IOT Based Smart Waste Management System for Smart

City
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Kanishk Nayak(21BCS8240)
Ashi Yadav(21BCS8242)
Tanish Singla(21BCS8257)
Ansh Khurana(21BCS8266)
Vaishnavi Rathore(21BCS8292)
Smiksha(21BCS8358)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Chandigarh University

NOV 2023

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IoT Based Smart Waste Management
System for Smart City” is the bonafide work of “Kanishk Nayak
(21BCS8240), Ashi Yadav (21BCS8248), Tanish Singla (21BCS8257), Ansh
Khurana (21BCS8266), Vaishnavi Rathore (21BCS8292), Smiksha
(21BCS8358)” who carried out the project work under my/our supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. Sandeep Singh Kang Er. Kussum

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Computer Science & Engineering Assistant Professor

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………….4

List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..7-9
1.1 Need of Smart Waste Management System……………………………………………………7

1.2 Identification of Problem………………………………………………………………….....7-8

1.3 Identification of Tasks…………………………………………………………………………8

1.4 Organization of Report…………………………………………………………………………9

CHAPTER 2. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS………………………………………10-17

2.1 Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features……………………………………………..10

2.2 Design Constraints………………………………………………………………………………11

2.3 Design Selection…………………………………………………………………………………12

2.4 Design Flow……………………………………………………………………………………..13

2.5 Implementation & Methodology……………………………………………………………14-17

CHAPTER 3. RESULT ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION………………………..18

CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK…………………………19-20

4.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..19

4.2 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………………………...20

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………21

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 List of Figures

Figure 1. Arduino…………………………………………………………………………………………11

Figure 2. Ultrasonic Sensors………………………………………………………………………………12

Figure 3. Jumper Wires……………………………………………………………………………………12

Figure 4. Flowchart………………………………………………………………………………………13

Figure 5. Lithium-polymer battery………………………………………………………………………...14

Figure 6. Arduino Pin-layout and Pin configurations………………………………………………………15

Figure 7. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor…………………………………………………………………….16

Figure 8. Jumper Wires……………………………………………………………………………………17

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 List of Tables
Table 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

Table 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………….15

Table 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………..16

Table 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………..17

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 ABSTRACT
IoT-based Smart Waste Management System for Smart City is a novel approach to manage the waste
effectively in a smart city. With the rapid growth of urbanization, therehas been a significant increase in
the amount of waste generated in cities. The traditionalwaste management systems have been inefficient,
leading to issues like overflowing bins,littering, and spread of diseases.

The proposed system aims to overcome these issues by using the Internet of Things (IOT) technology.
The system comprises of smart waste bins that are equipped with sensors to detect the level of waste in
the bins. These sensors are connected to a centralserver, which receives the data from the bins in real-
time.

The system uses machine learning algorithms to predict the amount of waste that will begenerated in a
particular area, based on historical data. This information is used to optimize the waste collection routes,
reducing the time and resources required for wastecollection.

The system also uses a mobile application, which allows citizens to report issues like overflowing bins,
littering, and illegal dumping. The application sends alerts to the concerned authorities, enabling them to
take immediate action.

The proposed system has several advantages over traditional waste management systems. It is more
efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. It also promotes citizenparticipation in waste
management, making the system more transparent andaccountable.

In conclusion, the IoT-based Smart Waste Management System for Smart City is a promising solution to
the challenges of waste management in smart cities. It has the potential to transform waste management,
making cities cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Need of Smart Waste Management System

There are several reasons why an IOT based smart waste management system is necessary for a smart
city:

Efficiency: Traditional waste management systems are often inefficient, leading tooverflowing bins
and littered streets. With IoT-based smart waste management systems,waste can be collected in a timely
and efficient manner, reducing the amount of time andresources needed to maintain cleanliness.

Sustainability: Smart waste management systems can help reduce the amount of waste that goes to
landfills, which is crucial for the long-term sustainability of a city. By usingIoT technology to monitor
waste levels, cities can optimize waste collection routes and reduce the number of trucks on the road,
thereby reducing their carbon footprint.

