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Os Module 3

The document discusses various topics related to operating system concepts including deadlocks, virtual memory, demand paging, and file systems. Specifically, it defines deadlock as a state where two or more competing processes are blocked waiting for resources held by the other processes. It describes how virtual memory and demand paging enable efficient memory management by mapping pages of memory between physical RAM and disk storage on an as-needed basis. Finally, it outlines the basic structure and operations of file systems used by operating systems to organize and manage files.

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Hrithik Kumar
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29 views

Os Module 3

The document discusses various topics related to operating system concepts including deadlocks, virtual memory, demand paging, and file systems. Specifically, it defines deadlock as a state where two or more competing processes are blocked waiting for resources held by the other processes. It describes how virtual memory and demand paging enable efficient memory management by mapping pages of memory between physical RAM and disk storage on an as-needed basis. Finally, it outlines the basic structure and operations of file systems used by operating systems to organize and manage files.

Uploaded by

Hrithik Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

1. What is deadlock and characteristics of deadlocks?


Answer:
2. Deadlock prevention methods.
Answer:
3. Deadlock avoidance methods. (Bankers, safety, and resource request algorithm).

 A state is a safe state in which there exists at least one order in which all the
process will run completely without resulting in a deadlock.
4. Deadlock detection and recovery methods.
5. Virtual memory and demand paging techniques.
Answer: Virtual memory and demand paging are crucial components of modern operating
systems that collectively enable efficient memory management and utilization, allowing
systems to handle more processes than the physical RAM can accommodate.
Virtual Memory:
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an abstraction layer to
processes running on a computer. It allows each process to have its own address space,
which is independent of the underlying physical memory. This abstraction offers several
advantages:
1. Isolation: Processes are isolated from each other, preventing one process from
accessing or interfering with another's memory.
2. Abstraction: Each process sees a large, contiguous, and private address space, even if
the physical memory is limited.
3. Optimal Use of Memory: It enables running larger programs or multiple programs
concurrently, without requiring all code and data to be loaded into physical memory
at once.
Virtual memory works by breaking the memory into fixed-size chunks called "pages" or
"frames." Each process has its own virtual address space, and these pages are mapped to
physical memory or the disk. When a program references an address that is not currently in
physical memory, a page fault occurs. The operating system handles this fault by fetching
the required page from the disk into the RAM. This swapping of pages between RAM and
disk is transparent to the running program.

Demand Paging:
Demand paging is a specific method used within virtual memory systems. Instead of loading
an entire program into memory from the start, demand paging only brings in the required
portions of a program as they are needed for execution. It is a form of lazy loading, where
pages are fetched into memory only when the program attempts to access data stored on
those pages.
Key characteristics of demand paging:
1. Efficient Use of Memory: Only the necessary pages are brought into memory,
conserving space for other processes.
2. Reduced Initial Loading Time: Programs don't need to load all their pages into
memory at the start, making the startup process faster.
3. Page Replacement: When there isn't enough space in memory, the system must
decide which pages to swap out. Various page replacement algorithms (like LRU, FIFO,
or optimal) are used to decide which pages are candidates for replacement.
Demand paging optimizes memory usage by keeping frequently used pages in physical
memory while swapping out less frequently accessed pages to disk. This helps prevent
unnecessary and wasteful loading of entire programs into memory, thus reducing the
pressure on the physical RAM.
However, while demand paging is highly efficient, excessive swapping of pages between disk
and memory can degrade system performance due to the slower access times of disk
storage compared to RAM. Therefore, effective algorithms and management strategies are
employed to minimize the impact of page faults and optimize system performance.
Both virtual memory and demand paging play essential roles in allowing modern operating
systems to efficiently manage memory resources, ensuring the smooth and simultaneous
operation of multiple processes with limited physical memory.

6. Page Replacement algorithms (FIFO, LRU, optimal). Step-by-step solution is most


required.
Answer: refer pdf
Module 4
1. File systems in OS (File operation, structure, attributes, and operations).
2. File access methods

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