Science

Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Bond That Ties
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Bond That Ties
First Edition, 2020

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 Science 9
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Bond That Ties
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Science – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Percentage Composition.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the
K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

otes to the Teacher

his contains elpful tips or strategies
hat will help you in guiding the
earners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the Science – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Percentage Composition!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve
the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills
or competencies you are expected
to learn in the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that
aims to check what you already
know about the lesson to take. If you
get all answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

Link the current lesson previous
one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will
be introduced to you in various ways
such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a
situation.
What is It This section provides a brief
discussion of the lesson. This aims to
help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for

independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
 What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate

Assessment your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
In this portion, another activity will be
given to you to enrich your knowledge
Additional Activities or skill of the lesson learned. The seal so
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on
to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do

not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
 We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies.
You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the factors that allow the existence of life on earth. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Recognize the different types of compounds (ionic or covalent)
based on their properties such as melting point, hardness,
polarity, and electrical and thermal conductivity. (MELCs)

Specifically, you will identify and describe the properties of

compounds
 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The bond formed by transfer of electrons is known as _____
bond.
a. covalent c. ionic
b. dative d. metallic

2. Which of the following types of bonds will have the highest

electrical and thermal conductivity?
a. Ionic bond c. Polar covalent bond
b. Metallic bond d. Nonpolar covalent bond

3. The temperature at which a solid is changed into a liquid.

a. Boiling point c. Melting point
b. Freezing point d. None of the above

4. Which of the following will have the highest melting

temperature?
a. Sodium chloride (salt) c. Sucrose (table sugar)
b. Paraffin wax (candles) d. Lead wire

5. Which of the following sets of samples has metallic bond,

covalent bond and ionic bonding in this order?
a. Bronze, paraffin wax, and salt
b. Alloy, vetsin, and water
c. Gold ring, baking soda, and starch
d. Coins, salt, and carbon dioxide

6. The property of a solid to resist compression or scratching.

a. Polarity c. Electrical conductivity
b. Thermal conductivity d. Hardness

7. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

a. Atom c. Ion
b. Molecule d. Electron

8. When an atom loses one electron, the resulting particle is

called
a. Ion c. Molecule
b. Cation d. Anion
9. The ability of some materials to conduct electricity is known as
____________.
a. Polarity c. Electrical conductivity
b. Thermal conductivity d. All of the above

10. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?
a. To attain stability c. To form molecules
b. To form compounds d. To produce ions

11. Which of the following substances when dissolved in water will

conduct electricity?
a. Glucose c. Gasoline
b. Oil d. Monosodium glutamate

12. Bonding by transfer of electrons will result to

a. Polar covalent bond c. cations
b. Nonpolar covalent bond d. Ionic bond

13. The following is/are properties of compounds.

a. Thermal conductivity c. Hardness
b. Polarity d. All of the above

14. The ability of some materials to conduct heat is called

__________.
a. Polarity c. Hardness
b. Thermal conductivity d. None of the above.

15. Which property does NOT belong to the group?

a. Luster
b. High melting point
c. High electrical conductance
d. Brittleness
 Lesson Bond That Ties
1

The bond that ties the broomstick together is a circular knot made of plastic or rubber.
Just as plastic or rubber bond holds the stick as one, chemical bonds also hold
together the molecules that will be studied in this module. These chemical bonds
based on their properties shall be discussed in detail in the succeeding activities of
this module.

What’s In

Before we proceed further, it is important to look back on your past

lessons that are in some way related to this topic on chemical bonds. These
lessons could be taken from your lower science classes that find connection
to this present topic.
So are you ready? Let’s begin!
Using the jumbled letters, form a word/words related to compounds.
JUMBLED LETTERS WHAT’S THE WORD/S?
1. TERLUS
2. ELLAMYTILIBA
3. CUDTILIYT
4. CINOI
5. TENLACOV
6. SSENRDHA
7. IRTYPOAL
8. RETAW-ELBULOS
9. RALOP-TNELAVOC
10. NDOB-CILLATEM

The terms formed in the jumbled letters somehow refreshed your learning of
compounds based on their properties.

