International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942

Suspension Design and Kinematics Analysis of

Suspension Hardpoints for a Formula Student Race Car
Nagavarun Samala1, Lakshmi Prasanna Kathroju2
1
B.E. Mechanical Engineering, CBIT, Hyderabad, India
varunsamalaiso007[at]gmail.com
2
B.E. Mechanical Engineering, CBIT, Hyderabad, India
kathrojulakshmiprasanna[at]gmail.com

Abstract: As an enthusiastic FSAE team, our objective is to design the most effective Suspension system for a Formula student race
car. In this paper, we presented in detail the design procedure of the double wishbone pushrod suspension system, mechanical
properties of the materials used, analytical calculations, determination of suspension hard points in CATIA V5, graphical analysis are
examined for dynamic simulation of suspension system in Lotus Shark. The CAD models of the components in the suspension system
are made using SolidWorks® and the Finite element analysis of the components is done using ANSYS® Workbench.

Keywords: Double wishbone; Pushrod; Material selection; Suspension Points in CATIA V5; Dynamic Simulation Analysis of
Suspension System in Lotus Shark

1. Introduction optimization is followed to improve the design to meet the

loading conditions. The results are noted down, the designs
The Suspension system is the intermediate flexible system are optimized and the most promising values are concluded.
that connects the wheels with the main frame of the vehicle.
It is one of the most important systems of an automobile that 1.2 Roll Centre Height – Roll center Height of Front
deals with the dynamics of the vehicle. Suspension System of suspension was kept 184.9 mm and of Rear Suspension as
a vehicle has to maximize the contact between the vehicle 184.9 mm by doing the same procedure which was in upright
tires and the road surface, provide good steering stability and height. Rear Roll Centre Height is kept more to keep our car
provide safe vehicle control in all conditions, evenly support aerodynamically stable at High speed also.
the weight of the vehicle, transfer the loads to springs, and
guaranteeing the comfort of the driver by absorbing and 1.3 Camber Angle – Camber Angle is basically based on
dampening shock. The tuning of suspensions involves Cornering stability so a real case value of -2.5 degrees for
finding the right compromise of angles like camber, caster, front wheel and -0.5 degrees for rear wheel which is
king-pin inclination, Arms or linkages and shock absorber considerable and also can be manufactured is kept.
that comes together and enables the relative motion between
the tyre and the mainframe. 1.4 Kingpin Inclination – Kingpin inclination is 6 degrees
with a considerable scrub radius of 55 mm. Also it can be
The vehicle must be equipped with a fully operational easy to manufacture by adjusting upright Bracket length.
suspension system with shock absorbers, front and rear, with
usable wheel travel of at least 50 mm (25 mm jounce and After Fixing all the general parameters, a 3D sketch of the
25mm rebound). suspension compartment and also the A-Arms were drafted.

