Computer Network: LAN, MAN, WAN

K.K. Chauhan
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Education,
C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur
Email: [email protected]
 Self-Declaration

The material provided by me is my original work and/or obtained from online, open access
sources, and if any content is copied, appropriate acknowledgment has been made. The content is
exclusively meant for academic purposes and for enhancing teaching and learning. The
information provided in this e-content is authentic and best as per knowledge.

K.K. Chauhan
 Computer Network
 In general, a network is a group of interconnected entities, such as computers,
devices, or people, that can communicate and share information with one
another.
 In the context of technology, a network typically refers to a group of computers
and other devices that are connected together to share resources, such as files,
printers, and internet connections.
 There are different types of networks, such as Local area networks (LANs),
Metropolitan area networks (MAN), Wide area networks (WANs), and Wireless
networks, which vary in terms of their size and the types of devices that are
connected to them.
 A computer network are connected together to share resources and communicate
with one another, either through physical cables or wireless connections.
 They are used for sharing files, accessing the internet, and enabling
communication between devices.
There are other types of Computer Networks also, like :

• PAN (Personal Area Network)

• SAN (Storage Area Network)
• EPN (Enterprise Private Network)
• VPN (Virtual Private Network)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A Local Area Network (LAN) is a type of computer network that covers a relatively
small geographical area, such as an office building, school, hospital or home.
 A LAN typically consists of a group of interconnected computers, servers,
printers, and other devices that are connected to a common communication
medium, such as Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi.
 This can include sharing internet connections, storage devices, files and
documents, accessing shared printers and other hardware devices, and
communicating with other users on the network.
 Some common LAN topologies include bus, star, and ring configurations.
 The devices on a LAN can be connected directly to one another, or they can be
connected through a central hub or switch, which enables them to communicate
with one another more efficiently.
 A network which consists of less than 500 interconnected devices across several
buildings, is still recognised as a LAN.
 LAN is very high speed network (10 Mbps to 100 Mbps) which is faster than MAN
and WAN.
 LANs cover a smaller geographical area (Size is limited to a few kilometres)
 LANs are privately owned.
 What is a Router?
 The router is a physical or virtual internetworking device that is designed to
receive, analyze, and forward data packets between computer networks.
 A router examines a destination IP address of a given data packet, and it uses the
headers and forwarding tables to decide the best way to transfer the packets.
 Hub:- A Hub is a networking device. It helps to connect several devices to a single
network and also connects segments of LAN. Hub works at the physical layer and
contains many ports. When any device intends to connect to a network then it can be
plugged into one of these ports.
 Switch: A Switch is a networking device. It connects multiple devices together on a
single network and routes the information. The Switch uses a data link layer to work
on. The packet switching technique is used to transmit the data packet over the
network.
 Hub and Switch: Hub and Switch are the network connecting devices, both help to
connect various devices.
 In Hub, half duplex transmission technique is utilized.
 In switch, full duplex transmission technique is utilized.
 Simplex Mode – In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a
one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can
only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send
data in one direction.
 Half-Duplex Mode – In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa. The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each
direction.
 Full-Duplex Mode – Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both
directions is required all the time. In full_duplex mode, signals going in one
direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in another direction, this
sharing can occur in two ways:
 Coaxial Cable: Coaxial Cable is the type of guided media is made of Plastics,
copper wires which is used to transmit the signal is in electrical form rather
than light form.
 Its installation and implementation is easy but it is less efficient than optical fiber
also it provides moderate high bandwidth (B) in comparison of optical fiber.
 Optical fiber Cable: Optical Fiber is the type of guided media is made of plastics
and glasses which is used to transmit the signal is in light form or optical form.
 It provides the high bandwidth (B). Its Installation and implementation is not so
easy like coaxial cable.
 Termination point or Endpoint
 The termination point or endpoint is where a network cable or transmission line
physically ends and is connected to a device, such as a computer, switch, router, or
other network equipment.
 In the context of Ethernet networks, terminators are used to prevent signal
reflections that can occur when a signal reaches the end of a cable and is reflected
back, causing interference and reducing signal quality. A terminator is a device that
is connected to the end of the cable to absorb the signal and prevent it from
reflecting back.
 Merits
1. Increased Productivity: LANs allow for the sharing of resources such as printers, scanners, and
data storage devices, which can increase efficiency and productivity. Instead of having to
purchase multiple devices for each workstation, LANs allow for centralization and sharing.
2. Cost Savings: As mentioned above, LANs can save costs by reducing the need for multiple devices
and the associated maintenance costs. Additionally, LANs can reduce the need for paper-based
communication by allowing for electronic communication and file sharing.
3. Improved Collaboration: LANs facilitate collaboration between individuals and teams by allowing
for the easy sharing of information and resources. This can lead to increased innovation and
problem-solving within organizations.
4. Enhanced Security: LANs can be secured with passwords and other security measures to prevent
unauthorized access to information. This can be particularly important for organizations that handle
sensitive information.
5. Scalability: LANs can be easily scaled to accommodate the changing needs of an organization. New
devices and users can be added to the network without the need for significant infrastructure changes.
 Demerits
 High Implementation Costs: The initial setup cost for a LAN can be quite high, particularly for small
businesses or organizations. This includes the cost of hardware, software, and the expertise
required to set up and maintain the network.
 Technical Complexity: LANs can be complex to set up and maintain, requiring specialized technical
expertise. This can be a challenge for smaller organizations that do not have the resources to hire
dedicated IT staff.
 Security Risks: LANs can be vulnerable to security breaches, particularly if they are not properly
secured. Hackers can gain access to sensitive information or even take control of the entire network,
causing significant damage.
 Dependence on Centralized Resources: LANs rely on centralized resources such as servers and
storage devices. If these resources fail, the entire network can be affected.
 Limited Range: LANs are designed for use within a limited geographical area, typically a single
building or campus. This can be a limitation for organizations with multiple locations or remote
workers.
 Bandwidth Limitations: LANs can be limited in terms of bandwidth, particularly if they are not
properly configured. This can result in slow data transfer speeds and decreased productivity.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are connected to a
single cable, called the backbone or bus. Here are some key features of bus
topology:
1. Physical Layout: In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable, which runs
the entire length of the network. Each device is connected to the cable through a T-
connector.
2. Signal Propagation: When a device transmits data on the bus, the signal travels in both
directions along the cable. All devices on the network receive the signal, but only the
device for which the signal is intended processes it.
3. Terminators: The ends of the cable on a bus topology must be terminated with a terminator,
which absorbs the signal and prevents it from bouncing back and interfering with other
signals on the network.
4. Failure Risks: A single point of failure in a bus topology can bring down the entire
network. If the backbone cable is damaged, the entire network will be affected.
5. Scalability: Bus topology is not very scalable, as adding new devices to the network can
cause signal degradation and increase the risk of collisions.
6. Simple Configuration: Bus topology is relatively easy to configure and requires less cable
