1)a)Explain the basic concepts of oops

The basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) are:

1. Abstraction: This refers to the process of hiding complex implementation details and exposing
only the necessary information to the user. In OOP, abstraction is achieved through the use of
classes and objects.

2. Encapsulation: This refers to the practice of bundling data and methods that operate on that
data within a single unit, called a class. Encapsulation helps to protect the data from outside
interference and misuse.

3. Inheritance: This is the process by which one class acquires the properties and methods of
another class. Inheritance allows for code reuse and helps to create a hierarchical class
structure.

4. Polymorphism: This refers to the ability of objects to take on multiple forms. In OOP,
polymorphism is achieved through method overloading and method overriding.

These concepts are the building blocks of OOP and are used to create robust, modular, and
reusable code.

1)b)Explain java program structure

The general structure of a Java program is as follows:

1. Documentation Section: This section contains comments that describe the purpose of the
program and any other relevant information.

2. Package Statement: This is an optional statement that declares the package name for the
program.

3. Import Statement: This is an optional statement that allows the program to access classes
and methods from other packages.

4. Class Definition: This is the main part of the program and contains the code that defines the
behavior of the program. A Java program must have at least one class definition.

5. Main Method: This is a special method that serves as the entry point for the program. It is the
first method that is executed when the program is run.
Here is an example of a simple Java program that follows this structure:

```
/** This program prints "Hello, World!" to the console. */
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
```

In this example, the documentation section contains a comment that describes the purpose of
the program. The class definition is named "HelloWorld" and contains a single method, the main
method, which prints "Hello, World!" to the console.

2)Define java class, methods and access specifiers

the definitions of Java classes, methods, and access specifiers:

1. Java Class: A class in Java is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the
properties and behaviors that an object of that class will have. A class can contain fields
(variables) and methods (functions) that define the behavior of the objects created from that
class.

2. Java Method: A method in Java is a block of code that performs a specific task. It can be
thought of as a function that belongs to a class. Methods can take parameters (input) and return
values (output), or they can perform actions without returning a value.

3. Access Specifiers: Access specifiers in Java are keywords that determine the visibility and
accessibility of classes, methods, and variables. There are four access specifiers in Java:

- Public: A public class, method, or variable can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
- Private: A private class, method, or variable can only be accessed within the same class.
- Protected: A protected class, method, or variable can be accessed within the same class, as
well as by subclasses and classes in the same package.
- Default (no keyword): A class, method, or variable with no access specifier can only be
accessed within the same package.

Access specifiers help to control the visibility and accessibility of code, which can improve the
security and maintainability of a program.

3) Explain constructor, list out the types of constructor and explain it with an example
program

Constructors are special methods in Java that are used to initialize objects of a class. They
have the same name as the class and no return type, not even void. When an object is created
using the "new" keyword, the constructor is called automatically to initialize the object's state.

There are three types of constructors in Java:

1. Default Constructor: A default constructor is a constructor that takes no parameters. If a class

does not have any constructors defined, a default constructor is automatically created by the
compiler. The default constructor initializes all fields to their default values (0, false, or null).

2. Parameterized Constructor: A parameterized constructor is a constructor that takes one or

more parameters. It is used to set the initial values of the object's fields based on the values
passed in as parameters.

3. Copy Constructor: A copy constructor is a constructor that takes an object of the same class
as a parameter and creates a new object with the same state. It is used to create a copy of an
existing object.

Here's an example program that demonstrates the use of constructors:

```
public class Rectangle {
private int length;
private int width;

// Default constructor
public Rectangle() {
length = 0;
width = 0;
}

// Parameterized constructor
public Rectangle(int length, int width) {
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}

// Copy constructor
public Rectangle(Rectangle other) {
 this.length = other.length;
this.width = other.width;
}

// Getter and setter methods

public int getLength() {
return length;
}

public void setLength(int length) {

this.length = length;
}

public int getWidth() {

return width;
}

public void setWidth(int width) {

this.width = width;
}

// Other methods...
}
```

In this example, the "Rectangle" class has three constructors: a default constructor, a
parameterized constructor that takes a length and width, and a copy constructor that takes
another "Rectangle" object. The class also has getter and setter methods for the "length" and
"width" fields.

The default constructor initializes the "length" and "width" fields to 0. The parameterized
constructor sets the "length" and "width" fields based on the values passed in as parameters.
The copy constructor creates a new "Rectangle" object with the same "length" and "width" as
the object passed in as a parameter.