Cost Savings: IoT based smart waste management systems can help cities save money by reducing the
number of waste collection trucks needed and the amount of fuel consumed. It can also help reduce the
amount of labour required for waste collection, which can lead to significant cost savings.

Improved Health and Safety: Traditional waste management systems can pose health and safety risks
for workers who handle waste. By using IoT technology to automate waste collection and minimize
manual handling, cities can reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.

Citizen Engagement: Smart waste management systems can engage citizens and encourage them to take
an active role in keeping their cities clean. With IoT technology,citizens can receive alerts when waste
bins are full.

Overall, an IoT based smart waste management system is essential for a smart city as it promotes
efficiency, sustainability, cost savings, improved health and safety, and citizenengagement.

1.2 Identification of Problem

The problem with IoT based smart waste management systems in smart cities can be identified as follows:

Lack of Standardization: There is a lack of standardization in terms of hardware and software platforms
used for smart waste management systems. This makes it difficult for different systems to communicate
and integrate with each other, leading to a fragmented waste management system.

Limited Connectivity: IoT devices rely on connectivity to transmit data to the cloud, but in some areas,
connectivity may be limited or unavailable. This can lead to delays or loss of data, which can affect the

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accuracy of waste management decisions.

Data Security: IoT devices collect and transmit sensitive data about waste collection and disposal. This
data must be protected from cyber threats and unauthorized access to maintain the integrity and privacy
of the data.

Cost: Implementing an IoT based smart waste management system can be expensive. The cost of
hardware, software, and maintenance can be a significant barrier for cities looking to adopt smart waste
management systems.

Maintenance: Smart waste management systems require regular maintenance and updates to function
effectively. This can be a challenge for cities with limited resources or expertise in IoT technology.

1.3 Identification of Tasks

Here are some potential tasks for an IoT-based smart waste management system for a smart city:

Monitoring waste levels: Install sensors in trash cans to monitor the fill level and triggeralerts when they
are full.

Route optimization: Use real-time data collected from sensors to optimize garbage truck routes to
minimize fuel consumption and travel time.

Smart bin placement: Use data analytics to determine optimal placement for garbage bins based on
usage patterns and population density.

Recycling education: Provide users with information on what can be recycled and howto recycle it using
a mobile application or web portal.

Waste segregation: Implement waste segregation at the source, with separate bins for recyclables, food
waste, and other types of waste.

Remote management: Allow administrators to remotely monitor and manage waste collection activities,
including tracking truck locations and schedules.

Predictive maintenance: Use IoT sensors to monitor the condition of garbage trucks andequipment, and
use predictive analytics to schedule maintenance and repairs before breakdowns occur.

Data analytics: Collect and analyze data on waste generation, collection, and disposal toidentify trends
and improve efficiency.

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1.4 Organization of Report
I. Introduction
1. Statement of the problem and project’s purpose.
2. Overview of the report’s organization.

II. Design flow/process

1. Define the problem.
2. Identify system requirements.
3. Determine sensor and communication requirements.
4. Design the system architecture.
5. Develop the software and integrate the hardware and software.
6. Deploy, Monitor and optimize the system.

III. Result analysis and validation

1. Description of the testing process and results.
2. Discussion of the key insights and implications of the testing results.

IV. Conclusion and future work

1. Summary of the project's purpose, process, and results.
2. Future Scope of the project.

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 CHAPTER 2

DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS

2.1 Evaluation & selection of Specifications/Features

When evaluating and selecting the specifications/features for an IoT-based Smart Waste Management
System for Smart City, it is essential to consider the following factors:

Sensors: The waste bins should be equipped with sensors that can detect the level of waste in thebins.
The sensors should be reliable, accurate, and capable of communicating with the waste management
system in real-time.

