...J satisfy 3x + U1 =20 (mod 12). Each of these numbers is in one of the foliowing equivalence ciasses: 9,3, 15, 27, 5,7, 19,31, ...} 4, 11, 23,38, 0.) 58D) The region R is shown below, Since R is convex and f(z, y) is linear, the maximum of f occurs at a comer point. We have FO) = -2 FQM)= -1 FUQ)= 4, ‘Therefore the maximum is 4. Paxti sothat wate der 2 j4 el v1 we As Ilote, $2150 sothat f(z)= 2x41, * 6), (A) Let F represent the number of faces, E the number of edges, and Vthe number of vertices of an ordinary polyhedron. Euler's theorem States that F - EF + V =2. Thus 12-174+V=2 so that V=7. Ctra by 66. (A) Using elementary row operations, we transform [M11] into ime): 2 L 3 1 o : -1 2/0 1 | 4 3 110 0 2 1 3/1 0 : 3 1] 0 © | RoR, o-1 210 1 06 : | 0 1-5/2 0 ‘| ~2R, +R =R, o-1 210 1 0 2 1 3/1 0 0 : 1-52 0 | R,+R, SR, 0 o-3b2 1 2 1 Oj-1 1 : 1 -5|-2 0 | RytR, SR, o Oo -31-2 1 co oN OC ON oo 1 of -1 1 1 0] 4/3 -58 o-3i-2 2 6 0 ]-7/3 8/3 1 0) 4/3 ~5/3 o-3 | -2 1 0 0|-7/6 8/6 1 0} 4/3 -5/3 oO 1) 23 -17 1 - 2/3 1 5/3 ~2/3 1 516 23 -18 -5/3R, +R, =F, 12K, = R, -/3R, = R, 61. (A) We have (2,4) = @ (1,1) + 8 (2,3) so that 22 a+b 4=a+3b ‘Thus 6 = 2 and =~ 2 which implies T 2,4) = — 27 U1) + 27 (2.3) =-2 1,1) + 2(1,2) = (4,2). 62. (B) ‘The function f(2) is analytic if and oniy if the Cauchy-Riemann conditions are satisfied: Thus ave ee and we eee sinxsinhy . We have a vay =] Sdy= | cosxeoshy dy =cosxsinh y + g(x). sinx sinhy + '(z), so that g(x) = constant. Hence v(x,y) = cos x sinh y + constant, 63.) =? being the identity cansformetion. The transformation 7 iscalled the inverse of Tand is denoted T~. Letz,y¢ S*and assume Tx=Ty. Thenx=T" Tx=T* Ty =y so that Tis one-to-one, Wi Tx = 0, then x= O since 70=0 and Tis one-to-one. Thus the null space of T= (0} and Dim N(T)=0. The equation n = Dim A(T) + Dim R(T) shows that n= Dim R(T). Reversing the roles of T and T+zbove shows that T? is one-to-one; NM) = (0), and Dim MT) =0. Thus Dim MT") # Dim RT). 64. @) The given series is geometric, so its sum is 65. KA) Two circles C, and C, are said to be orthogonal if they interesect atright angles, This means that at a point of intersection PCF) of C, and C,, the radius r, of C, is tangent to C, at P and the radius of r, of C, is tangent to C, at P, Note that the centers of C, and C, are (-a,—b)and (-a’,~b), respectively. The slope of the tangent line au the point of intersection P(Z,F) isequal to the negative recipro- cal of the slope through (—a,~b) and PCE.J) . Iris also equal to the slope through the points PC&.F) and (-@’,-b’). Thus —~1 _F+b" yb i¥a =P (a+ a’) F400] 774 (oo b VF bb" Multiplying by 2 and rearranging terms, =~ [G+ 2ak+ + 207) + G4 2a’E+ P+ 26H aa’ + 2bbé

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