These constructors provide flexibility in creating "Rectangle" objects with different initial values.
For example, we can create a new "Rectangle" object with a length of 5 and a width of 10 using
the parameterized constructor:

```
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(5, 10);
```
We can also create a copy of an existing "Rectangle" object using the copy constructor:

```
Rectangle rect2 = new Rectangle(rect);
```

Overall, constructors are an important part of object-oriented programming in Java, as they

allow for the initialization of objects with different initial values.

4)What is an array, explain in detail about the types of array with an example program.

An array is a data structure in Java that allows you to store a collection of elements of the same
data type. Each element in an array is identified by an index, which is a non-negative integer
that represents the position of the element in the array. Arrays are useful for storing and
manipulating large amounts of data in a structured way.

There are three types of arrays in Java:

1. One-Dimensional Array: A one-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same data

type that are stored in a single row. Each element in the array is identified by its index, which
starts at 0 and goes up to the length of the array minus one. Here's an example program that
demonstrates the use of a one-dimensional array:

```
public class ArrayExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

sum += numbers[i];
}

System.out.println("Sum of numbers: " + sum);

}
}
```

In this example, we create a one-dimensional array called "numbers" that contains the integers
1 through 5. We then use a for loop to iterate over the elements of the array and calculate the
sum of the numbers. Finally, we print out the sum of the numbers.

2. Two-Dimensional Array: A two-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same data

type that are stored in a grid of rows and columns. Each element in the array is identified by its
row index and column index. Here's an example program that demonstrates the use of a
two-dimensional array:

```
public class ArrayExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] matrix = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 }, { 7, 8, 9 } };
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
sum += matrix[i][j];
}
}

System.out.println("Sum of matrix: " + sum);

}
}
```

In this example, we create a two-dimensional array called "matrix" that contains the integers 1
through 9 arranged in a 3x3 grid. We then use nested for loops to iterate over the elements of
the array and calculate the sum of the numbers. Finally, we print out the sum of the numbers.

3. Variable-Length Array: A variable-length array is an array whose length is determined at

runtime rather than at compile time. This type of array is created using the "new" keyword and
can be resized using the "Arrays.copyOf" method. Here's an example program that
demonstrates the use of a variable-length array:

```
import java.util.Arrays;

public class ArrayExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = new int[5];
numbers[0] = 1;
numbers[1] = 2;
numbers[2] = 3;
numbers[3] = 4;
numbers[4] = 5;

int[] newNumbers = Arrays.copyOf(numbers, 10);

 newNumbers[5] = 6;
newNumbers[6] = 7;
newNumbers[7] = 8;
newNumbers[8] = 9;
newNumbers[9] = 10;

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < newNumbers.length; i++) {

sum += newNumbers[i];
}

System.out.println("Sum of newNumbers: " + sum);

}
}
```

In this example, we create a one-dimensional array called "numbers" that contains the integers
1 through 5. We then create a new array called "newNumbers" using the "Arrays.copyOf"
method, which creates a new array with a length of 10 and copies the elements of the
"numbers" array into it. We then add the integers 6 through 10 to the "newNumbers" array.
Finally, we use a for loop to iterate over the elements of the "newNumbers" array and calculate
the sum of the numbers.

5)Explain package with an example

In Java, a package is a way of organizing related classes and interfaces into a single unit.
Packages help to avoid naming conflicts and make it easier to manage large projects. A
package is declared using the "package" keyword at the beginning of a Java source file.

Here's an example program that demonstrates the use of packages:

```
package com.example;

public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}
```

In this example, we declare a package called "com.example" using the "package" keyword. We
then define a class called "MyClass" that contains a main method that prints out the message
"Hello, world!" to the console.

To compile and run this program, we need to save it in a file called "MyClass.java" and place it
in a directory called "com/example". We can then compile the program using the following
command:

```
javac com/example/MyClass.java
```

This will create a file called "MyClass.class" in the same directory. We can then run the program
using the following command:

```
java com.example.MyClass
```

This will execute the main method of the "MyClass" class and print out the message "Hello,
world!" to the console.

In summary, packages are a way of organizing related classes and interfaces into a single unit
in Java. They help to avoid naming conflicts and make it easier to manage large projects. To
use a class in a package, you need to specify the package name followed by the class name
when you create an object or call a method.