Communication Network: The waste management system should have a reliable and robust
communication network that can transmit data from the sensors to the waste management systemin real-
time. The communication network should be able to handle a large amount of data.

Route Optimization: The waste management system should have the capability to optimize the waste
collection route based on the location and quantity of waste in each bin. The system shouldbe able to
consider factors such as traffic conditions, the location of waste processing facilities, and the capacity of
the waste collection vehicles.

Real-time Monitoring: The waste management system should have real-time monitoring capabilities to
track the status of waste collection and transportation. It should be able to provide alerts when waste bins
are full, or there are issues with the waste collection process.

Recycling and Waste-to-Energy: The system should have the capability to separate recyclable and non-
recyclable waste and facilitate the recycling and waste-to-energy processes. It should be able to process
waste efficiently and effectively to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.

Data Analytics: The waste management system should have the capability to collect and analyzedata on
waste collection and management. The data analytics capabilities should be able to provideinsights into
waste generation patterns, waste reduction strategies, and cost optimization.

Security: The waste management system should have robust security features to ensure the privacy and
security of data transmitted over the communication network.

In conclusion, the evaluation and selection of specifications/features for an IoT-based Smart Waste
Management System for Smart City should prioritize the reliability, accuracy, and efficiency of waste
collection and management. The system should be able to optimize waste collection routes,facilitate
recycling and waste-to-energy processes, and provide real-time monitoring and data analytics capabilities
to optimize cost and reduce waste.

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2.2 Design Constraints

When designing an IoT-based smart waste management system for a smart city, there areseveral design
constraints that should be considered. Some of these design constraints are:

Connectivity: The IoT devices used in the system should be able to communicate with each other and
with the cloud-based system that manages the data. Therefore, reliable and robust connectivity options,
such as Wi-Fi, cellular, or Lora WAN, should be selected.

Power consumption: IoT devices are often battery-powered, and thus power consumption is a
significant constraint. Therefore, the system should be designed to minimize power consumption,
through the use of low-power devices and optimized communication protocols.

Security and privacy: As the system would be dealing with sensitive data, security andprivacy should
be a top priority. The system should incorporate encryption,authentication, and other security measures
to ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access and cyber-attacks.

Environmental factors: The devices and sensors used in the system should be able to withstand harsh
weather conditions, such as rain, heat, and snow, to ensure that the system operates reliably all year
round.

Cost-effectiveness: The system should be designed to be cost-effective, with a balance between the cost
of implementation and the benefits it provides to the city and its residents.

2.3 Design Selection

Configuration-1:

Arduino is an open-source
electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and
software.

Advantage

• Ease of Use
• Open-Source
• Flexibility
• Affordability

Figure 1. Arduino

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 An ultrasonic sensor is a type of sensor
Configuration 2:
that uses sound waves with frequencies
above the upper audible limit of human
hearing (i.e., above 20 kilohertz) to
detect objects and measure distances.

Advantage

• Distance Measurement
• High Speed
Figure 2. Ultrasonic sensors
• Low Maintenance

Configuration 3:

Jumper wires are used to connect the

various components in the circuit to the
Arduino board, allowing the
components to communicate with each
other and with the micro controller
on the board.

Advantage

• Flexibility
• Ease of use
Figure 3. Jumper wires • Modular design
Reusability

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2.4 DESIGN FLOW & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

2.4.1 Block Diagram

Below we have shared the BLOCK Diagram of the project to depict how the entire system will work.

Figure 4. Flowchart

2.4.2 Coding

There are several programming languages that you can use to code an IoT-based smart waste
management system for a smart city, depending on the hardware platform you choose.

C/C++ is a popular programming language for embedded systems and IoT devices because it's fast,
efficient, and allows for low-level hardware access.

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2.5 Implementation &Methodology
2.5.1 Required parts & Components

I. Lithium-ion Battery pack

We are using lithium-ion Battery 1S 35C lithium-ion battery pack (Li-Po) as the power supply for 29 the
robot prototype. 2700mAh means the battery can provide 2700 MA of charge for one hour. 1S means
three cells of voltage 3.7V will be connected in series. So, the total voltage will be 1x3.3=3.3V. 35C is
the discharge of the battery. It means the battery can provide 10amp continuous supply.