We designed our race car in such a way that forces that the 2. Material Selection
tires absorb are transferred to the Upright. From the Upright,
the forces are then made to transfer to the pushrod and the 2.1 Uprights
control arms. The pushrod then forces the Bell crank to
move accordingly and then bears the forces on the damper. Our uprights are made of Al 6061 T6. Most common
The damper absorbs most of the forces and the remaining material used for Uprights is Aluminium. Al is used because
forces are transferred to the chassis. This system reduces the of its properties like low weight density, resistance to
shocks and any impact on the driver. This paper discusses corrosion and rusting etc. For manufacturing knuckle,
the kinematics design of a double a-arm Pushrod Suspension Aluminium is the best choice as it has enough load with
system for an FSAE Vehicle. standing ability. In Aluminium, we have different grades like
Al-6061, Al-5056, Al-7075, Al-6063 etc. Among these two,
The hardpoint‟s location can be determined using this Al-7075 and Al-6061 are most common used.
procedure to simulate motion in any kinematic simulation
software. Here, Lotus Shark is used as kinematic simulation However, Al-6061 is finalized for uprights. Al-6061 is
software, and the results are verified using Analytical chosen because:
Calculations. The obtained values are expressed as graphs to 1) Its hardness is within the desirable range (Brinell
visually understand the relationship between suspension Hardness no. = 95). The lower hardness allows it to be
parameters and vehicle performance. The process of iterative machined more easily than 7075 (BHN = 150).
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Paper ID: SR221108085737 DOI: 10.21275/SR221108085737 573
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
2) Easily machinable when compared to Al-7075 T6 11) Processing performance of Al-6061 is better than Al-
3) Although Yield strength of Al-6061 (276 MPa) < Al- 7075 and other grades.
7075 (510 MPa), we choose Al-6061 because stress 12) When dealing with fabrication, 6061 aluminium alloy
developed due to action of loads is not more than 270 has the edge over 7075 aluminium alloy.
MPa. Thus, Al-6061 can be used.
4) It has better structural strength compared to Al-7075. Keeping all these parameters in consideration, Al-6061 is the
5) It is tougher than many other materials including Al- best choice. If at all Hardness is not meeting the
7075 expectations, hardness can be improved by heat treatment
6) It has got better surface finish & corrosion resistance methods like Tempering. It is frequently used in automotive
when compared to Al-7075 & Al-6082. parts. Aluminium 6061 is a better alloy when the product is
7) It‟s Density is 2700 Kg/m3and low when compared to going to be welded or formed.
Al-7075 (2810 Kg/m3). Thus, for given volume, mass
consumption is less in the case of Al-6061. This reduces 2.2 Upright Height
overall weight and thus also expenses.
8) Material cost of Al-6061 (₹ 275/kg) is also less than Al - To decide upright height several factors were considered.
7075 (₹ 600/kg) & Al-6082 (₹ 335/kg) - thus Firstly, ICR‟s of both A-Arms and the line joining center of
economical. wheel to ICR to get Roll Centre Height were drawn. By
9) It has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Keeping Lower A-Arm Horizontal to get more stability and
10) It has high fatigue strength when compared to other adjusting upper A-Arm we decided to keep Upright's overall
grades and alloys. Although Al-7075 has more fatigue height as 200 mm with eye-to-eye length of 168 mm.
strength (159 MPa), Al-6061 is opted because fatigue Distance from uprights center to Upper ball joint = 84mm
strength of Al-6061 (58-110 MPa) is sufficient for our and upright center to lower ball joint = 84mm
requirements

2.3 Bell Crank traces of Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr-thus bridging gap between ductility,
strength, and toughness.
Material selected for Bell crank is Mild steel EN
1.0301. Although Mild steel is relatively inexpensive when Steel is prone to oxidizing if not prepared accordingly,
compared to other materials like Al 6061, Al 7075.It resulting in rust that damages (and eventually destroys) the
satisfies our requirements and there is no need to steel. Without the addition of any additional elements, mild
compromise in mechanical properties. Hardness of mild steel steel will suffer the same fate. Chromium is a popular
is 130 BHN. The hardness is enough to withstand addition to low carbon steel due to its reaction to exposure to
indentations and at the same time it is not too high so that it the atmosphere, resulting in a layer of chromium oxide that
is machinable. It has good weldability. Mild steel contains protects the steel underneath from further corrosion.The
roughly 0.05-0.30% carbon making it flexible. Mild steel has density of EN 1.0301 grade mild steel is 7850 kg/m³ which
a relatively low tensile strength 440 N/mm² when compared is quite acceptable. Having high tensile strength of 350-640
to other materials like Al 7075(572 N/mm²), However, it is MPa, Ultimate yield strength of 370 MPa, Shear stress of
enough to withstand the stresses and forces acting on bell 200-300 MPa; Mild steel is a better choice. Max Force
cranks. Hardness can be increased and improved by methods which is applied on our bell crank is 420.29N at Front and
like carburizing (Case hardening). Mild steel is ductile 466.95 N at Rear. So, our selection is perfect, and it can
enough to withstand forces acting on it. EN 1.0301 carbon withstand heavy loads at cornering without deflection.
steel contains 0.1% C+0.4% Mn+ 0.4% Si. It also contains

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Paper ID: SR221108085737 DOI: 10.21275/SR221108085737 574
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942