You will learn more about these terms as you go on with this module. Let’s go!
 What’s New

Marriage is a couple’s union with God. Without God’s

love bonding them, marriage will not last or
will be broken. For instance, in your family it is
important that you put God at the center of your life
because He will be the One to bind your family
together and make it stronger amidst all trials. Also,
in marriage there should be a give and take
relationship or sharing between husband and wife.

In terms of chemical bond, how do we relate the Marriage bond? What binds atoms
together to form a compound?
Compounds will be formed due to chemical bonds which are either strong or weak
bonds. A strong chemical bond is formed either by the transfer of electrons forming an
ionic bond or sharing of electrons between atoms creating a covalent bond. There are
two types of covalent bonds. The first type is the nonpolar covalent bond where atoms
equally share the bonding electrons. The second type is the polar covalent bond which
is formed when electrons are unequally shared between two atoms.
So, what are the different types of compounds formed after bonding? Knowledge about
the type of bond helps you relate the basic properties of the compounds. Do you want
to find out these properties on your own? We shall find out as we proceed with this
lesson.

What is It

Chemical bonds are generally divided into two fundamentally different types:
ionic and covalent.

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence

electron(s) between atoms.
It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic
bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the
nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds
require an electron donor, often a metal, and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal.
 Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of
bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each
other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals.

If atoms have similar electronegativities (the same affinity for electrons), covalent
bonds are most likely to occur. Because both atoms have the same affinity for
electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they share electrons in order
to achieve octet configuration and become more stable . Covalent bonds are
categorized as pure or nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. Electrons
are shared equally between atoms in nonpolar covalent bonds, while they are shared
unequally in polar covalent bonds.

Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds:

In general, ionic and covalent compounds have different physical properties. Here are
the basic physical properties that we will discuss.
1. Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid is changed into a liquid.
Ionic compounds form hard crystalline solids that melt at high temperatures
and are resistant to evaporation. Because of the many simultaneous attractions
between cations and anions that occur, ionic crystal lattices are very strong. The
 process of melting an ionic compound requires the addition of large amounts of
energy in order to break all of the ionic bonds in the crystal. For example, sodium
chloride has a melting temperature of about 800°C.
Covalent bonds between atoms are quite strong, but attractions between
molecules/compounds, or intermolecular forces, can be relatively weak. Covalent
compounds generally have low boiling and melting points, and are found in all three
physical states (solid, liquid, and gas) at room temperature and pressure.

2. Hardness/Shattering - The property of a solid to

resist compression or scratching.
Ionic compounds are generally hard, but brittle. Why? It takes a large amount
of mechanical force, such as striking a crystal with a hammer, to force one layer of ions
to shift relative to its neighbor. However, when that happens, it brings ions of the
same charge next to each other. The repulsive forces between like-charged ions cause
the crystal to shatter. When an ionic crystal breaks, it tends to do so along smooth
planes because of the regular arrangement of the ions.
(A) The sodium chloride
crystal is shown in two
dimensions. (B) When
struck by a hammer, the
negatively-charged
chloride ions are forced
near each other and the
repulsive force causes
the crystal to shatter.
Source: https://www.ck12.org/section/types-of-compounds-and-their-properties/

Covalent substances can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and

pressure, depending on the strength of the intermolecular interactions. Covalent
molecular solids tend to form soft crystals that melt at low temperatures.

3. Polarity
The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond called a polar
bond. A polar bond develops due to unequal sharing of electrons by two atoms.
There are two types of covalent bonds: nonpolar covalent bond between two atoms
of a gaseous element (such as H-to-H bond and Cl-to-Cl bond) and polar covalent
bond between atoms of two nonmetals (such as H-to-Cl bond and H-to-O bond).
Electronegativity plays a major role in chemical bonding. Electronegativity is the
ability of the atom to attract the electrons toward itself in a chemical bond. If the
electronegativity difference is less than 0.4 nonpolar covalent bond, 0.4-1.78 polar
 covalent bond and greater than 1.78 is ionic bond. Ex. Cl 3.0 – Li 1.0 = 2.0 ionic; S 2.5
– Mg 1.2 = 1.3 polar covalent; As 2.0 – SN 1.8 = 0.2 nonpolar covalent

4. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity -

The ability of some materials to conduct electricity and heat.
A substance can conduct heat and electricity if it contains charged particles, and if
these particles are free to move from place to place.
Ionic compounds conduct heat and electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous
solution (dissolved in water), because their ions are free to move from place to place.
Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed
positions and cannot move.
The figure below shows three experiments in which two electrodes that are connected
to a light bulb are placed in beakers containing three different substances.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/coordination-numbers/
 In the first beaker, distilled water does not conduct a current because water is a
molecular compound. In the second beaker, solid sodium chloride also does not
conduct a current. Despite being ionic and thus composed of charges particles, the
solid crystal lattice does not allow the ions to move between the electrodes. Mobile
(moving) charged particles are required for the circuit to be complete and the light bulb
to light up. In the third beaker, the NaCl has been dissolved into the distilled water.
Now the crystal lattice has been broken apart and the individual positive and negative
ions can move. Melting an ionic compound also frees the ions to conduct a current.
In case of covalent compounds, the electrons are exchanged between the elements,
and hence, free electrons are not available for conducting heat (or electricity).
Thus, the lack of free carriers causes covalent compounds to be (generally)
insulators—the opposite of conductors.

5. Solubility in water

What happens to ionic and covalent compounds when they dissolve in water? When

ionic compounds dissolve in water, they break apart into the ions that
make them up through a process called dissociation. The ionic solution turns into an
electrolyte, meaning it can conduct electricity. This means that they tend to dissolve
in polar solvents such as water, but are insoluble in non-polar solvents.
When covalent compounds dissolve in water they break apart into molecules, but not
individual atoms. Water is a polar solvent, but covalent compounds are usually
nonpolar. This means covalent compounds typically don't dissolve in water, instead
they form a separate layer on the water's surface. Sugar is one of the few covalent
compounds that does dissolve in water because it is a polar covalent compound (i.e.,
parts of their molecules have a negative side and a positive side), but it still doesn't
separate into ions the way ionic compounds do in water - covalent compounds that are
dissolved in water are not good conductors of electricity. Oil is a non-polar covalent
compound, which is why it doesn't dissolve in water.
Any new discovery?
Donald Fleming, from the University of British Columbia, published in
Angewandte Chemie International about a new chemical bond called vibrational
bond. This bond is present within bromine-muonium-bromine (Br-Mu-Br). Muonium
is an isotope of hydrogen created by replacing hydrogen’s electron with unusual
particle called muon. Mu is even lighter than protium (1H), the lightest known isotope
of hydrogen. Both Mu and 1H have similar chemical attributes but they differ in
chemical bonding. In Br-Mu-Br bonding, the potential energy of the system is
increased, compensated by a net decrease in vibrational zero-point energy, which is
the opposite of what normally happens. Since there was so much decrease in the
vibrational zero-point energy, the bond is still there, stabilizing the system. This bond
is called vibrational bond.
 What’s More

Activity 1: Given the following chemical formulas, label each compound as ionic or
covalent.
1. H2O 6. NaCl
2. MgO 7. Li2O
3. NO 8. O2
4. CO2 9. AlCl3
5. NH3 10. N
2

Activity 2: Label each of the following properties as a property of an ionic or

covalent compound:
1. Low melting point
2. Conducts electricity in molten state
3. Conducts electricity when dissolved in water
4. Brittle crystal structure
5. Poor conductors of electricity

Activity 3: Jenny is given three substances in the lab to identify. She gathers all of
her data and puts it into a table. Her teacher gives her the names of the three
unknown substances. Can you help Jenny match the properties of the unknowns
(from the table below) to their names (found under the Table below)?

