Earth Science ENERGY RESOURCES:

Universe:  Fossil fuels- most common

 Latin word “universum”  Coal- non-renewable
 By cicero  Crued oil- black oil
 Kosmos/Cosmos -universe  Wind energy- windmill
Theories:  Solar energy- solar
Creationist View – created by god Water Cycle:
Steady-State Theory – continuously expanding  Evaporation – water vapor
Big bang theory – currently accepted  Condensation – compact of water
Step of the big bang theory:  Precipitation – separating
 Singularity – started tiny & hot  Infiltration
 Inflation – rapidly expanded  Surface runoff
 Primordial Soup – joined to form an atom  Transportation
 Recombination  Accumulation
 Dark Ages – form the very first star Common type of water:
 Birth of Stars and Galaxies – group of stars  Agricultural – biggest consumer
Photons – particles of light  Sewage & wastewater – water from shower
Globular clusters – largest & most massive  Oil pollution – spill of oil
Open Clusters – smaller & less  Radioactive Substance – any pollution emit
Stellar associations – loose groupings Ground Shaking/Ground Motion – “seismic wave”
4 major characteristics: Types of wave:
1. Stable location  P-Wave – primary shock/sound
 Pond  S-Wave – movement from side to side
 Orion-Cygnus – arm of milky way Surface faulting – tearing of the ground
 Goldilocks region – habitable zone Earthquake – ground failure
2. Stable sun Landslide – land that is sloped
 Photosynthesis Ligue Faction 2 types:
3. Core and Mantle 1. Rapid Earthflow – sink
4. Atmosphere 2. Earth Lateral – tilt
Subsystem: Soil Formation – also called pedogenesis
1. Atmosphere – shields the earth  Process of soil evolution
2. Exosphere – atmosphere merge Weathering – refers to the chemical
 600km Accumulation of Materials – new minerals
3. Thermosphere – where the shuttle/orbit Leaching – removal of soluble components
 85km Transformation – chemical breakdown
4. Mesosphere – meteor born Parent material – preliminary solid material
 50km Topography – location of the soil
5. Stratosphere – air is stable Climate – weather
 25km Soil profile – sequence of vertical section
6. Troposphere – mixing layer Soil horizon – succession of layers
 25km O Horizon – topmost layer
7. Hydrosphere – all waters A Horizon – root zone
8. Geosphere/Lithosphere – land E Horizon – light colored layer
B Horizon – zone of accumulation
 3 layers:
C Horizon – zone of parent material
 Core – inner
R Horizon – bedrock
 Mantle - middle
Types of sol:
 Crust - outer
 A loess – buff colored
9. Biosphere – all living things
 Laterites – intense chemical weathering
 Nicolaus Copernicus – heliocentric model
 Pedalfers – brownish in color
 Claudius Ptolemy – geocentric model
 Pedocals – gray brown colored
Rocks—various minerals
 Tundra soils – formed in polar climates
Minerals—various chemical
Characteristics of the soil:
Types of rocks
 Soil depth – thickness of soil
1. Igneous rock—made from lava
 Soil texture – percentage of sand
2. Sedimentary rock—weathering
 Soil structure – shape & size
3. Metamorphic rock—transform by heat
 Soil color – soil mineralogy
Minerals
 Organic matter – amount of organic matter
- Naturally occurring
Types of soil degradation:
- Inorganic- from an organism
 Soil pollution – caused by human activities
- solid- temperature, pressure
 Soil erosion – soil particles are being detached
Definite Chemical composition – have chemicals
 Desertification – extreme soil degradation
Ordered internal structure- internal structure
  Salinization – process of accumulation
 Acidification – decrease of the soil pH level
 Deforestation – loss of tress
 Heavy metal combination – excessive use of chemicals
 Eutrophication – form of nutrient pollution
Ways:
 Organic fertilizer – manure & compost to protect
 Contour planting – tilling of soil
 Terracing – cutting of the slopes
 Crop rotation