2.4 Wishbones Components like propellers, connecting rods, aircraft

landing gears and also automotive and general engineering
Material opted for wishbones is EN24. It is a popular grade applications have been known to be made of EN24 because
of thorough-hardened alloy steel with a tensile strength of they tend to be put under high stress. EN24 is commonly
850/1000 N/sq. mm. It is a 1.5% nickel, 1% chromium, 0.2% supplied as EN24T or EN24U. For EN24V, EN24W,
molybdenum alloy steel which has a long history dating back EN24X, EN24Y & EN24Z material should be fully annealed
over 100 years. EN24 can be heat treated to a wide range of before heat treating to any of these conditions. For these
tensile strengths from 850-1000 N/mm² („T‟ condition) up to reasons, EN24 is used as a parent material for pushrods in
1550 N/mm² („Z‟ condition). Heat treated EN24 offers high the manufacturing of our race car. Solid Wishbones of
tensile strength combined with good ductility and resistance diameter 12 mm are selected to have better strength
to shock. Owing to its excellent machinability, EN24 is used withstanding ability.
in components such as gears, shafts, bolts et cetera. It is also
renowned for its wear resistant and high strength properties.

Table 1: Typical Mechanical Properties for EN24

Tensile Strength Yield Strength Elongation Izod Hardness Brinell
Condition
(N/mm²) (N/mm²) % KCV J BHN
T 850-1000 650 13 35 248-302
U 925-1075 755 12 42 269-331
V 1000-1150 850 12 42 293-352
W 1075-1225 940 11 35 311-375
X 1150-1300 1020 10 28 341-401
Y 1225-1375 1095 10 21 363-429
Z 1550 1235 5 9 444

Rear wishbone lengths Front Wishbone lengths Front A-Arm Rear A-Arm

2.5 Pushrod Stainless steel has numerous properties that make it desirable
to use in the widespread manufacture of parts and
We chose push-rods that are made of Stainless Steel. components. The mechanical properties of one of the
Stainless steel is the name of a family of iron-based alloys frequently used grades of stainless steel, the 304 grade is as
known for their corrosion and heat resistance. One of the below:
main characteristics of stainless steel is its minimum
chromium content of 10.5%, which gives it superior Table 2: Mechanical Properties
resistance to corrosion in comparison to other types of steels. Properties Value
Like other steels, stainless steel is composed primarily from Density (x1,000 kg/m³) 8
iron and carbon, but with the addition of several other Poisson's ratio 0.27- 0.30
alloying elements, the most prominent being chromium. Elastic modulus (GPa) 193
Tensile strength (MPa) 515
Yield strength (MPa) 205

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Elongation (%) 40
Hardness (BHN) 88
Thermal expansion (10°C) 17.2
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) 16.2

One of the favourable properties is its high strength that

allows consumers to use it in numerous applications. Its
durability, high and low temperature resistance, increased
formability and easy fabrication, low maintenance, long
lasting and attractive appearance are the pros of Stainless
Steel that attracts users.
Shock Absorbers
As we are going with Pushrod type suspension, we are using
Pushrod. Diameter of pushrod = 12 mm & length of Pushrod
3. Calculations
= 150 mm.
Force = 180 x 9.81 = 1765.8 N
Longitudinal Force = 882.9 N
Vertical load transfer on each wheel [Front] = 662.17 x 3 =
1986.53 N
Vertical load transfer on each wheel [Rear] = 809.325 x 3 =
2427.975 N

3.1 Load Calculations

Longitudinal Forces during Braking:

While Braking, the weight of the rear side tends to come in

the front side of the vehicle so there is a load transfer that is
taking place from rear to front.

It interns affects the knuckle as these forces act on the A –

arm mounting points through the A – arms.

Considering Maximum acceleration of 1g = 9.81m/s2

Force at the front side = mass at the rear side of the vehicle x
acceleration.

Let the mass at the rear side of the vehicle be 0.6 times the
2.6 Damper
total weight
We are going with DNM RCP2S shock absorbers because of
Mass at the rear side of the vehicle = 0.6 x 300 = 180kg
better quality and excellent shock absorbing abilities.
Vibrations can be damped easily.
Force = 180 x 9.81 = 1765.8 N
Damper calculations are done and eye to eye length of 210
Now force on each wheel = 1765.8/2 = 882.9N
mm is fixed with spring size = 12 mm. Spring travel = 61 mm
and mass of shock absorber = 0.41 kg.
Longitudinal Force = 882.9 N
Body is made up of dark hard anodized Al 7075 material to
3.2 Lateral Forces
have higher strength with low weight.
Lateral Forces are because of two reasons – centrifugal force
and lateral load transfer from outside to inside while turning.
The centrifugal force is considered as follows.

