Reduced dimensionality system

Nanoscience & Technology

102020705
Lecture 2

Kaushik Nath
Department of Chemical Engineering
G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
 Revision questions
Q.1 Define nanotechnology.
Q.2. Cite two historical applications of nanotechnology.
Q.3. What is the relation between nanometer and micrometer?
Q.4 What is the relation between Angstrom and nanometer?
Q.5. Give one example each of one and two dimensional nanomaterials.
Q.6. What are the two general techniques of synthesis of nanomaterials?
Q.7 Who introduced the concept of nanotechnology?
Q.8 Give an example of effect of nanometer scale on physical properties.
Q.9. State two modern areas of applications of nanotechnology.
Q.10. Mention if there is any disadvantages of nanomaterials.

EXTRA: Which one of these forces dominate at the deep nanoscale level? (10
nanometers or less)
(A) Intertia (B) Van der Waaals (C) Gravity (D) Electromagnetism
 Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New

Key ideas:
1. The nanometer is extremely small.
2. At the nanometer scale, materials may behave
differently.
3. We can harness this new behavior to make new
technologies.
 Some key information

The term ‘Nano’ originated from the Greek ‘Nanos’,

which means ‘dwarf’
It is one billionth of a meter (1×109 m)
Materials having at least one spatial dimension in the range of 1 to
1000 nm or a few hundred nanometers

Richard Feynman (Nobel Prize in Physics 1965) introduced the

concept of nanotechnology
 What is Nanotechnology?
What is nanotechnology?
• Nanotechnology is the term used to cover the design, construction and
utilization of functional structures with at least one characteristic
dimension measured in nanometres. Such materials and systems can be
designed to exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical
and biological properties, phenomena and processes as a result of the
limited size of their constituent particles or molecules

Nanotechnology is the design, fabrication and

use of nanostructured systems, and the growing,
shaping or assembling of such systems either
mechanically, chemically or biologically to form
nanoscale architectures, systems and devices.
Scale – mm to µm to nm
 Some good examples to conceptualize

 Our fingernails grow at the rate of 1 nm per second.

 The head of a pin is about 1 million nanometers across.

 A human hair is about 80,000 nm in diameter

 A DNA molecule is about 1-2 nm wide

 The transistor of a latest generation Pentium Core Due processor is 45

nm
 What are the materials of nanotech?
Nanostructure Size Example Material
or Application

Clusters, nanocrystals, Radius: Insulators, semiconductors,

quantum dots 1-10 nm metals, magnetic materials

Other nanoparticles Radius: Ceramic oxides, Buckyballs

1-100 nm

Nanowires Diameter: Metals, semiconductors,

1-100 nm oxides, sulfides, nitrides

Nanotubes Diameter: Carbon, including fullerenes,

1-100 nm layered chalcogenides

Adapted from J.Jortner and C.N.R.Rao, Pure Appl Chem 74(9), 1491-1506, 2002
Characterizing Nanomaterials
 Types of “Special” Microscopes

Optical Scanning Transmissio

electron n electron
microsco microscope microscope
pe
Smallness Leads to New Properties

Reactivity
Melting point Bulk Gold
Bulk Aluminum
Strength
Conductivity
Color
Nano Aluminum
Nano Gold
 Surface area to volume ratio

Consider a sphere with radius r

1 cm cubes 1 mm cubes 1 nm cubes

surface area  r2
Volume  r3
Surface area/Volume  1/r inversely proportional to the
radius
Surface Areas at the Nanoscale

1 cm cubes 1 mm cubes 1 nm cubes

60 cm2 of all 1 mm cubes

60,000,000cm2 of all 1 nm cubes (almost one third
larger than a football field!!
How Surface Area Scales (Changes)

For a fixed total

volume, decreasing
the radius by a
factor of two
doubles the surface

Crushing a 1cm
particle into nano
particles increases
the surface area
thousands of times!
How Surface Area Scales (Changes)

1 nm particles  1010 m2
1 micron particles  107 m2
1 cm particles  103 m2

nano
15
How can these unique properties be used to protect the environment?

