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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

INVERSE Z TRANSFORM
! !! = ! !

!!
! ! ! = {!! }

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 Example
!
! ! = !
! − 5! + 6
Divide both sides by z
!(!) 1 1 ! !
= ! = ≡ +
! ! − 5! + 6 (! − 2)(! − 3) ! − 2 ! − 3
!≡! !−! +! !−!
!"# ! = !
!≡! !−!
! = −!
!"# ! = !

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 !≡! !−!

!=!

! ! ! !
= −
! !−! !−!

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 Multiply both sides by z
! !
! ! = −
!−! !−!

!! !!
! !
! ! ! =! − = !! − !!
!−! !−!

!!! ! ! = !! = !! − !!

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 Recurrence Relations
• We have the adjacent terms of a sequence
being related
§ e.g. !! = 2! !"#ℎ !ℎ!"

!!!! = !!!! = ! ×!! = !!!

⟹ !!!! = !!!

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‒ This equation is valid for all adjacent terms of the
sequence
‒ It recurs for all values of k.
‒ This equation is a linear, first-order, constant
coefficient recurrence relation.
‒ The order of the equation is given by the maximum
shift between related terms.

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• Initial Terms
§ A recurrence relation can be used to generate
the terms of a sequence provided initial terms
are given – equal in number to the order of the
equation.

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 Example
!"#$% !ℎ! !"#$"%&", !!

!!!! = 3!! !"# !ℎ! !"!#!$% !"#$, !! = 2

{!! } = !! , !! , !! , !! , … = {!, !, !", !", … }

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 Example
!"#$% ! !"#$%& − !"#$" !"#$!!"%#" !"#$%&'(

!!!! − 3!!!! + 2!! = 1

!ℎ!"! !! = 0 !"# !! = 1

!ℎ!" !"# !ℎ! !"#$% !"#$ !"#$% !" !ℎ! !"#$"%&"?

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 !! − 3!! + 2!! = 1 ⟹ !! − 3 = 1 ⟹ !! = !

!! − 3!! + 2!! = 1 ⟹ !! − 12 + 2 = 1 ⟹ !! = !!

!! − 3!! + 2!! = 1 ⟹ !! − 33 + 8 = 1 ⟹ !! = !"

!! = !! , !! , !! , !! , !! , … = !, !, !, !!, !", …

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 Solving the Recurrence Relation
• If a sequence {xk} satisfies a recurrence
relation with given initial conditions then
the general term of the sequence can be
found by using the Z transform where Z{xk}
= F(z)

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 Example
• Solve the recurrence relation
xk+2 – 3xk+1+ 2xk = 1
where x0 = 0 and x1 = 1

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 Solution
!!!! − 3!!!! + 2!! = {1}

!"#$ !ℎ! ! !"#$%&'"( !" !"#ℎ !"#$!

! !!!! − 3!!!! + 2!! = ! 1

! !!!! } − 3!{!!!! } + 2!{!! = !{1}

! !!!! = ! ! ! ! − ! ! !! − !!!

! !!!! = !" ! − !!!

! !! = !(!)
!
!1 =
!−1
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 !
!! ! ! − ! ! !! − !!! − 3 !" ! − !!! + 2! ! =
!−1

!"#$%& !ℎ! !"!#!$% !"#$% !! = 0 !"# !! = 1

!
!! ! ! − !! ∗ 0 − ! ∗ 1 − 3 !" ! − ! ∗ 0 + 2! ! =
!−1

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 !
!! ! ! − ! − 3!" ! + 2! ! =
!−1

! ! !
(! ! − 3! + 2)!(!) = +! =
!−1 !−1

!! 1 !! !!
! ! = ∗ ! = =
! − 1 ! − 3! + 2 !−1 !−1 !−2 ! − 2 (! − 1)!

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 !"#"$% !"#ℎ !"#$! !" !

!(!) ! ! ! !
= ! ≡ + +
! ! − 2 (! − 1) ! − 2 ! − 1 (! − 1)!

! ≡! !−1 ! + ! ! − 1 ! − 2 + !(! − 2)

!"# ! = 1

1=! 1−2

! = −1

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 !!" ! = 2

2 = !(2 − 1)!

!=2

! ≡ ! ! − 1 ! − 1 + ! ! ! − 3! + 2 + !" − 2!

! ≡ ! ! ! + ! + ! −2! − 3! + ! + ! + 2! − 2!

!"#$%&'() !"#$$%!%#&'(

!! : 1 = −2! − 3! + !
! = −2

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 !(!) 2 2 1
= − −
! ! − 2 ! − 1 (! − 1)!

!"#$%&#' !"#ℎ !"#$! !" !

2! 2! !
! ! = − −
! − 2 ! − 1 (! − 1)!

2! 2! !
! !! ! ! = ! !! − −
! − 2 ! − 1 (! − 1)!

!! } = 2 2! − 2{1! − !

= {2!!! − 2 − !}

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