Let the vehicle take a turn of 3.2m turning radius and at a

speed of 28.8kmph = 8m/s
r = turning radius = 3.2m
1km = 1000m; 1hr = 3600 sec.
1km/hr = 5/18 m/sec

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To convert km/hr into m/sec, multiply the number by 5 and Qout = A Y‟ = x ro
then divide it by 18.
Where, ro = outer radius of the wishbone = 8 mm = x (8) =
Centrifugal Force = mv2/2 = 2400 N 341.33 mm3
Qout = 341.33 mm3
Now consider if all the weight at the front side comes on the Qin = A ‟Y = x ri
wheel assembly the force will be Force due to lateral load Where, ri = inner radius of the wishbone = 5 mm
transfer = 0.4 x 300 x 9.81 = 1175.5 N x (5) = 83.33 mm3
Vertical Force at Bump, Qin = 83.33 mm3
The vertical load transfer occurs at bump and as per load
theories 3g of weight applies on vehicles at the time of First moment of area of the wishbone (Q) = Qout - Qin = 258
bump. mm3
Vertical load transfer on each wheel [Front] = 662.17 x 3 = First moment of area of the wishbone (Q) = 258 mm3
1986.53 N Load on the Rear wishbone Load (V) = mass x acceleration
Vertical load transfer on each wheel [Rear] = 809.325 x 3 = Mass varies as 0.6 times total weight at Rear wishbone Mass
2427.975 N at Rear side of the vehicle = 0.6 x 300 = 180 kg
Load at Rear Wishbone (VR) = 1765.8N
3.3 Knuckle calculations: Moment of Inertia of the wishbone (I) = 2724.735 mm4
The Thickness of wishbone pipe (t) = 3 mm
Friction force on front wheel (Ff) = 256.168 N Shear stress offered on the rear wishbones is (τR) = 55.733
Braking force per each wheel (Fb) = 102.467 N N/mm
Vertical force per wheel (Fv) = 384.252 N
Lateral force per wheel (Fl) = 256.168 N 4. Determination of suspension points:
Force on Upper Ball Joint in side view (FUS) = 29.325 N
Force on Lower Ball Joint in side view (FLS) = 131.792 N 4.1 Designing
Force acting on Steering Ball Joint (Fsb) = 86.194 N
Force acting on Upper Control Arm (Fuc) = 35.026 N Step-1: Consider the front part of the vehicle (as a rectangle)
Force on UC Arm in Horizontal Direction (Fuch)= 24.763 N with the Centre of Gravity. For that we develop a 3D model
Force on UC Arm in Vertical Direction (Fucv) = - 145.211 N placing the tire on one side at a distance of half of the track
Force on LC Arm in Horizontal Direction (Flch)=409.015 N width and assume scrub radius as 40% of tire width.
Force on LC Arm in Vertical Direction (Flcv) = 409.015 N
Step-2: Designing Front view Geometry
3.4 Wishbone Calculations: We get Front view Swing arm Length by formula:
Camber Change Rate = tan-1 (1/ FVSA L)
First moment of area of the wishbone (Q) = Qout - Qin Where CCR = KPI / Wheel Travel of Jounce and Rebound
Qout = A Y‟ = x ro Assuming KPI and Wheel Travel, we get CCR and thereby
Qin = A Y‟ = x ri FVSA L
Where,
ri = inner radius of the wishbone = 5 mm Step-3: Having KPI and Scrub Radius, we can get the
x (5) = 83.33 mm3 position of knuckle mounting points. Locate Both Upper and
Qin = 83.33 mm3 Lower Mounting Points of Knuckle.
First moment of area of the wishbone (Q) = 258 mm3
Mass varies as 0.4 times total weight at Front wishbone Mass Step-4: Assuming Roll Centre Height
at Front side of the vehicle = 0.4 x 300 = 120 kg - Roll Centre should be near the CG to avoid body roll
Load at Front Wishbone (Vf) = 1177.2N - Optimum Jacking Force
Moment of Inertia of the wishbone ( I ) = 2724.735 mm4
Thickness of wishbone pipe (t) = 3 mm Step-5: Intersect the axis passing from bottom of the tire
Shear stress offered on the front wishbones are (τf) = 37.156 contact patch and the roll center to the perpendicular axis to
N/mm4 get IC.