than other topologies, making it a cost-effective option for small networks.
 Advantages of Bus Topology :
 It is the easiest network topology for connecting peripherals or computers in a linear fashion.
 It works very efficiently well when there is a small network.
 The length of cable required is less than a star topology.
 It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device.
 Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh and star
 It is easy to understand topology.
 Easy to expand by joining the two cables together.
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology :
 Bus topology is not great for large networks.
 Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network goes down.
 Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard.
 Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable.
 Additional devices slow the network down.
 If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into two.
 Packet loss is high.
 This network topology is very slow as compared to other topologies.
 RING TOPOLOGY
Ring topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are connected in a
circular loop, forming a closed circuit. Here are some key features of ring topology:
1. Physical Layout: In a ring topology, all devices are connected in a closed loop, with each
device connected to the next device in the loop. The signal travels around the loop in one
direction only.
2. Signal Propagation: When a device transmits data on the network, the signal travels
around the loop in one direction until it reaches the intended recipient. Each device on
the network regenerates and retransmits the signal to the next device in the loop.
3. Failure Risks: A single point of failure in a ring topology can bring down the entire
network. If one device or cable in the loop fails, the entire network will be affected.
4. Token Passing: Ring topology uses a token passing method to control access to the
network. Only the device holding the token can transmit data on the network.
5. Scalability: Ring topology is not very scalable, as adding new devices to the network can
cause signal degradation and increase the risk of collisions.
6. Simple Configuration: Ring topology is relatively easy to configure and requires less cable
than other topologies, making it a cost-effective option for small networks.
 Advantages of Ring topology :
 In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions.
 In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting
performance of the network.
 Equal access to the resources.
 There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the topology.
 It is cheap to install and expand.
 Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology.
 Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring topology becomes better
than bus topology under heavy traffic.
 Easy to manage.
 Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has access to the token
and therefore the opportunity to transmit.
 Disadvantages of Ring topology :
 Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the
nodes.
 If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire
network goes down.
 It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology
 It is Expensive.
 Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in
network activity.
 Difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
 In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be
turned on.
 Total dependence in on one cable.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
Star topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are connected to a
central device, typically a switch or hub. Here are some key features of star topology:
1. Physical Layout: In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch,
which acts as a traffic cop for data transmission. Each device is connected to the hub or
switch through a separate cable.
2. Signal Propagation: When a device transmits data on the network, the signal travels from the
device to the central hub or switch, which then forwards the signal to the intended recipient.
3. Redundancy: Star topology offers redundancy, as the failure of one device or cable does not
bring down the entire network. Only the affected device or cable is affected.
4. Scalability: Star topology is highly scalable, as new devices can be added to the network
without affecting the performance of existing devices.
5. Maintenance: Star topology is relatively easy to maintain, as devices can be added, removed
or replaced without disrupting the rest of the network.
6. Cost: Star topology requires more cabling than other topologies, making it a more expensive
option for larger networks.
Advantages of Star Topology
 It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still
work
 It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur
 Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and wishes to be
connected with hub with one link.
 Easier to put in
 Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
 Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub.
 If N devices are connected to every other in star, then the amount of cables
required to attach them is N. So, it’s easy to line up.
 Disadvantages of Star Topology
• Requires more cable than a linear bus .
• If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are
disabled and can’t participate in network communication.
• More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting
devices (network switches)
• If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without
hub.
• Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central
system of star .
• Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost
 TREE TOPOLOGY
 A tree topology is a type of network topology where the nodes are arranged in a hierarchical
structure resembling a tree, with a root node at the top and multiple branches that connect to
other nodes below it.
 In a LAN (local area network) context, a tree topology can be used to interconnect multiple
network devices such as computers, printers, and servers.
 In a LAN tree topology, the root node typically acts as a central hub or switch that connects to
multiple network segments, each of which may have its own branch of connected devices.
 The branches can then connect to additional switches or hubs to expand the network.
 One of the advantages of a tree topology is that it allows for more efficient use of network
bandwidth compared to a bus topology, where all devices share the same communication channel.
 In a tree topology, each network segment can have its own dedicated bandwidth, which can help
prevent congestion and improve network performance.
 However, a tree topology can also be more complex to set up and maintain compared to other
topologies, and network failures in the root node can cause widespread disruption to the entire
network.
 Additionally, the cost of implementing a tree topology can be higher due to the need for multiple
switches or hubs.
 Advantages of Tree Topology :
 This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.
 This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the
nodes.
 As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology
provides high scalability.
 The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or
does not work.
 Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done.
 A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes.
 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Tree Topology is highly secure.
 It is used in WAN.
 Disadvantages of Tree Topology :
 This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network
topologies.
 Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree
topology becomes a bit slow.
 If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under
problems.
 Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology.
 As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic.
 The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the network.
 Treatment of the topology is pretty complex.
 The establishment cost increases as well.
 If the bulk of nodes is added to this network, then the maintenance will become
complicated.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 MAN or Metropolitan area Network covers a larger area than that covered
by a LAN and a smaller area as compared to WAN.
 Is collection of LANs with the same geographical area, for instance a city.
 Is a network of computers located at different sites within a large physical
area, such as a city.
 MAN often acts as a high speed network (although not as fast as LAN) to
allow sharing of regional resources.
 Companies that have several branches within the city such as banks,
might find a MAN useful to them.
 MAN has a range of 5-50km.
 It covers a large geographical area and may serve as an ISP (Internet
Service Provider).
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 MAN is basically a bigger version of LAN.
 MAN used similar technology of LAN
 It is a high speed network in cheaper cost
 It bigger than LAN AND smaller than WAN.
 It is designed to extend over a larger area such as an entire city.
 in this 2 or more than 2 LAN network with each other
 Example- cable tv network, telephone networks, DSL line.
 Advantages:
 Provides high-speed connectivity over a larger geographical area than LAN.
 Can be used as an ISP for multiple customers.
 Offers higher data transfer rates than WAN in some cases.