The specifications of this battery are given below:

18650 lithium- ion battery

Model
Output Voltage (VDC) 3.3V

Charge Rate (C) 35

Battery capacity 2700mah

Battery-type Rechargeable

Weight 50grams

Dimensions 18x65mm

Table 1

Figure 5. Lithium-polymer Battery

II. Arduino board

We are using Arduino Nano where all the electronics connected to this board. It is lightweight, small,
breadboard friendly and covers less space. The Mini-B USB port, a 6-20V unregulated external power
source (pin 30), or a 5V regulated external power supply are all options for powering the Arduino Nano
(pin 27). The greatest voltage source is automatically chosen as the power supply. The ATmega328 has
32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The Atmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM.

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The specifications of Arduino mini given below:

Microcontroller Atmega328P

Operating Voltage (logic level) 2.2-3.6V

Input Voltage (recommended) 5V

Input Voltage (limits) 6 – 20 V

Digital I/O Pins 14

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA

SRAM 2KB

EEPROM 1 KB*

Clock Speed 8 MHz

Dimensions 0.7” x 0.7”

Table 2

Pin-Layout of Arduino Nano:

Figure 6. Arduino Pin-layout and Pin configurations

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III. Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses sound waves with a frequency above the range of human hearing
(typically above 20 kHz) to measure distance, position, or level. The sensor works by emitting a short
burst of sound waves and then measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to bounce back after they
hit an object.

One advantage of ultrasonic sensors is that they can detect objects regardless of their material or color.
They are also relatively immune to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light.
However, they can be affected by other sound waves in the environment, which can interfere with their
measurements.

The specifications of Ultrasonic sensor given below:

Specification Description

Operating Frequency 40 kHz

Detection Range 2 cm to 400 cm

Accuracy ±1 cm

Resolution 0.3 cm

Operating Voltage 5 VDC

Operating Current 15 mA

Table 3

Figure 7. HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor

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IV. Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are electrical wires with connectors at both ends that are used to create connections between
different components in an electronic circuit. In the context of an Arduino micro controller, jumper wires
are often used to connect sensors, actuators, and other electronic components to the pins on the Arduino
board.

Jumper wires are a fundamental component of Arduino prototyping and experimentation, as they allow
electronic components to be easily connected and disconnected from the microcontroller board without
the need for soldering. They are commonly used in hobbyist projects, educational settings, and
professional prototyping applications.

The specifications of Jumper Wires given below:

Specification Description

Wire Gauge 22 AWG

Connector Type Male to Female

Length 20 cm

Color Assorted colors

Insulation Material PVC

Operating Temperature -20°C to +80°C

Current Rating 2A

Voltage Rating 300 V

Table 4

Figure 8. Jumper Wires

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 CHAPTER 3

RESULT ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION

To evaluate the effectiveness of an IoT-based smart waste management system, a number of factors can
be considered, including:
Reduction in waste collection costs: A well-designed IoT-based system can help to reduce waste
collection costs by optimizing routes and reducing the frequency of unnecessary collections.

Increase in recycling rates: IoT-based systems can help to increase recycling rates by providing
residents and businesses with information on waste bin fill levels and recycling schedules.

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions: By reducing fuel consumption and promoting recycling, IoT-
based systems can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste management.

Improved public health and safety: IoT-based systems can help to improve public health and safety by
detecting overflowing waste bins and other potential hazards and alerting waste collection crews or other
authorities quickly and efficiently.

To validate the results of an IoT-based smart waste management system, a number of methods can be
used, including:
Data analysis: By analyzing the data collected by IoT sensors, waste management companies can track
the fill level of waste bins, identify trends in waste generation, and measure the impact of the system on
waste collection costs, recycling rates, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Resident and business surveys: Surveys can be used to gather feedback from residents and businesses
on the effectiveness of the IoT-based system, including their satisfaction with the system, how it has
affected their waste management practices, and any suggestions for improvement.