3.4.1 To choose Wishbone Material Step-6: Joining UBJ with IC, we will get the Upper Control
A prototype material “Chromoly” is taken for consideration. Arm axis and joining the LBJ with IC, we will get the Lower
Based on the shear strain (ɸ) value of chromoly, ɸ = 80 G Pa Control Arm axis.
(AISI 4130) = 80 x 10 3N/mm2 So, in the front view we will see UCA and LCA (Hard points
1, 2 and 3, 4)
Shear Modulus (G) = Shear Modulus of the front wishbone
(Gf) = 4.645 x 10 -4 (too small). Hence the material selected Step-7: Find the coordinates (x, y, and z) of these hard
undergoes much less deformation with a given load. The points.
material chosen is perfectly suitable for control arms. In the front view, we get only y, z coordinates. For x-
coordinate we should see the side view of the tire.
Rear wishbone Shear stress offered on the wishbone (τ) =
First moment of area of the wishbone (Q) = Qout - Qin
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Paper ID: SR221108085737 DOI: 10.21275/SR221108085737 577
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ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Step-8: Assume Castor Angle for side view. Castor line is Step-13: Now join that point with IC, we will get the UCA
basically the side view of kingpin axis. axis.

Step-9: Extending UBJ up to Castor line, we will get x - Step-14: As we know the other pivot point of UCA is located
coordinate, similarly for LBJ. on the axis, similarly for LCA.

Step-10: Assuming Anti-dive% in Side View, which will Step-15: follow the same approach for rear (just mirror it).
give SVSA angle.
Step-16: Put all these suspension mounting points in lotus
Step-11: Keep SVSA L as short as possible because it shark. We also need to give basic inputs like type of
determines the pitching action of the vehicle, responsible for Suspension system, approach of our suspension, tire data,
applying moment at IC of side view. Wheelbase, Dive, Weight, etc and get respective graphs.
Line passing from SVSA L will intersect SVSA at IC.
Step-17: Analyse the Graphs, whether it is feasible or not for
Step-12: Add some distance to the center line in the right our requirements at static and dynamic conditions
direction because the front of the vehicle is towards the Finding suspension points is an iterative process and below is
right. the image of the line diagram of suspension points.

Front Suspension Geometry:

Rear Suspension Geometry:

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Paper ID: SR221108085737 DOI: 10.21275/SR221108085737 578
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
SVSA height: 270.08 mm
SVSA length: 875.05 mm
Roll center height: 160 mm
Distance from front end to side-view CG: 972 mm
Distance from rear end to side-view CG: 648 mm
CG height: 375 mm

Rear suspension points:

S. No X Y Z
7 1620 427.8 360.1
8 1620 551.5 192.1
Left hard points 9 1750 258.41 377.15
10 1750 345.11 234.47
11 1500 256.7 358.5
12 1500 242.07 202.03

Upper wishbone ball joint - 7

Lower wishbone outer ball joint - 8
Upper wishbone front point - 9
Lower wishbone front point - 10
Upper wishbone rear point - 11
Lower wishbone rear point – 12
Anti-squat percentage: 50.67%
Right hard points SVSA height: 293.21 mm
SVSA length: 1000 mm
Front suspension points: Roll center height: 162.85 mm
S.NO X Y Z Distance from front end to side-view CG: 972 mm
1 -4.4 467.89 360.1 Distance from rear end to side-view CG: 648 mm
2 4.4 491.5 192.1 CG height: 375 mm
3 140 258.5 376.22 FVSA length: 1680 mm
4 140 245.34 236.91
5 -140 255.65 346.94 5. Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Suspension
6 -131.15 246.17 245.77
System
Upper wishbone ball joint - 1
Lower wishbone outer ball joint - 2 Dynamic analysis of suspension is done by using Lotus
Upper wishbone front point - 3 Shark suspension analysis software. In that coordinates of
Lower wishbone front point - 4 suspension points to arrange the geometry of the suspension
Upper wishbone rear point - 5 system and then by using the software the Bump, Roll and
Lower wishbone rear point - 6 Steering effect on dynamic conditions were checked.
Anti-dive percentage: 80%

Suspension Geometry in Lotus Shark

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Half Simulation

Full Simulation

The layout of the suspensions hard point positions is

interposed and the required kinematic behaviour is achieved.