VDI
Stained Glass: Size Matters

Gold particles
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter

Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter

Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
 Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
For particle diameters between approximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for
particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold
atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s
color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles
have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make
beautiful colors in stained glass windows.

it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de-
pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size
of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of
collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color.
the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color)
on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our
understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to
tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire.

Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007
Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Particle shape also affects the
color!

The nanoparticles in the yellow sample are spherical in shape, while the particles in the
order magenta, orange, green, light blue, and dark blue colored samples are
nanoplatelets of increasing aspect ratios.
 Key terms you need to know
• BuckyBalls
• Carbon Nanotubes
• MEMS
• Quantum Dots
• Molecular Self
Repair/Assembly
• MRAM/Spintronics
• Lithography
 Buckyball
Buckyballs
• Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the
University of Sussex, Robert Curl and Richard
Smalley from Rice University—were awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their
discovery of a new composition of carbon,
Carbon 60.

Dome over biosphere in Montreal

This new compound, which only measures Buckyballs are produced through a low
about one nanometer in diameter, was pressure carbon vaporization process
called a Buckminsterfullerene or
“Buckyball.” Carbon 60 (C 60) has 60
carbon atoms covalently bonded and
forming geometric 12 pentagons and 20
hexagons—the same geometric
configuration found in most soccer balls
Bucky Balls-C60
• Roundest and most
symmetrical molecule
known to man
• Compressed – becomes
stronger than diamond
• Third major form of pure
carbon
• Heat resistance and
electrical conductivity
 Forms of Carbon

Diamond Graphite Graphene Nanotube Buckyball

Diamond Graphite

Phase can be really important!

Structure/bonding really affect properties

• Diamond is one of the hardest materials
• Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good
lubricant
Carbon nanotubes

• 4 nm width (smaller
diameter than DNA)
• 100x’s stronger than steel
1/6 weight
• Thermal/electrically
conductive
• Metallic and Semi-
Conductive
 MEMS and Quantum Dots
Micro Sized Motor Quantum Dot
 Activity: Nano Sunblock
• Some sunscreen use
chemicals
• Other sunscreens use
zinc oxide

http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
 Sunscreens vs Sunblocks,
Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?

Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock

Skin Skin Skin

Absorption Reflection Transmission

 Sunscreens vs Sunblocks,
Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?

Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock

Skin Skin Skin

Absorption Reflection Transmission

Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays

Sunblocks are better because they absorb
30 more of the UV rays
Examples of reduced dimensionality system
 Nanoparticles and nanopores (nanosized in three
dimensions):

High-resolution TEM image of magnetic

iron oxide nanoparticle
 Nanoparticles and nanopores (nanosized in three
dimensions):

High-resolution TEM image of magnetic

iron oxide nanoparticle
 Nanoparticles and nanopores (nanosized in three
dimensions):

TEM image of ferritin

nanoparticles in a liver biopsy
specimen
A biopsy is a sample of tissue taken from
the body in order to examine it more
closely. A doctor should recommend
a biopsy when an initial test suggests an
area of tissue in the body isn't normal.

Ferritin is a universal
intracellular protein that stores iron and
releases it in a controlled fashion

A ferritin test helps your doctor understand how much iron your
body stores. If a ferritin test reveals that your blood ferritin
level is lower than normal, it indicates your body's iron stores are
low and you have iron deficiency
 Nanotubes and nanofilaments (nanosized in two dimensions):

TEM image of single-walled carbon

nanotubes prepared by chemical
vapour deposition
 Nanotubes and nanofilaments (nanosized in two
dimensions):

SEM image of silica

nanotube formed via templating on a
tartaric acid crystal
 Nanolayers and nanofilms (nanosized in one
dimension):

TEM image
of cementite (carbide) layers in a carbon
steel

Cementite is a compound of iron and

carbon, more precisely an intermediate
transition metal carbide with the formula
Fe₃C
 Nanolayers and nanofilms (nanosized in one
dimension):

TEM image of a ferroelectric thin film on

an electrode

Ferroelectricity, property of certain

nonconducting crystals, or dielectrics, that
exhibit spontaneous electric polarization
 Modeling, Characterization and Fabrication
are Inseparable for Nanoscale Devices

Simulation

Characterization Fabrication

Applications