EEE 4512 C- Introduction to Communication

Systems
Topic 10-Pulse Modulation and Coding

Instructor: M. Naeini, PhD

 Pulse Modulation

• These numbers may come from the process of sampling a continuous-time signal m(t).
• Alternatively, it may directly represent (digital) information that intrinsically available
in discrete-time.
• Because the m[n] may not come from sampling, we call each m[n] a symbol.
• We want to transmit our message via m[n] in the form of pulse modulation.

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 Pulse Modulation (Cont’)

• Three attributes can be readily

varied in a Pulse:
• amplitude, width, and
position.
• These lead to
• Pulse-amplitude modulation
(PAM)-We will focus on this
type of modulation
• Pulse-width modulation
(PWM)
• Pulse-position modulation
(PPM)

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 Unmodulated Pulse Train

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 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

• Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM), the sample values modulate the

amplitude (height) of a pulse train.

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 PAM (Cont’)

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 PAM Properties

• One advantage of using pulse modulation is that it permits the simultaneous

transmission of several signals on a time-sharing basis.
• When a pulse-modulated signal occupies only a part of the channel time,
we can transmit several pulse-modulated signals on the same channel
by interleaving them.

• One User: TDM (time division multiplexing).

• Transmit/multiplex multiple streams of information simultaneously.
• Multiple Users: TDMA (time division multiple access).

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 Frequency-Domain Analysis of PAM

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 Frequency-Domain Analysis of PAM (Cont’)

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 PAM Properties

m[n] x(t) Communication y(t) 𝑦𝑛 𝑚[n]

PAM Channel Sampler

• Our goal is to design a “good" pulse p(t) that satisfies two important
properties
(a) 𝑚[n] = m[n] for all n
(b) P(f) is band-limited and hence X(f) is band-limited.

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 Let’s consider rectangular pulse

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 A wider Pulse

• We face a problem called inter-symbol interference (ISI) in our sequence

𝑚[n] at the receiver. The pulses are too wide; they interfere with other pulses
at the sampling time instants (decision making instants), making 𝑚[n] m[n].
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 Example of wider signals that don’t cause ISI

Common Property:
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 Example of pulse that doesn’t cause ISI and is band
limited

• Sinc Function

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 Any better option?

Recall that:
• Our goal is to design a “good" pulse p(t) that satisfies two important
properties
(a) 𝑚[n] = m[n] for all n
(b) P(f) is band-limited and hence X(f) is band-limited.
• How can we translate the first condition to a frequency domain property
for the pulse?

• Recall the following property for the pulse that causes no ISI:

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 Frequency domain property of no ISI Pulse

Based on the following:

In LHS, the only nonzero term in the sum is the one with n = 0.
Therefore:

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 Nyquist’s Criterion for Zero ISI

• A pulse p(t) is a Nyquist pulse if its Fourier transform P(F) satisfies the
above condition.
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Nyquist pulse examples

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 Raised cosine family

An important family of Nyquist pulses is called the raised cosine family.

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 Review of Methods for Transmitting Analog Signals

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 Transmitting Digital Signal-Digital Pulse
Modulation

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

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 PCM Process Example

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 PCM Advantages

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 PCM Advantages (Cont’)

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 Line coding

• The last signal-

processing operation
in the transmitter is
that of line coding,
the purpose of which
is to represent/convert
sequence of bits
by/into a sequence of
(electrical) pulses.

Various line codes

for the binary
message 10110100

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 Line Code Definitions

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 Line Code Definitions (Cont’)

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 Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) and
Delta Modulation (DM)

• In DPCM:
• The main idea is that instead of
transmitting the sample values, we
transmit the difference between the
successive sample values.
• The difference between successive
samples is generally much smaller than
the sample values. Thus, the peak
amplitude of the transmitted values is
reduced considerably. Therefore, our
quantizer can consider smaller range.

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 References

[1] “Principles of Communications” course, ECS332 SIIT University, by Dr. Prapun

Suksompong, Fall 2017 (Slides and Notes).
[2] Communications Systems, 5th edition, A. Bruce Carlson and Paul B. Grilly, McGraw
Hill, 2010 (ISBN 978‐0‐07‐338040‐7)‐ ©2010 The McGraw‐Hill Companies‐Chapter 6

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