We finalized points after performing many iterations and

analysing graphs in Lotus Shark software.

Graphs of final suspension points are as follows:

Castor Angle

Camber Angle

Kingpin Angle

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 More stability of vehicle is achieved due to negative
camber angle as it provides more traction and contact
patch to the wheel during cornering.
 It is clear from the graphs, there is a small or negligible
change in the toe angle when the vehicle faces the
condition of bump and rebound.

Specifications Front/Rear
Spring rate [N/mm] 86/77
Roll rate*104 [Nm/deg] 1477.54/1540.86
Ride rate [N/mm] 0.645/0.647
Wheel rate [N/mm] 140.15/146.53
Suspension travel [mm] 50 / 50
Max Damper stroke [mm] 76
Toe Angle CG height [mm] 375
Ground clearance [mm] 180
Castor [deg] 3
KPI [deg] 8
Scrub radius [mm] 55
Sprung mass [N] 392.266
Unsprung mass [N] 2353.596
Motion ratio 1.275 / 1.356
Roll center height [mm] 160
Roll gradient [rad/g] -0.068

7. Conclusion
The purpose of this project is not only to design and
manufacture the suspension system for the car, but also to
provide an in-depth study in the process taken to arrive at the
final design.
Anti Dive
The design is first conceptualized based on personal
experiences during the previous projects under SAE
competitions. Engineering principles and design processes
are then used to verify and create a vehicle with optimal
performance, safety, manufacturability and ergonomics.
 High ground clearance as 180mm and the shock travel is
up to the maximum of 76mm, whereas the wishbone hard
points were mounted to the nodes of the triangulated
chassis where point can bear the peak number of stresses,
all the 8 hard points of the front suspension were mounted
to the nodes of the chassis systematically executed.
 The distance between upper A-arm and lower A-arm is
168 mm and the distance between the knuckle upper A-
arm mounting point and lower A-arm mounting point is
Anti Squat 168 mm (parallel double wishbone suspension system).
The camber and toe angles can be controlled so that the
stress on the tie rod and steering arm will be less and less
6. Results
chances of failure.
 Anti-dive feature reduces the jerking effect at the time of
Therefore, it can be considered that the optimized set of
braking.
values will render a very comfortable ride. The FEA result
 Anti-squat feature reduces the jerking effect at the time of
indicates that the suspension system is able to perform safely
high acceleration
in real track condition as per performance requirement.
 Aerodynamic stability is achieved by provision of low roll
center height at the front of the vehicle.
With the overall design being carefully considered
 As the C.G height is kept near to the ground the rolling
beforehand, the manufacturing process being controlled
effect of vehicle is reduced.
closely, and many design features have been proven effective
 Oversteer configuration enables good vehicle handling to
within the performance requirement of the vehicle.
the driver by reducing the required steering effort.
 Oversteer configuration enables good vehicle handling to
the driver by reducing the required steering effort.
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3.

Author Profile
Nagavarun Samala1 pursuing B.E degree in
Mechanical Engineering from Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad. He
stayed as Suspension Engineer since 2019 and
participated in Formula Bharat 2019, served as Design
Engineer and participated in Formula Green Concept 2021 and
Formula Imperial 2022, currently working as Robotic engineer in
Kitolit and EV Chief in Praheti Racing, Formula Student Club,
CBIT.

LakshmiPrasanna Kathroju2 pursuing B.E. degree in

Mechanical Engineering from Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad. During
2021-2022, she stayed as Vehicle Dynamics Engineer
in Praheti Racing, Formula Student Club, CBIT to
study the suspension system of an Electric Race Car and
participated in Formula Green Concept 2021 and won “BEST
FEMALE PARTICIPANT AWARD” (Issued by ISNEE
MOTORSPORTS). She now with RACEnergy EV Startup.

Volume 11 Issue 11, November 2022

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: SR221108085737 DOI: 10.21275/SR221108085737 582