Disadvantages:
 Can be expensive to set up and maintain.
 May experience congestion and network performance issues with increased
usage.
 May have limited fault tolerance and security compared to LANs.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a type of network that covers a large
geographic area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world.
WAN is a wide area network that consisting of two or more LANs or
MANs.
 A WAN is typically used to connect devices and networks that are separated by
long distances, such as different offices of a company or different cities.
 WANs use a variety of technologies to transmit data over long distances,
including leased lines, satellite links.
 WANs are typically slower than Local Area Networks (LANs) due to the
longer distances in transmitting data over long distances.
 WANs often use protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) to enable devices
to communicate with each other over the network.
The first WAN was designed by the U.S. Air Force in the late 1950s.
Some examples of WAN are below:
 Internet
 Most big banks
 Airline companies
 Stock brokerages
 Railway reservations counter
 Satellite systems
 Advantages of WAN
 WAN facilitates a centralized data process. That means all workstations can share the
data through the main server.
 In WAN, the process of data transfer is quick and affordable because it covers a large
geographical area.
 WAN enables a user or workstation to unite with the world and allows them to transfer
data and do business at a global level.
 Disadvantages of WAN
 Wide Area Networks can face traffic blockage.
 When it comes to security aspects, WAN is less secure as compared to the LAN and
MAN.
 WAN has very low fault tolerance ability.
 The setup cost in WAN is high.
 In WAN, you might feel the server issue.
 The data transfer rate is slower than LAN.
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