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Prof - DR / Ahmed M El - Morsy: Professor of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry from Prof. Dr. Ahmed M El-Morsy. It discusses that organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds, which form the basis of all life on Earth and include sugars, amino acids, and drugs. Organic compounds are defined as those containing carbon and primarily form covalent bonds, distinguishing them from inorganic compounds that usually form ionic bonds. The document then begins to cover atomic structure, including atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and electron shells.

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40 views

Prof - DR / Ahmed M El - Morsy: Professor of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry from Prof. Dr. Ahmed M El-Morsy. It discusses that organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds, which form the basis of all life on Earth and include sugars, amino acids, and drugs. Organic compounds are defined as those containing carbon and primarily form covalent bonds, distinguishing them from inorganic compounds that usually form ionic bonds. The document then begins to cover atomic structure, including atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and electron shells.

Uploaded by

Hasen umer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prof.

Dr / Ahmed M El_ Morsy


Professor of pharmaceutical
Organic chemistry

5-5-2021 1
Basic Knowledge…Organic chemistry
Why do we care?

Forms the basis of all life on earth


Organic compounds include:
.Sugars that build nucleic acids
.Amino acids
.Drugs 2
_ M El_ morsy
Organic 1_introducton_prof.dr.Ahmed
5-5-2021
Basic Knowledge…Organic chemistry

What is mean by organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of the


compounds of carbon.
12
CC
12
66
12.011
12.011
Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El_ morsy
3
5-5-2021
Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Atomic structure

Atom is the smallest particle making up elements it consists of a dense,


positively charged nucleus surrounded at a relatively large distance
by negatively charged electrons.

Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El_ morsy 4


5-5-2021
Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Atomic structure
Atomic number: the number of protons (or electrons) it
Contains.

Mass number: the total number of protons plus


neutrons in its nucleus.
Isotopes : atoms may differ in the number of
neutrons they have

For example 35cl (75.5 % of all chlorine atoms found in nature) has 18 neutrons in its

nucleus and its isotope 37 Cl (24.47 %) has 20 neutrons, 12C and 13C
5-5-2021 Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El_ morsy 5
Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Atomic structure

Energy levels (7 shells): The electron shells are


labeled K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q; or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 7.

Orbitals: Space around the nucleus where an


electron is most likely be found

If two or more empty orbitals of equal energy


are available, one electron is placed in each
until all are half-full. (Hund’s rule).

5-5-2021 Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El_ morsy 6


Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds: Bonding
Ionic 1+ 1-

Na + Cl Na Cl
EN: 0.9 EN: 3.0

Covalent
H
4H + C H C H
EN: 2.1 EN: 2.5 H
• Both types can follow the octet rule

Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El _morsy 7


5-5-2021
Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Electron pairs form bonds in valence shell
2p 3p
2p

3s
3p
1s 2s 1s 2s 3s

Na 3p Cl
Atoms stabilized when outer shell filled with e-.
In the formation of NaCl, Na “gives” an e- to Cl to form ionic bond between elements.
This results in ions Na+ having a filled second shell and Cl- having a filled third shell (2 e-
in 3s and 6 e- in 3p.

5-5-2021 Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed_ M El_morsy 8


Basic Knowledge…ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds


• Estimated organic vs. inorganic cmpounds (18:1)
• Organic compounds form mostly covalent bonds, while
inorganic compounds are more polarized and ionic
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Properties
Properties Organic Inorganic
Bonding Covalent Ionic
Forces between molecules Generally weak Usually strong
Physical State G, L, low MP Solid High MP solid
Flammability Often flammable usually non-flammable
Solubility in H2O low High
Conductivity non-conductor Conductor
Rate of Reactions slower Faster

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr.Ahmed M El_ morsy

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