Comparison to traditional waste management systems: By comparing the performance of the IoT-
based system to that of traditional waste management systems, waste management companies can assess
the cost savings and environmental benefits of the new system.

A number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of IoT-based smart waste
management systems. For example, a study by the McKinsey Global Institute found that IoT-based
systems have the potential to reduce waste collection costs by up to 25% and increase recycling rates by
up to 15%. Another study, by the World Economic Forum, found that IoT-based systems can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste management by up to 10%.

In addition to the quantitative benefits listed above, IoT-based smart waste management systems can also
have a number of qualitative benefits, such as improved public health and safety, reduced public
nuisance, and increased civic engagement.

Overall, the evidence suggests that IoT-based smart waste management systems can be a very effective
way to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of waste management operations.

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 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 CONCLUSION

IoT-based smart waste management systems offer a number of advantages over traditional waste
management systems, including:

Improved efficiency: IoT-based systems can track the fill level of waste bins in real time, allowing waste
collection crews to optimize their routes and collect waste only when it is necessary. This can lead to
significant reductions in fuel consumption and emissions.

Reduced costs: By optimizing waste collection routes and reducing the frequency of unnecessary
collections, IoT-based systems can help cities and businesses save money.

Improved public health and safety: IoT-based systems can detect overflowing waste bins and other
potential hazards, and alert waste collection crews or other authorities quickly and efficiently. This can
help to prevent the spread of disease and other public health risks.

Environmental benefits: IoT-based systems can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other
environmental impacts by reducing the amount of fuel used for waste collection and by promoting
recycling and other waste reduction initiatives.

Overall, IoT-based smart waste management systems offer a number of significant benefits over
traditional systems. As the technology continues to develop and become more affordable, it is likely that
we will see more and more cities and businesses adopt IoT-based waste management solutions.

4.2 FUTURE WORK

The future scope for IoT-based smart waste management systems is very promising. As the technology
continues to develop and become more affordable, we are likely to see a number of new and innovative
applications emerge.

Here are a few specific areas where we can expect to see significant advances in IoT-based smart waste
management in the coming years:

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML): AI and ML can be used to further optimize
waste collection routes, predict waste generation patterns, and identify potential hazards. For example,
AI-powered systems can be used to learn from historical data and identify the optimal time to collect
waste from each bin, taking into account factors such as fill level, location, and traffic conditions.

Edge computing: Edge computing can be used to process and analyze waste data in real time, without
having to send it to the cloud. This can help to reduce latency and improve the efficiency of waste
management systems.

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Internet of Things (IoT) sensors: New types of IoT sensors are constantly being developed, which can
provide more detailed and accurate data on waste generation and bin fill levels. For example, sensors can
be used to detect the type of waste in a bin, or to identify the presence of hazardous materials.

Blockchain technology: Blockchain technology can be used to create secure and tamper-proof records
of waste collection and disposal. This can help to improve transparency and accountability in the waste
management sector.

In addition to these technological advances, we are also likely to see a shift towards more sustainable and
circular waste management practices. IoT-based smart waste management systems can play a key role in
supporting this shift by helping to reduce waste generation, promote recycling, and facilitate the
development of new waste-to-energy technologies.

Overall, the future of IoT-based smart waste management is very bright. This technology has the potential
to revolutionize the way we manage our waste, making our cities and communities cleaner, healthier,
and more sustainable.

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[3] Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: a
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[4] Rahmani, A. M., Javadi, M. H., & Ostadhassan, M. (2015). A comprehensive study ofinternet of things
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[5] Zia, M. A., Awan, I. U., & Kiani, S. L. (2021). Internet of things based smart waste management: a
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[6] Ciman, M., Miorandi, D., & Sicari, S. (2015). The internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of
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