Unknown Conductivity Solubility in Hardness Melting Point

Substance Water (0C)
1 Yes (aqueous) Soluble Semi-brittle 164 0 C
2 Yes (aqueous) Soluble Brittle 800 0 C

3 No (solid) Not Soluble Soft 82 0

C List of Unknown names

Sodium chloride (NaCl); Naphthalene (C 10H 8) ; Sucrose (table sugar, C 12H 22O 11)
 What I Have Learned

Ionic vs Covalent Bond Summary

Here’s a quick summary of the differences between ionic and covalent bonds, their
properties, and how to recognize them:
Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
Descriptions Ionic bonds require an Bond between two
electron donor, often a nonmetals with similar
metal, and an electron electronegativities. Atoms
acceptor, a nonmetal share electrons in their
outer orbitals.
Melting Point High Low
Hardness Hard but brittle soft
Polarity High Low
Electronegativity Large electronegativity Zero or small
difference (greater than electronegativity
1.78) difference (0-1.78)
Electrical Conductivity Conducts electricity Insulators
when molten (liquid) or in
aqueous solution
(dissolved in water)
Solubility in Water Soluble Insoluble
State at Room Solid Solid, Liquid or Gas
Temperature
Examples NaCl H2O
Chemical Species Metal and Nonmetal 2 Nonmetals

What I Can Do

This time, my dear learner, let us apply what you have learned into real life situations.
This will be done for you to appreciate the lesson as it finds relevance in our existence
here on earth.
Okay! Let’s start!
 Here are your tasks. First, make your own Hugot lines at least 3-5. Second,
identify the properties described in each line by underlining it.
Example.
1. Hard ka man sa akin, nagmemelt ka rin sa aking
paningin.
2. Kapag tayo’y nagbobonding, parang mayroong electrical and
thermal conductivity sa akin.

Activity 4: Thinking Critically

1. Differentiate ionic compounds from covalent compounds.
2. Give at least two properties of compounds that are uniquely good for
practical uses.

So how was it? Were you able to do it? I hope you find the task easy. In the next
activities, you will still use the knowledge you gained to accomplish them. Hence, get
hold of those as we continue our learning journey in this module.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following type of bonds will have the highest electrical
and thermal conductivity?
a. Ionic bond c. Polar covalent bond
b. Metallic bond d. Nonpolar covalent bond

2. Which of the following will have the highest melting temperature?

a. Sodium chloride (salt) c. Sucrose (table sugar)
b. Paraffin wax (candles) d. Lead wire

3. The property of a solid to resist compression or scratching.

a. Polarity c. Electrical conductivity
b. Thermal conductivity d. Hardness

4. When an atom loses one electron, the resulting particle is called

a. Ion c. Molecule
b. Cation d. Anion

5. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?

a. To attain stability c. To form molecules
b. To form compounds d. To produce ions
6. Bonding by transfer of electrons will result to
a. Polar covalent bond c. Cations
b. Nonpolar covalent bond d. Ionic bond

7. The ability of some materials to conduct heat is called _________.

a. Polarity c. Hardness
b. Thermal conductivity d. None of the above

8. The bond formed by transfer of electrons is known as _____ bond.

a. Covalent c. Ionic
b. Dative d. Metallic
9. The temperature at which a solid is changed into a liquid.
a. Boiling point c. Melting point
b. Freezing point d. None of the above

10. Which of the following sets of samples has metallic bond,

covalent bond and ionic bonding in this order?
a. Bronze, paraffin wax, and salt
b. Alloy, vetsin, and water
c. Gold ring, baking soda, and starch
d. Coins, salt, and carbon dioxide

11. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

a. Atom c. Ion
b. Molecule d. Electron

12. The ability of some materials to conduct electricity is known

as _____.
a. Polarity c. Electrical conductivity
b. Thermal conductivity d. All of the above

13. Which of the following substances when dissolve in water will

conduct electricity?
a. Glucose c. Gasoline
b. Oil d. Monosodium glutamate

14. The following is/are properties of compounds.

a. Thermal conductivity c. Hardness
b. Polarity d. All of the above.

15. Which property does NOT belong to the group?

a. Luster c. High electrical conductance
b. High melting point d. Brittleness
 Additional Activities

Concept Map
Make a Concept Map of the things you have learned in this module.

References
Mendoza, Estrella Elona. (2003). Phoenix Science Series Chemistry . Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Padolina, Ma. Cristina Damasco. (1997) Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry 1 .
Quezon City: UP Open University
King, B., Caldwell, E., & William, M. (1997) Litton Educational Publishing Inc.
Pavico, J., Ramos, A., Bayquen, A., & Silverio, A. (2018) Exploring Life Through
Science Series. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.